tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-66717246448529572712024-03-01T17:04:47.481-08:00Edward's Educational thoughts on LiteracyEdward Yablonskyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10013345997672210570noreply@blogger.comBlogger1491125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6671724644852957271.post-54838987241564544512017-02-16T09:22:00.001-08:002017-02-16T09:22:53.574-08:00Crusade in Europe, Episode 1 Prelude to War Crusade in Europe by MPI Media Group the rise of Naziism <span style="background-color: #fafafa; font-family: , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px;">The surrender at Reims ended the major phase of the greatest military struggle in the history of man. Film dissolves from surrender ceremony to Hitler during his early years of power, covers<span style="color: red;"><b><u> the rise of Naziism </u></b></span>through the Munich conference to the </span><span style="background-color: #fafafa; font-family: , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px;">the Munich conference</span><span style="background-color: #fafafa; font-family: , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px;"> Dunkirk ,</span><span style="background-color: #fafafa; font-family: , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px;">England's declaration of war, the fall of France,</span><span style="background-color: #fafafa; font-family: , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px;"> </span><span style="background-color: #fafafa; font-family: , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px;"> and the German air blitz on England in the historic battle of Britain.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; font-family: , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px;"><img alt="THE RISE OF THE NAZI PARTY" src="https://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/timeline/YearGifs/nazirise/1918rise.gif" /></span><br />
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<tr><td>Few would have thought that the Nazi Party, starting as a gang of unemployed soldiers in 1919, would become the legal government of Germany by 1933. In fourteen years, a once obscure corporal, Adolf Hitler <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"><img border="0" height="10" hspace="4" src="https://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/I/DEFN.GIF" width="29" /></a>, would become the Chancellor of Germany.</td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: #fafafa; font-family: , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px;"><img height="19" src="https://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/timeline/YearGifs/nazirise/1918.gif" style="font-size: medium;" width="54" /><br style="font-size: medium;" /><img height="4" src="https://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/timeline/YearGifs/nazirise/GreyBar.gif" style="font-size: medium;" width="200" /><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span><br />
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<tr><td><img height="1" hspace="17" src="https://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/timeline/filler.gif" width="1" /></td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="2"></a>World War I ended in 1918 with a grisly total of 37 million casualties, including 9 million dead combatants. German propaganda had not prepared the nation for defeat, resulting in a sense of <b><span style="color: red;">injured German national pride</span></b>. Those military and political leaders who were responsible claimed that Germany had been "stabbed in the back" by its leftwing politicians, Communists, and Jews. <b><span style="color: magenta;">When a new government, the Weimar Republic <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"><img border="0" height="10" src="https://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/I/SND.GIF" width="13" /></a> , tried to establish a democratic course, extreme political parties from both the right and the left struggled violently for control. The new regime could neither handle the depressed economy nor the rampant lawlessness and disorder.</span></b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="3"></a><a href="http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/riseofhitler/ends.htm"><img border="0" height="10" src="https://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/I/WEBLINK.GIF" width="55" /></a> This site explores the consequences of Germany's defeat in WWI.</td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: #fafafa; font-family: , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px;"><img height="19" src="https://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/timeline/YearGifs/nazirise/1919.gif" style="font-size: medium;" width="54" /><br style="font-size: medium;" /><img height="4" src="https://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/timeline/YearGifs/nazirise/GreyBar.gif" style="font-size: medium;" width="200" /><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span><br />
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<tr><td><img height="1" hspace="17" src="https://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/timeline/filler.gif" width="1" /></td><td><img align="left" height="153" src="https://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/timeline/streich.gif" width="186" /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="4"></a><b><span style="color: #3d85c6;">The German population swallowed the bitter pill of defeat as the victorious Allies punished Germany severely. In the Treaty of Versailles <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"><img border="0" height="10" hspace="4" src="https://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/I/DEFN.GIF" width="29" /></a>, Germany was disarmed and forced to pay reparations to France and Britain for the huge costs of the war.</span></b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="5"></a><a href="http://history.acusd.edu/gen/text/versaillestreaty/vercontents.html"><img border="0" height="10" src="https://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/I/WEBLINK.GIF" width="55" /></a> This site contains the complete Treaty of Versailles as well as maps and related material.<br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="6"></a><b><u><span style="color: lime;">The German Workers' Party <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"><img border="0" height="10" hspace="4" src="https://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/I/DEFN.GIF" width="29" /></a>, the forerunner of the Nazi Party, espoused a right-wing ideology, like many similar groups of demobilized soldiers. Adolf Hitler joined this small political party in 1919 and rose to leadership through his emotional and captivating speeches.</span></u></b> He encouraged national pride, militarism, and a commitment to the Volk <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"><img border="0" height="10" hspace="4" src="https://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/I/DEFN.GIF" width="29" /></a> and a racially "pure" Germany.<b><span style="color: #0b5394;"> Hitler condemned the Jews, exploiting antisemitic feelings that had prevailed in Europe for centuries. He changed the name of the party to the National Socialist German Workers' Party, called for short, the Nazi Party (or NSDAP)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"><img border="0" height="10" hspace="4" src="https://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/I/DEFN.GIF" width="29" /></a>. By the end of 1920, the Nazi Party had about 3,000 members. A year later Hitler became its official leader, or <i>Führer.</i> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"><img border="0" height="10" src="https://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/I/SND.GIF" width="13" /></a></span></b></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: #fafafa; font-family: , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px;"><img height="19" src="https://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/timeline/YearGifs/nazirise/1923.gif" style="font-size: medium;" width="54" /><br style="font-size: medium;" /><img height="4" src="https://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/timeline/YearGifs/nazirise/GreyBar.gif" style="font-size: medium;" width="200" /><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span><br />
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<tr><td><img height="1" hspace="17" src="https://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/timeline/filler.gif" width="1" /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="7"></a></td><td>Adolf Hitler's attempt at an armed overthrow of local authorities in Munich, known as the<b><u><span style="color: #274e13;"> Beer Hall Putsch <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"><img border="0" height="10" hspace="4" src="https://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/I/DEFN.GIF" width="29" /></a>, failed miserably. The Nazi Party seemed doomed to fail and its leaders, including Hitler, were subsequently jailed and charged with high treason.</span></u></b> However, Hitler used the courtroom at his public trial as a propaganda platform, ranting for hours against the Weimar government. By the end of the 24-day trial Hitler had actually gained support for his courage to act. The right-wing presiding judges sympathized with Hitler and sentenced him to only five years in prison, with eligibility for early parole. Hitler was released from prison after one year. Other Nazi leaders were given light sentences also.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="8"></a><a href="http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/timeline/putsch2.htm"><img border="0" height="10" src="https://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/I/WEBLINK.GIF" width="55" /></a> This site details Hitler's Beer Hall Putsch.</td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: #fafafa; font-family: , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px;"><img height="19" src="https://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/timeline/YearGifs/nazirise/1925.gif" style="font-size: medium;" width="54" /><br style="font-size: medium;" /><img height="4" src="https://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/timeline/YearGifs/nazirise/GreyBar.gif" style="font-size: medium;" width="200" /><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span><br />
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<tr><td><img height="1" hspace="17" src="https://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/timeline/filler.gif" width="1" /></td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="9">While</a> in prison, Hitler wrote volume one of <i>M<b>ein Kampf</b></i><b> </b>(My Struggle) <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"><img border="0" height="10" src="https://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/I/SND.GIF" width="13" /></a>, which was published in 1925. <b>This work detailed Hitler's radical ideas of German nationalism, antisemitism, and anti-Bolshevism. <span style="color: blue;">Linked with Social Darwinism, the human struggle that said that might makes right, Hitler's book became the ideological base for the Nazi Party's racist beliefs and murderous practices.</span></b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="10"></a><a href="http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/riseofhitler/kampf.htm"><img border="0" height="10" src="https://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/I/WEBLINK.GIF" width="55" /></a> <b><span style="color: #4c1130;">This site discusses many of the ideas contained within <i>Mein Kampf.</i></span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #4c1130;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="11"></a>After Hitler was released from prison, he formally resurrected the Nazi Party. Hitler began rebuilding and reorganizing the Party, waiting for an opportune time to gain political power in Germany. The Conservative military hero Paul von Hindenburg <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"><img border="0" height="10" hspace="4" src="https://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/I/DEFN.GIF" width="29" /></a>was elected president in 1925, and Germany stabilized.</span></b><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="12"></a><img align="right" height="158" src="https://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/timeline/stormtr.gif" width="185" />Hitler skillfully maneuvered through Nazi Party politics and emerged as the sole leader. <b><span style="color: cyan;">The <i>Führerprinzip,</i> or leader principle, established Hitler as the one and only to whom Party members swore loyalty unto death. Final decision making rested with him, and his strategy was to develop a highly centralized and structured party that could compete in Germany's future elections. Hitler hoped to create a bureaucracy which he envisioned as "the germ of the future state."</span></b><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="13"></a>The Nazi Party began building a mass movement. From 27,000 members in 1925, the Party grew to 108,000 in 1929. T<b><u><span style="color: #f6b26b;">he SA</span></u></b> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"><img border="0" height="10" hspace="4" src="https://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/I/DEFN.GIF" width="29" /></a> was the paramilitary unit of the Party, a propaganda arm that became known for its strong arm tactics of street brawling and terror. The SS <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"><img border="0" height="10" hspace="4" src="https://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/I/DEFN.GIF" width="29" /></a> was established as an elite group with special duties within the SA, but it remained inconsequential until Heinrich Himmler <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"><img border="0" height="10" hspace="4" src="https://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/I/DEFN.GIF" width="29" /></a> became its leader in 1929. By the late twenties, the Nazi Party started other auxiliary groups. The Hitler Youth <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"><img border="0" height="10" hspace="4" src="https://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/I/DEFN.GIF" width="29" /></a>, the Student League and the Pupils' League were open to young Germans. The National Socialist Women's League allowed women to get involved. Different professional groups--teachers, lawyers and doctors--had their own auxiliary units.<br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="14"></a>From 1925 to 1927, the Nazi Party failed to make inroads in the cities and in May 1928, it did poorly in the <i>Reichstag</i> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"><img border="0" height="10" hspace="4" src="https://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/I/DEFN.GIF" width="29" /></a>elections, winning only 2.6% of the total vote. The Party shifted its strategy to rural and small town areas and fueled antisemitism by calling for expropriation of Jewish agricultural property and by condemning large Jewish department stores. Party propaganda proved effective at winning over university students, veterans' organizations, and professional groups, although the Party became increasingly identified with young men of the lower middle classes.</td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: #fafafa; font-family: , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="NR1920" style="font-size: medium;"></a><span style="font-size: small;"></span><img alt="1929" height="19" src="https://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/timeline/YearGifs/nazirise/1929.gif" style="font-size: medium;" width="54" /><br style="font-size: medium;" /><img height="4" src="https://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/timeline/YearGifs/nazirise/GreyBar.gif" style="font-size: medium;" width="200" /><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span><br />
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<tr><td><img height="1" hspace="17" src="https://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/timeline/filler.gif" width="1" /></td><td><b><u><span style="color: purple;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="15"></a>The Great Depression began in 1929 and wrought worldwide economic, social, and psychological consequences. The Weimar democracy proved unable to cope with national despair as unemployment doubled from three million to six million, or one in three, by 1932. The existing "Great Coalition" government, a combination of left-wing and conservative parties, collapsed while arguing about the rising cost of unemployment benefits.</span></u></b><b><u><span style="color: purple;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="16"></a>Reich president Paul von Hindenburg's advisers persuaded him to invoke the constitution's emergency presidential powers. These powers allowed the president to restore law and order in a crisis. Hindenburg created a new government, made up of a chancellor and cabinet ministers, to rule by emergency decrees instead of by laws passed by the Reichstag. So began the demise of the Weimar democracy.</span></u></b><br />
<b><u><span style="color: purple;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="17"></a>Heinrich Brüning <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"><img border="0" height="10" hspace="4" src="https://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/I/DEFN.GIF" width="29" /></a> was the first chancellor under the new presidential system. He was unable to unify the government, and in September 1930, there were new elections. The Nazi Party won an important victory, capturing 18.3% of the vote to make it the second largest party in the <i>Reichstag.</i></span></u></b><br />
<b><u><span style="color: purple;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="19"></a><a href="http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/riseofhitler/begins.htm"><img border="0" height="10" src="https://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/I/WEBLINK.GIF" width="55" /></a> The Great Depression has a large impact on Germany.</span></u></b><br />
<b><u><span style="color: purple;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="20"></a><a href="http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/riseofhitler/elect.htm"><img border="0" height="10" src="https://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/I/WEBLINK.GIF" width="55" /></a> Th</span></u></b><span style="color: purple;"><b><u>https://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/timeline/nazirise.htm</u></b></span><b><u><span style="color: purple;">is is a description of the Nazi Party's 1930 campaign for <i>Reichstag</i> seats.</span></u></b></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: #fafafa; line-height: 25.6px;"><img alt="1932" height="19" src="https://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/timeline/YearGifs/nazirise/1932.gif" style="font-size: medium;" width="54" />https://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/timeline/nazirise.htm<br style="font-size: medium;" /><img height="4" src="https://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/timeline/YearGifs/nazirise/GreyBar.gif" style="font-size: medium;" width="200" /><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span><br />
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<tr><td><img height="1" hspace="17" src="https://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/timeline/filler.gif" width="1" /></td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="21"></a><b><span style="color: #38761d;">Hindenburg's term as president was ending in the spring of 1932. At age 84, he was reluctant to run again, but knew that if he didn't, Hitler would win. Hindenburg won the election, but Hitler received 37% of the vote.</span></b><b><a href="https://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/timeline/nazirise.htm" target="_blank">Germany's government remained on the brink of collapse. The SA brownshirts, about 400,000 strong, were a part of daily street violence. The economy was still in crisis. In the election of July 1932, the Nazi Party won 37% of the <i>Reichstag</i> seats, thanks to a massive propaganda campaign. For the next six months, the most powerful German leaders were embroiled in a series of desperate political maneuverings. Ultimately, these major players severely underestimated Hitler's political abilities.</a></b><br />
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Edward Yablonskyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10013345997672210570noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6671724644852957271.post-89066008679189583852017-02-16T08:49:00.002-08:002017-02-16T08:49:51.677-08:00Trump’s Mental State<header class="main-header border-t" data-view="header" id="main-header" role="banner" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-left-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-right-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-top: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); font-family: nyt-franklin, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; padding: 5px 0px; position: sticky; top: 0px; transition: top 0.25s ease-in-out; z-index: 1040;"><div class="main-header-container" style="position: relative;">
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An Eminent Psychiatrist Demurs on Trump’s Mental State</h1>
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<h6 class="dateline" style="color: black; font-size: 1em; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; text-transform: uppercase;">
FEBRUARY 14, 2017</h6>
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<div class="p-block" style="color: #333333; margin-left: 16px; margin-right: 16px;">
<strong>To the Editor:</strong></div>
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Fevered media speculation about Donald Trump’s psychological motivations and psychiatric diagnosis has recently encouraged mental health professionals to disregard the usual ethical constraints against diagnosing public figures at a distance. They have sponsored several petitions and a Feb. 14 <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/13/opinion/mental-health-professionals-warn-about-trump.html?action=click&pgtype=Homepage&clickSource=story-heading&module=opinion-c-col-left-region&region=opinion-c-col-left-region&WT.nav=opinion-c-col-left-region&_r=0" style="color: black;">letter</a> to The New York Times suggesting that Mr. Trump is incapable, on psychiatric grounds, of serving as president.</div>
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Most amateur diagnosticians have mislabeled President Trump with the diagnosis of narcissistic personality disorder. I wrote the criteria that define this disorder, and Mr. Trump doesn’t meet them. He may be a world-class narcissist, but this doesn’t make him mentally ill, because he does not suffer from the distress and impairment required to diagnose mental disorder.</div>
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Mr. Trump causes severe distress rather than experiencing it and has been richly rewarded, rather than punished, for his grandiosity, self-absorption and lack of empathy. It is a stigmatizing insult to the mentally ill (who are mostly well behaved and well meaning) to be lumped with Mr. Trump (who is neither).</div>
<div class="p-block" style="color: #333333; margin-left: 16px; margin-right: 16px;">
Bad behavior is rarely a sign of mental illness, and the mentally ill behave badly only rarely. Psychiatric name-calling is a misguided way of countering Mr. Trump’s attack on democracy. He can, and should, be appropriately denounced for his ignorance, incompetence, impulsivity and pursuit of dictatorial powers.</div>
<div class="p-block" style="color: #333333; margin-left: 16px; margin-right: 16px;">
His psychological motivations are too obvious to be interesting, and analyzing them will not halt his headlong power grab. The antidote to a dystopic Trumpean dark age is political, not psychological.</div>
<div class="p-block" style="color: #333333; margin-left: 16px; margin-right: 16px;">
ALLEN FRANCES</div>
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Coronado, Calif.</div>
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<em><b><span style="color: red;">The writer, professor emeritus of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Duke University Medical College, was chairman of the task force that wrote the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV (D.S.M.-IV).</span></b></em></div>
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Edward Yablonskyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10013345997672210570noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6671724644852957271.post-41822176289590298102017-02-13T09:55:00.000-08:002017-02-13T09:55:03.429-08:00Judaism in the First Centuries of the Christian Era: the age of the tannaim. <ul style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20width%3D%225%22%20height%3D%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%222.5%22%20cy%3D%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">——— (1927). <i>Judaism in the First Centuries of the Christian Era: the age of the tannaim</i>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674487505" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9780674487505">9780674487505</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/377315" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">377315</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Foot+Moore&rft.aufirst=George+Foot&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.btitle=Judaism+in+the+First+Centuries+of+the+Christian+Era%3A+the+age+of+the+tannaim&rft.date=1927&rft.genre=book&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F377315&rft.isbn=9780674487505&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span> - original published in 3 vols between 1927 and 1930</li>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Life">Life</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Foot_Moore&action=edit&section=1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Life">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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Moore was born in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Chester,_Pennsylvania" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="West Chester, Pennsylvania">West Chester, Pennsylvania</a>, the son of Rev. William Eves Moore and Harriet Foot Moore. He was educated at private schools, West Chester Academy and Wyer's School, entered <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Yale University">Yale College</a> as a junior in 1870, then graduated from Yale in 1872,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Harvard_1-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Foot_Moore#cite_note-Harvard-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></sup> as a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a> and member of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skull_and_Bones" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Skull and Bones">Skull and Bones</a> society.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-obituary_2-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Foot_Moore#cite_note-obituary-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[2]</a></sup> After teaching at Hopkins Grammar School from 1872–73, he engaged in study and private teaching in Columbus, Ohio, 1873–74, then served as principal of Lancaster (Ohio) High School 1874-75. He studied theology in Columbus 1875-76 and graduated from <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Theological_Seminary_(New_York)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Union Theological Seminary (New York)">Union Theological Seminary (New York)</a> in 1877.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Harvard_1-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Foot_Moore#cite_note-Harvard-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></sup> He was ordained to the Presbyterian ministry at Columbus February 8, 1878 and became pastor of Putnam Presbyterian Church in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanesville,_Ohio" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Zanesville, Ohio">Zanesville, Ohio</a> from 1878 to 1883. He Married Mary Soper, daughter of Albert Gallatin and Mary Ann (Chester) Hanford on April 25, 1878, in Chicago. They had two sons, William Eves, who died in infancy, and Albert Hanford.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-obituary_2-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Foot_Moore#cite_note-obituary-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[2]</a></sup></div>
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In 1883 he was appointed to the chair of Hebrew at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andover_Newton_Theological_School" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Andover Newton Theological School">Andover Theological Seminary</a> where he taught until 1902, serving as president of the seminary from 1899 to 1901 and lectured on the history of religion from 1893 to 1901. During his service to Andover, he received the degree of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Divinity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Doctor of Divinity">Doctor of Divinity</a> in 1885 from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marietta_College" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Marietta College">Marietta College</a>, Ohio and 12 years later, from Yale University in 1897. In 1902, he became a professor at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Divinity_School" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Harvard Divinity School">Harvard Divinity School</a>, where he was appointed Frothingham Professor of the History of Religion in 1905, and Cabot Fellow for three years beginning in 1906. During his service at Harvard he obtained a degree of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legum_Doctor" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Legum Doctor">Legum Doctor</a> in 1903 from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Case Western Reserve University">Western Reserve University</a>. He was a member of Harvard faculty from 1902 until retirement in 1928 and a preacher to the University from 1900 to 1903.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-obituary_2-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Foot_Moore#cite_note-obituary-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[2]</a></sup></div>
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Moore was a member of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Morgenlandische_Gesellschaft" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Deutsche Morgenlandische Gesellschaft">Deutsche Morgenlandische Gesellschaft</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Philological_Association" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="American Philological Association">American Philological Association</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_Institute_of_America" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Archaeological Institute of America">Archaeological Institute of America</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Biblical_Literature" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Society of Biblical Literature">Society of Biblical Literature</a>, among others,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Harvard_1-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Foot_Moore#cite_note-Harvard-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></sup> In addition, he was a Fellow of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>, serving as its president from 1921–24, and was a member of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Oriental_Society" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="American Oriental Society">American Oriental Society</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-divinity_3-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Foot_Moore#cite_note-divinity-3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[3]</a></sup> Besides contributing many articles on Biblical and Oriental subjects in learned journals, he wrote extensively for the "Encyclopaedia Biblica"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EncBib_4-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Foot_Moore#cite_note-EncBib-4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[4]</a></sup> and served as editor of the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Theological_Review" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Harvard Theological Review">Harvard Theological Review</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-divinity_3-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Foot_Moore#cite_note-divinity-3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[3]</a></sup> Among his books, <i>History of Religions</i> (1914, 1919) and <i>Judaism</i> (two volumes, 1927) stand out as especially praiseworthy. Mrs. Mary Soper Moore died April 16, 1924. Moore died 7 years later due to general <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteriosclerosis" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Arteriosclerosis">arteriosclerosis</a> and chronic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocarditis" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Myocarditis">myocarditis</a>, in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>, May 16, 1931.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-obituary_2-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Foot_Moore#cite_note-obituary-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[2]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Books">Books</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Foot_Moore&action=edit&section=3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
<ul style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20width%3D%225%22%20height%3D%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%222.5%22%20cy%3D%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="color: #252525; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Moore, George Foot (1895). <i><a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Critical_and_Exegetical_Commentary_on_Judges" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration: none;" title="s:A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Judges"><i>A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Judges</i></a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Critical_Commentary" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Critical Commentary">International critical commentary on the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments</a>. <b>7</b>. Edinburgh: T & T Clark. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background: none; color: #0b0080;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-05004-5" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-05004-5">978-0-567-05004-5</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/860107" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">860107</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Foot+Moore&rft.aufirst=George+Foot&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.btitle=A+Critical+and+Exegetical+Commentary+on+Judges&rft.date=1895&rft.genre=book&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F860107&rft.isbn=978-0-567-05004-5&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=T+%26+T+Clark&rft.series=International+critical+commentary+on+the+Holy+Scriptures+of+the+Old+and+New+Testaments&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></li>
<li style="color: #252525; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">——— (1898). <i>The Book of Judges: a new English translation printed in colors exhibiting the composite structure of the book</i>. Sacred Books of the Old and New Testaments, part 7.; Pohychrome Bible. London ; New York: J. Clark ; Dodd, Mead, and Co. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3343798" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">3343798</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Foot+Moore&rft.aufirst=George+Foot&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Judges%3A+a+new+English+translation+printed+in+colors+exhibiting+the+composite+structure+of+the+book&rft.date=1898&rft.genre=book&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3343798&rft.place=London+%3B+New+York&rft.pub=J.+Clark+%3B+Dodd%2C+Mead%2C+and+Co.&rft.series=Sacred+Books+of+the+Old+and+New+Testaments%2C+part+7.%3B+Pohychrome+Bible&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></li>
<li style="color: #252525; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">———; Harper, Robert Francis; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Brown_(theologian)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Francis Brown (theologian)">Brown, Francis</a>, eds. (1908). <i>Old Testament and Semitic studies in Memory of William Rainey Harper</i>. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3220423" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">3220423</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Foot+Moore&rft.btitle=Old+Testament+and+Semitic+studies+in+Memory+of+William+Rainey+Harper&rft.date=1908&rft.genre=book&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3220423&rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></li>
<li style="color: #252525; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">——— (1911). <i>The Covenanters of Damascus: a hitherto unknown Jewish sect</i>. Cambridge, MA. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12094453" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">12094453</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Foot+Moore&rft.aufirst=George+Foot&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.btitle=The+Covenanters+of+Damascus%3A+a+hitherto+unknown+Jewish+sect&rft.date=1911&rft.genre=book&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12094453&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></li>
<li style="color: #252525; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">———; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gordon_Lyon" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="David Gordon Lyon">Lyon, David Gordon</a>, eds. (1912). <i>Studies in the History of Religions</i>. New York: Macmillan. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2303663" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">2303663</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Foot+Moore&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+History+of+Religions&rft.date=1912&rft.genre=book&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2303663&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></li>
<li style="color: #252525; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">——— (1913). <i>The Literature of the Old Testament</i>. Home University Library of Modern Knowledge. <b>65</b>. New York ; London: H. Holt and Co. ; Williams and Norgate. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9430863" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">9430863</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Foot+Moore&rft.aufirst=George+Foot&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.btitle=The+Literature+of+the+Old+Testament&rft.date=1913&rft.genre=book&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9430863&rft.place=New+York+%3B+London&rft.pub=H.+Holt+and+Co.+%3B+Williams+and+Norgate&rft.series=Home+University+Library+of+Modern+Knowledge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Foot_Moore#cite_note-5" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[5]</a></sup></li>
<li style="color: #252525; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">——— (1913). <i>History of religions, Volume 1: China, Japan, Egypt, Babylonia, Assyria, India, Persia, Greece, Rome</i>. The International Theological Library. Edinburgh: T & T Clark. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/314138945" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">314138945</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Foot+Moore&rft.aufirst=George+Foot&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.btitle=History+of+religions%2C+Volume+1%3A+China%2C+Japan%2C+Egypt%2C+Babylonia%2C+Assyria%2C+India%2C+Persia%2C+Greece%2C+Rome&rft.date=1913&rft.genre=book&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F314138945&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=T+%26+T+Clark&rft.series=The+International+Theological+Library&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></li>
<li style="color: #252525; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">——— (1914). <i>Metempsychosis</i>. Ingersoll Lecture, 1914. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2490057" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">2490057</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Foot+Moore&rft.aufirst=George+Foot&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.btitle=Metempsychosis&rft.date=1914&rft.genre=book&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2490057&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.series=Ingersoll+Lecture%2C+1914&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Foot_Moore#cite_note-6" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[6]</a></sup></li>
<li style="color: #252525; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">——— (1923). <i>The Birth and Growth of Religion: Being the Morse Lectures of 1922</i>. Morse Lectures, 1922. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/322865" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">322865</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Foot+Moore&rft.aufirst=George+Foot&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.btitle=The+Birth+and+Growth+of+Religion%3A+Being+the+Morse+Lectures+of+1922&rft.date=1923&rft.genre=book&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F322865&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.series=Morse+Lectures%2C+1922&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></li>
<li style="color: #252525; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">———;<b><u> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Herbert_Gray" style="background: none; color: #0b0080;" title="Louis Herbert Gray">Gray, Louis Herbert</a>, eds. (1916). <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mythology_of_All_Races" style="background: none; color: #0b0080;" title="The Mythology of All Races">The Mythology of All Races</a></i>. Marshall Jones Co.</u></b></cite><b><u><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Foot+Moore&rft.btitle=The+Mythology+of+All+Races&rft.date=1916&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Marshall+Jones+Co.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span> - a 13 volume series published between 1916 and 1923.</u></b></li>
<li style="color: #252525; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>History of Religions</i> (Vol. I, 1913; Vol. II, 1919)</li>
<li style="color: #252525; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">——— (1919). <i>History of Religions, Volume 2: Judaism, Christianity, Mohammedanism</i>. The International Theological Library. Edinburgh: T & T Clark. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/174399216" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">174399216</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Foot+Moore&rft.aufirst=George+Foot&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.btitle=History+of+Religions%2C+Volume+2%3A+Judaism%2C+Christianity%2C+Mohammedanism&rft.date=1919&rft.genre=book&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F174399216&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=T+%26+T+Clark&rft.series=The+International+Theological+Library&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Foot_Moore#cite_note-7" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[7]</a></sup></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><span style="color: #252525;">——— (</span><b><u><span style="color: red;">1927). <i>Judaism in the First Centuries of the Christian Era: the age of the tannaim</i>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674487505" style="background: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9780674487505">9780674487505</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC" style="background: none;" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/377315" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); padding-right: 13px;">377315</a>.</span></u></b></cite><b><u><span style="color: red;"><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Foot+Moore&rft.aufirst=George+Foot&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.btitle=Judaism+in+the+First+Centuries+of+the+Christian+Era%3A+the+age+of+the+tannaim&rft.date=1927&rft.genre=book&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F377315&rft.isbn=9780674487505&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span> - original published in 3 vols between 1927 and 1930</span></u></b></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><u><span style="color: cyan;">Editor (unfinished work), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Pike" style="background: none;" title="Albert Pike">Albert Pike</a>, <i>Materials For The history of Freemasonry In France and Elsewhere on The Continent of Europe From 1718 To 1859</i>, circa 1905, detached from "The New Age" magazine.</span></u></b></li>
<li style="color: #252525; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">——— (2007). <i>Christian Writers on Judaism: nineteen centuries of apologetics and polemics</i>. Analecta Gorgiana. <b>7</b>. Piscataway: Gorgias Press. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-593-33864-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-593-33864-0">978-1-593-33864-0</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/171130703" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">171130703</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Foot+Moore&rft.aufirst=George+Foot&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.btitle=Christian+Writers+on+Judaism%3A+nineteen+centuries+of+apologetics+and+polemics&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F171130703&rft.isbn=978-1-593-33864-0&rft.place=Piscataway&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.series=Analecta+Gorgiana&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span> - reprint of journal article</li>
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Edward Yablonskyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10013345997672210570noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6671724644852957271.post-16653314868103917722017-02-13T08:20:00.000-08:002017-02-13T08:20:13.683-08:00A Hope More Powerful Than the Sea: One Refugee's Incredible Story of Love, Loss, and Survival Hardcover – January 24, 2017 by Melissa Fleming (Author)<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 14px; padding: 0px;">
<b>The stunning story of a young woman, an international crisis, and the triumph of the human spirit.</b></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 14px; margin-top: -4px; padding: 0px;">
Adrift in a frigid sea, no land in sight―just debris from the ship's wreckage and floating corpses all around―nineteen-year-old Doaa Al Zamel floats with a small inflatable water ring around her waist and clutches two children, barely toddlers, to her body. The children had been thrust into Doaa's arms by their drowning relatives, all refugees who boarded a dangerously overcrowded ship bound for Sweden and a new life. For days, Doaa floats, prays, and sings to the babies in her arms. She must stay alive for these children. She must not lose hope.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 14px; margin-top: -4px; padding: 0px;">
Doaa Al Zamel was once an average Syrian girl growing up in a crowded house in a bustling city near the Jordanian border. But in 2011, her life was upended. Inspired by the events of the Arab Spring, Syrians began to stand up against their own oppressive regime. When the army was sent to take control of Doaa's hometown, strict curfews, power outages, water shortages, air raids, and violence disrupted everyday life. After Doaa's father's barbershop was destroyed and rumors of women being abducted spread through the community, her family decided to leave Syria for Egypt, where they hoped to stay in peace until they could return home. Only months after their arrival, the Egyptian government was overthrown and the environment turned hostile for refugees.</div>
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In the midst of this chaos, Doaa falls in love with a young opposition fighter who proposes marriage and convinces her to flee to the promise of safety and a better future in Europe. Terrified and unable to swim, Doaa and her young fiance hand their life savings to smugglers and board a dilapidated fishing vessel with five hundred other refugees, including a hundred children. After four horrifying days at sea, another ship, filled with angry men shouting insults, rams into Doaa's boat, sinking it and leaving the passengers to drown.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 14px; margin-top: -4px; padding: 0px;">
That is where Doaa's struggle for survival really begins.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-top: -4px; padding: 0px;">
<i>A Hope More Powerful Than the Sea </i>is an emotionally charged, eye-opening true story that represents the millions of unheard voices of refugees who risk everything in a desperate search for the promise of a safe future. Melissa Fleming sheds light on the most pressing humanitarian crisis of our time and paints a vivid, unforgettable portrait of the triumph of the human spirit.</div>
Edward Yablonskyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10013345997672210570noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6671724644852957271.post-5884475884178506502017-02-13T08:08:00.001-08:002017-02-13T08:08:31.889-08:00Local and State Government Can Protect the Constitution From Trump<div class="row mijM74QO" data-reactid="199" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0a0a0a; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-left: -0.9375rem; margin-right: -0.9375rem; max-width: none; padding: 20px 0px;">
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Local and State Government Can Protect the Constitution From Trump</h1>
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<a class="_1HynphR0" data-reactid="221" href="http://time.com/author/corey-brettschneider/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #e90606; display: inline-block; margin-right: 5px; outline: none; text-decoration: none;"><span class="zhtAwgU0" data-reactid="222" style="box-sizing: inherit; font-family: "Franklin Gothic MdCd"; font-size: 0.875rem; line-height: 1;">Corey Brettschneider</span></a></div>
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<span class="MblGHNMJ" data-reactid="226" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #4a4a4a; font-family: "Franklin Gothic MdCd"; font-size: 0.875rem; line-height: 1.618;">Nov 30, 2016</span></div>
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<span class="s1" style="box-sizing: inherit;"><em style="box-sizing: inherit;">Corey Brettschneider is a professor of political science at Brown University and the author of</em> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0691171297/?tag=timecom-20" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #e90606; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">When the State Speaks, What Should it Say?</a></span></div>
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<article class="row" data-reactid="245" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #0a0a0a; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-left: -0.9375rem; margin-right: -0.9375rem; max-width: none;"><div class="column small-12 medium-10 medium-offset-1 large-offset-2 _10M0Ygc4 bMwGIn1k" data-reactid="246" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: black; float: none; font-family: "Duplicate Ionic Regular"; font-size: 1.063rem; font-stretch: normal; line-height: 1.4; margin-left: 119.578px; padding: 0px 0px 20px; width: 597.891px;">
A man who threatened to create a deportation force that would invade private homes without due process, shut down mosques, torture the families of suspected terrorists, "open up" the libel laws and revoke the <a data-reactid="248" href="http://time.com/4584784/donald-trump-flag-burn-citizenship/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #e90606; outline: none; text-decoration: none;">citizenship</a> of people exercising their right to free speech has been elected president of the United States. He will take an oath to uphold the same Constitution that he repeatedly pledged to <a data-reactid="251" href="http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/08/2016-donald-trump-constitution-guide-unconstitutional-freedom-liberty-khan-214139" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #e90606; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">violate</a>.</div>
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For those committed to resisting his policies, a rethinking of federalism — the idea that the states and other localities retain sovereign powers and that the federal government, including Congress and the president, is limited in what it can do — might be the most effective tool, especially if other constitutional checks fail.</div>
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The separation of powers at the federal level might be of help if a few Republican Senators stand up for constitutional rights, but it is also likely that the Republican Congress will support him.</div>
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The federal courts might strike down presidential actions as unconstitutional, but court cases often take time, and eventually, with a potential record number of vacancies to fill, President Trump will have a role in reshaping the judiciary. It's possible that all three branches of the federal government could be populated with Trump supporters. The system of checks and balances that were designed to be a safeguard against government abuse would be neutralized.</div>
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What can be done to resist unconstitutional policies enacted into law by President Trump and his Congress, and upheld by his Supreme Court?</div>
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Constitutional resistance can and should come at the state level. California has already signaled its readiness to resist unconstitutional federal action. Assembly Speaker Anthony Rendon and Senate President Pro Tem Kevin de Leon <a data-reactid="295" href="http://sd24.senate.ca.gov/news/2016-11-09-joint-statement-california-legislative-leaders-result-presidential-election" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #e90606; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">stated recently</a>: “We will lead the resistance to any effort that would shred our social fabric or our Constitution.” The governor, Jerry Brown, <a data-reactid="298" href="http://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article114044833.html" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #e90606; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">reiterated</a> this commitment to fight unconstitutional actions.</div>
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Cities have also taken up the mantle of local resistance to unconstitutional federal action. The mayors of New York City and <a data-reactid="303" href="http://www.providencejournal.com/news/20161113/providence-mayor-resists-trump-agenda-we-will-not-sacrifice-any-of-our-people--poll" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #e90606; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Providence</a> have suggested that they will refuse to implement or cooperate with the federal government in unconstitutional policy.</div>
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These statements of constitutional resistance speak to a new strategy of federalism in which localities seek to revive a lost constitutional role in undoing federal violations of fundamental rights. State officials have a role to play. Democrats and independents hold at least 19 governors’ offices and about one-third of state legislatures, as vote counting is still underway. Moreover, some Republican state officials are part of the never-Trump movement that sought to protect the Constitution against potential tyranny. They should take up the mantle of states' rights to resist tyrannical policies and to protect individual liberty.</div>
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The resistance would not just be symbolic. The federal government relies on cooperation by the states in enforcing federal policy. If states and localities exercise their right to not cooperate with unconstitutional policies, this will very much impede the capacity of the federal government. Without local law enforcement, the federal government could still use the FBI for Immigration and Customs Enforcement, but the numbers of officers in these agencies are limited and so state and local resistance would be quite effective.</div>
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Of course, there is an ugly history to the phrase “states’ rights.” In the era of segregation, states' rights were used to resist civil rights laws. But earlier in our history there existed a nobler tradition for states’ rights, one in which the state governments of the 18th and 19th Centuries fought to defend individual rights.</div>
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During the John Adams Administration, James Madison and Thomas Jefferson sought to invalidate the Alien and Sedition acts, which imposed limits on free speech. Those laws were aimed at suppressing the political opponents of the reigning party, the Federalists, who controlled all three branches of the federal government. As president, Adams signed these laws that were passed by his own party. The opposition party, Democrat-Republicans, could not go to the Supreme Court to strike it down because there was no developed First Amendment case law. That branch too was also dominated by Federalist appointments.</div>
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Denied any possibility of “checks and balances” at the federal level, Madison and Jefferson argued that laws punishing criticism of the President were unconstitutional. In the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, they called on states to refuse to participate in the prosecution of dissidents called for by these laws.</div>
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Their strategy of constitutional resistance at the state level was later co-opted by John C. Calhoun in his fight to preserve slavery, but it has also been used to combat slavery. In the 19th Century, the federal government relied on the Fugitive Slave Act to aid slave owners to capture fugitive slaves who found refuge in free territories and states. The citizens of Wisconsin—led by a newspaper editor, Sherman Booth, and with the aid of local public officials—resisted the law. They believed the Fugitive Slave Act violated higher constitutional ideals. Booth outwitted a slave-catcher hired by the federal government, freed the slave, and aided him in escaping to Canada. The Wisconsin Supreme Court sided with the Booth and the escaped slave, ruling the Fugitive Slave Act unconstitutional.</div>
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Perhaps Trump may abandon his unconstitutional policies, but if he does not, citizens should leverage the sovereign authority of the states to resist him. We must call on our state officials to resist. Governors should not cooperate in any unconstitutional executive actions. If Trump does form a deportation force, state officials should refuse to turn over documents and other records. If Trump threatens to limit press freedoms, state officials and citizens must speak out against him. If he threatens to shut down mosques or creates a registry of Muslims, violating the Free Exercise Clause, state officials should refuse to allow local law enforcement to cooperate or to aid them.</div>
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The 10th Amendment reserves to the states those powers not given to the federal government. States and cities are equally empowered by the 10th Amendment to assert their reserved authority to resist federal transgressions of constitutional limits. The Supreme Court has repeatedly emphasized that the federal government cannot “commandeer” state and local officials to do its bidding. Even if the Supreme Court refuses to confront Trump’s unconstitutional policies by asserting the importance of civil liberties, it could still recognize the right of states and localities to exercise their powers.</div>
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I'm not advocating a radical “states' rights” movement. Instead, focusing on features core to our constitution’s system, my proposal is the antithesis of the call for secession by advocates of the so-called “calexit” <a data-reactid="327" href="http://www.cnn.com/2016/11/10/politics/calexit-donald-trump/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #e90606; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">movement</a> who want to see California leave the union.</div>
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My aim is not to give states a procedural veto power over federal legislation. Instead, I rely on the idea that state officials have a constitutional duty to uphold the constitution, as stated in Article VI, and to resist any attempt to get them to comply in a violation of constitutional rights. These rights are independent of the federal government’s interpretation of them. When they are violated state officials might be a final resort in their defense. This spirit is captured in the Virginia resolution, suggesting that states "have the right, and are in duty bound, to interpose, for arresting the progress of the evil, and for maintaining, within their respective limits, the authorities, rights and liberties, appertaining to them.”</div>
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Moreover, as Yale Law Professor Heather <a data-reactid="334" href="http://democracyjournal.org/magazine/24/a-new-progressive-federalism/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #e90606; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Gerken</a> and University of Virginia Law Professor Richard <a data-reactid="337" href="https://www.amazon.com/City-Power-Urban-Governance-Global/dp/0190246669" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #e90606; outline: none; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Schragger</a> have both argued in the context of gay rights, local protections of rights do not reject a role of the federal government. Instead, they enforce the federal Constitution—rightly aiming at eventual vindication at the federal level.</div>
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The idea of states' rights federalism was once used by segregationists to resist civil rights, but it is the key to protecting our liberties against unconstitutional federal policy. The 10th Amendment must be restored to its earlier and nobler tradition. It is a gift the Founders left us to fight potential federal tyranny.</div>
</article>Edward Yablonskyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10013345997672210570noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6671724644852957271.post-30954244318967010312017-02-11T15:48:00.000-08:002017-02-11T15:48:42.628-08:00The End of Time<div class="column column-title" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; display: inline; float: left; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; margin-right: 30px; min-height: 122px; width: 960px;">
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<span style="line-height: 1.15;">The End of Time</span></h1>
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<a href="https://invcol.files.wordpress.com/2013/05/end-of-time-2.jpg" style="color: #0c5390; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="end-of-time-2" class="size-full wp-image-346 alignleft" data-pin-nopin="true" src="https://invcol.files.wordpress.com/2013/05/end-of-time-2.jpg?w=960" style="border: 4px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-sizing: border-box; float: left; height: auto; margin: 3px 15px 10px 0px; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" /></a>According to the ancient Maya, 21 December 2012 will be the end of the world as we know it. On the stroke of midnight their calendar, like the mileometer of a car, will click round to to read 0 baktuns, 0 katuns, 0 tuns, 0 uinals and 0 kins. The last time it did this was on 12 August 3113 BC over five thousand years ago.</div>
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Since according to the Maya the last age and indeed the two before that ended in catastrophes, we have to ask ourselves what might happen this time. Should we take seriously their claims that this will be a time of apocalyptic cataclysm? How did the Maya, a clever but nonetheless Stone age people, calculate the date of an astronomical occurrence that was scheduled to take place many millennia in the future?</div>
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These are just some of the questions that are posed in the present book. Written in the form of a personal quest, it takes the reader on a journey round some of the major sites of Mayan interest. Interwoven with the story of this physical quest is a journey of ideas. Only recently has the written language of the ancient Maya has been decoded. This has made it possible, using computer programs, to compare dates they recorded with actual events in the sky. A new picture is emerging of the Maya as a people possessed of extraordinary knowledge concerning astronomy that without the benefit of telescopes and computers ought to have been impossible for them to know. How they may have come by this knowledge is one of the dilemmas of Mayan archaeology.</div>
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<span style="color: red;"><b>In this book Adrian addresses this seldom discussed issue, exploring the question from a multiplicity of angles. In the end he comes up with some surprising conclusions. Perhaps we are not as alone in the universe as we think</b></span>.</div>
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Edward Yablonskyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10013345997672210570noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6671724644852957271.post-62709533221197092902017-02-10T15:57:00.000-08:002017-02-11T15:41:53.811-08:00Jesus in the Stars Tracing the Christ Story in the Constellations<span style="background-color: #fafafa; font-family: , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px;">Join the world renowned expert, Adrian Gilbert (a best-selling author of numerous books on the subject including The Orion Mystery), as he explores the world of Jesus Christ mirrored in the heavens. Gilbert discusses how the whole story of Jesus is actually a special memory device to learn the position and timing of the stars. From Jesus as the leo or lion of Judah to Joseph as Orion and Mary as Sirius, we discover the ancient truths, this film is a must for all those seeking wisdom. Did our ancestors understand more than us? All the answers and much more will be explained. This is unique;y filled with wisdom and insight that you'll be able to watch again and again. A must for all of those on the path to enlightenment. Part Eight of a series of Invisible College lectures, you'll want to collect the whole set. World Wide Multi Media brings you quality video content from around</span><br />
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Jesus in the Stars</h1>
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: #222222; font-family: , sans-serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 24px;"> https://invcol.com/</span><span class="icon-ages14up TitleDetailsHeading-mpaaIcon" style="background-color: #fafafa; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; font-family: "icons important"; font-size: 18px; line-height: 1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; speak: none;"></span><span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: #222222; font-family: , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px;"></span><br />
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Tracing the Christ Story in the Constellations</h2>
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by <a aria-label="Search by author, WWMM" class="TitleDetailsHeading-creatorLink" href="https://phoenix.overdrive.com/phoenix-phoenixpl/content/search/creatorId?query=156615&sortBy=newlyadded" lang="en" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: transparent; border-bottom-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.298039); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 2px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; text-decoration: none;">WWMM</a></h2>
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; font-family: , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px;"> the globe. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica" , "arial" , "tahoma" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">Throughout history there has been a belief that somewhere in the world (most likely in the East) there exists a brotherhood, or order of initiates, secretly guiding the destiny of mankind. Towards the end of the last century a number of intrepid explorers, mostly Russians and including such well-known esotericists as Madame H.P.Blavatsky, Alexandra David-Neale, P.D. Ouspensky and <span style="color: #351c75;"><b>G.I.Gurdjieff scoured the East in search of these “Masters of Wisdom”.</b></span></span><br />
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In 1972, following a pilgrimage to Bethlehem by bicycle, <span style="color: #351c75;"><b>Adrian Gilbert also began searching for the masters. He was convinced that the secret school, </b></span>if it really existed, was in some way connected with the story of the visiting Magi at the start of St. Matthew’s Gospel. He was sure that this seemingly trivial episode concerning kings and gifts of Gold, Frankincense and Myrrh was, if only it could be properly understood, highly significant.</div>
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<span style="color: red;"><b>G.I.Gurdjieff who came to the West in 1920 and who opened a mysterious, esoteric school of his own in France, claimed to have tracked down a secret and very ancient organization called the “Sarmoung Brotherhood”. Following up on clues he left behind in his semi-autobiographical work: <i>“Meetings with Remarkable Men”</i>, Gilbert ascertained there was substance to his story and that this brotherhood was probably the last surviving remnant of a Christian Gnostic School that once flourished in Northern Mesopotamia.</b></span></div>
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<a href="https://invcol.files.wordpress.com/2013/05/antheadsb.jpg" style="color: #0c5390; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="The heads from the hierothesion of Antiochus Epiphanes of Commagene" class="size-full wp-image-197 " src="https://invcol.files.wordpress.com/2013/05/antheadsb.jpg?w=960" style="border: 4px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" title="Heads from Hierothesion" /></a><br />
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HEADS FROM HIEROTHESION OF ANTIOCHUS</div>
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<span style="color: red;"><b>He found traces of this lost school, which seems to have been flourishing at the time of Christ, in South-Eastern Turkey at a place called Commagene. Physical evidence exists in the form of monuments built by a king called Antiochus I Epiphanes.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: red;"><b>Gilbert believes that this minor king was closely linked with the Sarmoung brotherhood of his day (<i>c.</i>70-30 BC. The monuments left scattered in his little kingdom on the Upper Euphrates indicate his interest in lion (Leo) symbolism.<i style="line-height: 22.4px;">lion of Commagene stele</i><span style="line-height: 22.4px;">)</span></b></span></div>
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LION OF COMMAGENE STELE</div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b>Antiochus’ funerary monument at Mount Nimrod features this amazing stele which has been shown to be the oldest known horoscope on earth. It shows he knew a great deal both about astrology and the Hermetic tradition. In fact it gives an astronomical date (6 July 62 BC) which Gilbert believes relates to his initiation, when he received the title “epiphanes”. Elsewhere in his kingdom, at Arsameia the winter capital, there is a mysterious shaft leading nowhere. </b></span>Archaeologists have long been puzzled by this but Gilbert has found that this also was intended to give two significant dates, including the “Royal Birthday” of the Kings of Commagene (28th July).<span style="line-height: 22.4px;">The shaft is some 158 metres long and faces west. By using a computer program to back back-track the sky to how it would have looked in</span><span style="line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><i style="line-height: 22.4px;">c.</i><span style="line-height: 22.4px;">62 BC, it can be seen that it and would have been illuminated by the sun on precisely two days in the year. This would be in the afternoon when the sun was conjunct with the star Regulus in Leo and the other when it was in the “shake-hands” position above the outstretched hand of Orion.</span></div>
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<a href="https://invcol.files.wordpress.com/2013/05/herculesa.jpg" style="color: #0c5390; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Hercules shakes hand of the king" class="wp-image-268 " height="263" src="https://invcol.files.wordpress.com/2013/05/herculesa.jpg?w=178&h=263" style="border: 4px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" title="Hercules shakes hand of the king" width="178" /></a><br />
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SHAKING HANDS STELE</div>
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These two significant dates Gilbert takes to have marked the royal birthday of the kings and the correct date for his soul to an ascend back to the stars. The connection here with Orion seems to be indicated by an enormous stele of the king shaking hands with “Hercules” a god who was similarly turned into a</div>
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constellation and who seems to have originally been identifiable with Orion the hunter.</div>
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PILLARS OF EDESSA</div>
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<span style="color: red;"><b>Gilbert has also found evidence at the city of Edessa (now called SanliUrfa) for an amazing astrological cult based on the movements of Orion and linked with the Old Testament prophets.</b></span><span style="line-height: 22.4px;">This city was famous in the early days of Christianity for its schools of learning as well as certain sacred relics preserved there. It was again important in the early years of the crusades, whilst its fall to the Moslem armies of first Zengi in 1145 and then his son Nuraddin in 1146, sparked the second crusade.</span></div>
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<u><b>Putting other pieces of the jig-saw together and carrying out further “on the ground” researches, Gilbert has found traces linking this lost brotherhood with the Magi story of Matthew’s Gospe</b></u>l.<span style="color: blue;"><b> Evidence suggests that the Magi were expecting the birth of a King/Messiah not on our so-called Christmas Day of 25th of December, (which is in any case based on the old pagan festival of the Birth of Mithras) but rather on 29th July 7 BC</b></span>. On this day there was a special configuration in the sky. Each year at that time the Sun would rise in the “King’s Birthday” position: conjunct with the “Little King” or “Lion Heart” star of Regulus in Leo. At the same time, just prior to the dawn, Sirius, the brightest star in the sky, would make its first appearance after a period of invisibility.<span style="color: magenta;"><b> According to the mythology of Egypt, Sirius was the special star of the goddess Isis. Her reappearance represented the goddess coming out of confinement to give birth, at dawn. to her son Horus, represented by the Sun-conjunct-Regulus.</b></span><span style="line-height: 22.4px;">The mythology behind this arrangement of stars was Christianised by the early church so that Sirius now represented Mary giving birth not to Horus but to her own son, Jesus, symbolised as the sawn sun. Other stars visible at dawn on that day are also significant. Orion, which in Egypt represented Osiris, the consort of Isis now became Joseph. The star Procyon, which like Sirius rises after Orion, had probably represented Isis’s sister Nephthys. It now became the ‘mid-wife’, who also appears in some of the Nativity stories.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #7f6000;"><b>The stable is represented by the zodiac: the place of animals. Visible in it are the Ox (Taurus) and sheep (Aries). The manger in which the baby Jesus is laid is the place where the animals get their food. In Hebrew ‘Bethlehem’ means “Place of Bread”. It was also a city in the province of Judah, the Lion tribe of Israel, and is therefore represented by the star Regulus in the Leo or Lion constellation. <span style="color: red;">The sun conjunct Regulus </span>is therefore symbolic of Jesus in the Manger.</b></span><span style="line-height: 22.4px;"><span style="color: #7f6000;"><b><span style="color: red;">The three shepherds are also symbolized in the sky. They are stars that “lead the way” and are represented by the stars Procyon, Castor and Pollux</span> which all rise before Sirius and therefore, like shepherds, lead the way for the rising sun</b></span>.</span></div>
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The three kings are something different. Gilbert believes that the “Star of the Magi” which supposedly guided them to the stable in Bethlehem was really the great<b> </b><span style="color: red;"><b>conjunction of the two large planets Jupiter and Saturn.</b> </span><span style="color: blue;"><b>This conjunction lasted on and off for several months and took place in <span style="color: red;">Pisces, the sign of the fish</span> and symbolic of both Christianity and the then new age. On July 28-9th these planets would rise about 9.30 in the evening and then, as the brightest stars in the sky, be visible until shortly after the dawn. <span style="color: red;">They represent two of the kings:</span> <span style="color: red;">Melchior (Jupiter, the king bringing gold) and Caspar ( Saturn, the king bringing myrrh). This is because Jupiter is the planet of wealth (gold) whilst Saturn is concerned with death and graveyards but also longevity. <span style="color: magenta;">Myrrh was primarily used for mummifaction</span> and is th</span>erefore emblematic of Saturn. The third planet was Mercury, which on that day was the closest to the Sun. He is <span style="color: magenta;">Balthasar (or Belteshazzar) and his name means “Lord’s leader”. He rises just before the Sun and, like a vizier, is in close attendance. His gift was Frankincense, symbolic of the priestly or magical functions always associated with this plane</span>t.</b></span><img src="https://invcol.files.wordpress.com/2013/05/bengtmaga.jpg" style="background-color: transparent;" /><span style="line-height: 22.4px;">Thus it is that the <span style="color: magenta;"><b>story of the Magi visiting the stable of Bethlehem, when read correctly, gives us Jesus’s horoscope</b></span>. The stars indicate that he was born to be a king (like a Magi king of Commagene) and receives, as we all do, the appropriate gifts from the planet’s of his birth. To illustrate all of the above Gilbert commissioned a picture froman old friend, the gifted Swedish artist<span style="color: magenta;"><b> Bengt Alfredson.</b></span> As the stars concerned span nearly half of the sky, they have had to be compressed, into a “fish-eye lens” projection. However, if you take account of the curving horizon, this is how the stars would indeed have appeared. This is probably the first time that a anyone has attempted to paint an authentic “star-correct” adoration of the Magi. To make this clearer we have also included underneath a screen print from the SKYGLOBE program, showing the stars and constellations as they would appear at dawn on 29th July 7 BC</span></div>
Edward Yablonskyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10013345997672210570noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6671724644852957271.post-4971780888587949952017-02-10T14:56:00.000-08:002017-02-11T15:41:09.103-08:00New Jerusalem<div class="title" style="background-color: #414141; color: azure; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 32px; font-weight: bold; margin: 15px;">
New Jerusalem</div>
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<img alt="" class="thumbnail" src="https://img1.od-cdn.com/ImageType-100/2482-1/%7B4F44ACFC-407D-47FE-B58A-A16B0ADD933C%7DImg100.jpg" style="max-width: 200px;" /><br />
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<img alt="" class="r1" height="1" src="https://video.overdrive.com/Images/transparentImg.png" style="background: url("../Images/partsListIcons.png") -72px -10px no-repeat; display: block; height: 16px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 200px; width: 89px;" width="1" /></div>
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<div class="metadata-main expandable" style="background-color: #414141; color: azure; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13.6px; margin-left: 230px;">
<span class="description"></span><br />
<div style="margin-top: 8px;">
<span class="description">Gilbert discusses how Freemasonry, Knights Templar and Druids used sacred geometry and astronomy to construct many of their sacred sites. Even locations like London, Glastonbury, and the Great Pyramid all have a mathematical connection in common, through sacred geometry. <span style="background-color: red;">This all leads up to the revelation that the ancient Kings of Britain, who saw themselves as the sons of David, set themselves upon the task of creating a New Jerusalem.</span></span></div>
<span class="description">
</span>
<br />
<ul class="creators" style="padding-left: 0px;"><span class="description">
<li style="list-style: none;"><img align="right" border="0" src="http://www.ancient-wisdom.com/Images/hebrewtree.jpg" height="219" width="220" />Director: <span lang="en-gb"></span><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr><td align="center" rowspan="3" width="233"></td>
<td><br /></td>
<td rowspan="3" width="23"></td>
</tr>
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<td></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<img alt="Click here for larger image." border="1" src="http://www.ancient-wisdom.com/Images/countries/English%20pics/Stonehengefloweroflife1.jpg" height="490" width="600" /><span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-family: "georgia";">
<div align="center">
<b>Freemasonry and Sacred Geometry.</b></div>
</span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica";">
<blockquote>
<div align="justify">
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-small;">Following the
collapse of the Roman empire, architects versed in geometry grouped
together into 'guild's', thus forming the roots of 'freemasonry'. The
tradition of building sacred/holy structures with applied sacred (<i>euclidian</i>),
geometry was continued into the middle ages by the 'Templars', who
envisioned their (mostly round) churches as 'microcosms of the world' </span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: xx-small;">(1).</span><span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-small;">
This idea was soon adopted by the Christian church, who began to employ
'sacred' dimensions into their religious buildings. These traditions were
carried in the form of 'freemasonry' until, as Pennick aptly quotes - '<i>The
lodges of freemasons closed down one by one. The last to go was the
premiere lodge of Europe - Strasbourg, which shut shop in 1777. From then
on, the arts and mysteries of freemasonry were carried on exclusively by
'Speculative masons' </i></span><span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: xx-small;">(1)</span><span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-small;">.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div align="right">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">(<span style="background-color: red;"><a href="http://www.ancient-wisdom.com/harmonics.htm">Chartres
Cathedral and Harmonic Ratios</a>)</span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: red;">
</span><span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: red;">
</span><div align="center">
<br /></div>
<blockquote>
<div align="center">
<span style="background-color: red;">A continuation of the geometric Vesica Pisces results in the
geometric matrix named <i>
Ad-triangulum</i>...as used for the design of many of Europe's greatest
Cathedrals...</span></div>
</blockquote>
</span>
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">
<div align="center">
<img border="1" src="http://www.ancient-wisdom.com/Images/adtriangulatum.jpg" height="249" width="466" /></div>
</span></span></span><br /><span class="description"></span></li>
</span></ul>
<span class="description">
</span></div>
Edward Yablonskyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10013345997672210570noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6671724644852957271.post-42345460101254024162017-02-09T15:40:00.000-08:002017-02-09T15:40:35.205-08:00Steve Bannon Wanted Mel Gibson for His Movie About Nazis <header class="collection-headline">
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Steve Bannon Wanted Mel Gibson for His Movie About Nazis
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More than a decade before <a href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2017/01/31/steve-bannon-s-long-love-affair-with-war.html" target="_blank">Stephen K. Bannon</a> became one of President <a href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/features/2016/donald-trump.html" target="_blank">Donald Trump</a>’s
closest White House aides, he tried to make an epic documentary-style
film about the eugenics movement, Adolf Hitler, “blood purity,”
abortion, contraception, Darwinism, mutants, and cloning. According to
his longtime Hollywood writing partner, Bannon even met with
controversial Oscar winner <a href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/09/07/glenn-beck-mel-gibson-told-me-jewish-people-stole-his-christ-movie.html" target="_blank">Mel Gibson</a> in his effort to get the picture made.
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The 11-page outline for Bannon’s unmade movie, a copy of which
was reviewed by The Daily Beast, was written in the spring of 2005 and
bears the ominous title <em>The Singularity: Resistance Is Futile</em>. (The project’s alternate working title: <em>The Harvest of the Damned</em>.)<br />
The
document, which credits Bannon as a writer, producer, and director,
divides the movie into 22 segments spread across four sections. A heady,
incomplete mix of science, history, religion, and politics, it sketches
out a story in which mankind’s unquenchable thirst for knowledge and
scientific advancement has led to horrific, fascist atrocities and
forced sterilization, drawing a direct line between those atrocities and
modern bio-technology.<br />
<span style="color: red;"><u><b>Essentially, Bannon’s is a Christian
right-friendly story of arrogant scientists trying to perfect the human
race at the expense of the natural order and God’s vision of humanity</b></u></span>.<br />
“The
acceleration of technological progress is the central feature of the
20th /21st century,” the chapter titled “The Religion of Technology”
begins. “We are on the edge of change brought about by Man’s ability to
create… Man, the toolmaker, is on the verge of creating
greater-than-human intelligence.”<br />
“The Tree of Knowledge—the
garden of the new Eden, fruit of the forbidden tree: clones, mutants,
and designer humans,” the segment continued.<br />
Subsequent segments
riff on the Enlightenment, Christianity, English literature, physics,
nanotechnology, genetic engineering, and “incomprehensible social
change,” to name a few of the big subjects that piqued Bannon’s
cinematic interest.<br />
<span style="color: #783f04;"><b>“[The] most radical ideology in history—Man as the driver of evolution, the creator of the new Adam,” Bannon’s draft reads.</b></span><br />
<span style="color: magenta;"><u><b>Later,
Segment 8 covers in four minutes “subjugation of race and class
throughout time,” including Native Americans, “Jews and gypsies,”
“Suni’s and Shiites” (sic), and also the genocides in Rwanda and Bosnia.</b></u></span><br />
<span style="color: magenta;"><u><b>The next four minutes cover Darwin, Nietzsche, Wagner, “the survival of the fittest,” “the Ubermensch,” and “the Aryan Elite.”</b></u></span><br />
<span style="color: lime;"><b>And
things keep getting darker. Segment 12 opens Section III, “The
Commercial Eugenics Civilization,” with two minutes covering Nazi
theories and practices of racial purity, and “the perfectibility of life
through a human-controlled elite race that will bring about a better
world.”</b></span>Edward Yablonskyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10013345997672210570noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6671724644852957271.post-7761599607173937562017-01-02T03:56:00.000-08:002017-01-02T03:56:06.718-08:00Indigo children<br />
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Indigo children</h1>
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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For the 2012 film, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_Children_(film)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indigo Children (film)">Indigo Children (film)</a>.</div>
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<b>Indigo children</b>, according to a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscientific" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pseudoscientific">pseudoscientific</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Age" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="New Age">New Age</a> concept,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Segen_1-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_note-Segen-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></sup> are children who are believed to possess special, unusual, and sometimes <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernatural" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> traits or abilities.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Acu_CSI_2-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_note-Acu_CSI-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[2]</a></sup> They are sometimes also referred to as <b>crystal children</b><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Waltz_3-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_note-Waltz-3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[3]</a></sup> or <b>star children</b>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_note-4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[4]</a></sup> The idea is based on concepts developed in the 1970s by Nancy Ann Tappe<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_note-5" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[5]</a></sup> and further developed by Jan Tober and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Carroll" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lee Carroll">Lee Carroll</a>. The concept of indigo children gained popular interest with the publication of a series of books in the late 1990s and the release of several films in the following decade. A variety of books, conferences and related materials have been created surrounding belief in the idea of indigo children and their nature and abilities. The interpretations of these beliefs range from their being the next stage in human evolution, in some cases possessing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranormal" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Paranormal">paranormal</a> abilities such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepathy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Telepathy">telepathy</a>, to the belief that they are more <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empathy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Empathy">empathetic</a> and creative than their peers.</div>
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Although no scientific studies give credibility to the existence of indigo children or their traits, the phenomenon appeals to some parents whose children have been diagnosed with <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_disabilities" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Learning disabilities">learning disabilities</a> and to parents seeking to believe that their children are special. Critics view this as a way for parents to avoid considering pediatric treatment or a psychiatric diagnosis. The list of traits used to describe the children has also been criticized for being vague enough to be applied to almost anyone, a form of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forer_effect" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Forer effect">Forer effect</a>.</div>
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Contents</h2>
<span class="toctoggle" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: 12.502px;"> [<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="togglelink" role="button" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer;" tabindex="0">hide</a>] </span></div>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#Origins" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Origins</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#Claimed_characteristics" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Claimed characteristics</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#Indigo_as_an_alternative_to_diagnosis" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Indigo as an alternative to diagnosis</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#Relationship_to_attention-deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Relationship to attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#Relation_to_autism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Relation to autism</span></a></li>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#Commercialization" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Commercialization</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#Discussion_as_a_new_religious_movement" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Discussion as a new religious movement</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#See_also" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#References" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#External_links" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">External links</span></a></li>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Origins">Origins</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indigo_children&action=edit&section=1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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The term "indigo children" originated with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parapsychology" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Parapsychology">parapsychologist</a> and self-described <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synesthesia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Synesthesia">synesthete</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychic" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Psychic">psychic</a> Nancy Ann Tappe, who developed the concept in the 1970s. Tappe published the book <i>Understanding Your Life Through Color</i> in 1982 describing the concept,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_note-6" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[6]</a></sup> stating that during the mid-1960s she began noticing that many children were being born with "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indigo">indigo</a>" <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aura_(paranormal)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aura (paranormal)">auras</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Whedon2009_7-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_note-Whedon2009-7" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[7]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Leland2006_8-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_note-Leland2006-8" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[8]</a></sup> (in other publications Tappe said the color indigo came from the "life colors" of the children which she acquired through her synesthesia<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_note-9" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[9]</a></sup>). The idea was later popularized by the 1998 book <i>The Indigo Children: The New Kids Have Arrived</i>, written by husband and wife <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-help" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Self-help">self-help</a> lecturers <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Carroll" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lee Carroll">Lee Carroll</a> and Jan Tober.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Carroll1999_10-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_note-Carroll1999-10" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[10]</a></sup> In 2002, an international conference on indigo children was held in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, drawing 600 attendees, with subsequent conferences the following years in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Florida">Florida</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>. Several films have also been produced on the subject, including two English feature films in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_(film)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Indigo (film)">2003</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_note-11" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[11]</a></sup>and 2005, and a documentary in 2005 (both the latter were directed by James Twyman, a New Age writer).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-DN_12-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_note-DN-12" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[12]</a></sup></div>
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Sarah W. Whedon suggests in a 2009 article in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Religio" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nova Religio">Nova Religio</a></i> that the social construction of indigo children is a response to an "apparent crisis of American childhood" in the form of increased youth violence and diagnoses of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_deficit_disorder" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Attention deficit disorder">attention deficit disorder</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a>. Whedon believes parents label their children as "indigo" to provide an alternative explanation for their children's improper behavior stemming from ADD and ADHD.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Whedon2009_7-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_note-Whedon2009-7" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[7]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Claimed_characteristics">Claimed characteristics</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indigo_children&action=edit&section=2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Claimed characteristics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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Descriptions of indigo children include that they:</div>
<ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20width%3D%225%22%20height%3D%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%222.5%22%20cy%3D%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empathy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Empathy">empathic</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiosity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Curiosity">curious</a>, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self_control" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Self control">strong-willed</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Are often perceived by friends and family as being strange</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Possess a clear sense of self-definition and purpose</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Show a strong innate subconscious spirituality from early childhood (which, however, does not necessarily imply a direct interest in spiritual or religious areas)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Have a strong feeling of entitlement, or deserving to be here</li>
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Other alleged traits include:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Leland2006_8-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_note-Leland2006-8" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[8]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Carroll1999_10-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_note-Carroll1999-10" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[10]</a></sup></div>
<ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20width%3D%225%22%20height%3D%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%222.5%22%20cy%3D%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">High <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_quotient" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Intelligence quotient">intelligence quotient</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Inherent <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intuition_(knowledge)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Intuition (knowledge)">intuitive</a> ability</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Resistance to rigid, control-based paradigms of authority</li>
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According to Tober and Carroll, indigo children may function poorly in conventional schools due to their rejection of rigid authority, their being smarter or more spiritually mature than their teachers, and their lack of response to guilt-, fear- or manipulation-based discipline.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-DN_12-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_note-DN-12" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[12]</a></sup></div>
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According to research psychologist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Barkley" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Russell Barkley">Russell Barkley</a>, the New Age movement has yet to produce empirical evidence of the existence of indigo children, as the traits most commonly attributed to them are closely aligned with the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forer_effect" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Forer effect">Forer effect</a>—so vague that they could describe nearly anyone. Many critics see the concept of indigo children as made up of extremely general traits, a sham diagnosis that is an alternative to a medical diagnosis, with a complete lack of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Science">science</a> or studies to support it.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Leland2006_8-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_note-Leland2006-8" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[8]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jayson_13-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_note-jayson-13" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[13]</a></sup> The lack of scientific foundation is acknowledged by some believers, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doreen_Virtue" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Doreen Virtue">Doreen Virtue</a>, author of <i>The Care and Feeding of Indigos</i>, and James Twyman, who produced two films on indigo children and who offers materials and courses related to the phenomenon. Virtue has been criticized for claiming to have a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Ph.D.</a>, despite this being awarded by<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Coast_University" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="California Coast University">California Coast University</a>, a then-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accreditation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Accreditation">unaccredited</a> institution sometimes accused of being a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diploma_mill" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Diploma mill">diploma mill</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-DN_12-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_note-DN-12" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[12]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Indigo_as_an_alternative_to_diagnosis">Indigo as an alternative to diagnosis</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indigo_children&action=edit&section=3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Indigo as an alternative to diagnosis">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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Retired professor of philosophy and skeptic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Todd_Carroll" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Robert Todd Carroll">Robert Todd Carroll</a> notes that many of the commentators on the indigo phenomenon are of varying qualifications and expertise, and parents may prefer labeling their child an indigo as an alternative to a diagnosis that implies poor parenting, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissistic_parent" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Narcissistic parent">narcissistic parenting</a>, damage<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NamkaL_14-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_note-NamkaL-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[14]</a></sup> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_disorder" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mental disorder">mental illness</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Carroll_15-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_note-Carroll-15" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[15]</a></sup> This is a belief echoed by academic psychologists.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jayson_13-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_note-jayson-13" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[13]</a></sup> Some mental health experts are concerned that labeling a disruptive child an "indigo" may delay proper diagnosis and treatment that could help the child or look into the parenting style that may be causing the behavior.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Leland2006_8-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_note-Leland2006-8" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[8]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-DN_12-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_note-DN-12" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[12]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NamkaL_14-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_note-NamkaL-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[14]</a></sup> Others have stated that many of the traits of indigo children could be more prosaically interpreted as simple unruliness and alertness.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jayson_13-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_note-jayson-13" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[13]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Relationship_to_attention-deficit_hyperactivity_disorder">Relationship to attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indigo_children&action=edit&section=4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Relationship to attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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Many children labeled indigo by their parents are diagnosed with <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention-deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder">attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder</a> (ADHD)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jayson_13-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_note-jayson-13" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[13]</a></sup> and Tober and Carroll's book <i>The Indigo Children</i> linked the concept with diagnosis of ADHD.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Carroll1999_10-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_note-Carroll1999-10" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[10]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_B._Cohen_(psychologist)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="David B. Cohen (psychologist)">David Cohen</a> points out that labeling a child an indigo is an alternative to a diagnosis that implies <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_disorder" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mental disorder">mental illness</a>, which may appeal to many parents.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jayson_13-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_note-jayson-13" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[13]</a></sup>Cohen has stated, "The view in medicine is that ADHD is a defect. It's a disorder. If you're a parent, the idea of 'gifted' is much more appealing than the idea of a disorder."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jayson_13-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_note-jayson-13" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[13]</a></sup> Linking the concept of indigo children with the distaste for the use of<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylphenidate" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Methylphenidate">Ritalin</a> to control ADHD, Robert Todd Carroll states "The hype and near-hysteria surrounding the use of Ritalin has contributed to an atmosphere that makes it possible for a book like <i>Indigo Children</i> to be taken seriously. Given the choice, who wouldn't rather believe their children are special and chosen for some high mission rather than that they have a brain disorder?"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Carroll_15-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_note-Carroll-15" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[15]</a></sup> Stephen Hinshaw, a professor of psychology at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, states that concerns regarding the overmedicalization of children are legitimate but even <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_giftedness" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Intellectual giftedness">gifted</a> children with ADHD learn better with more structure rather than less, even if the structure initially causes difficulties. Many labeled as indigo children are or have been<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeschooling" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Homeschooling">home schooled</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Leland2006_8-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_note-Leland2006-8" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[8]</a></sup> Many children labeled as indigo children have the same identifying criteria as those children who have experienced being raised by a narcissistic parent, and are considered to have been emotionally abused.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NamkaL_14-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_note-NamkaL-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[14]</a></sup></div>
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A 2011 study suggested parents of children with ADHD who label their children as "indigos" may perceive problematic behaviors emblematic of ADHD to be more positive and experience less frustration and disappointment, though they still experience more negative emotions and conflicts than parents of children without a diagnosis.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_note-16" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[16]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Relation_to_autism">Relation to autism</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indigo_children&action=edit&section=5" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Relation to autism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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Crystal children, a concept related to indigo children, has been linked by autism researcher Mitzi Waltz to the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autistic_spectrum" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Autistic spectrum">autistic spectrum</a>. Proponents recategorize autistic symptoms as telepathic powers, and attempt to "[reconceptualize] the autistic traits associated with them as part of a positive identity". Autism researcher Mitzi Waltz states that there may be inherent dangers to these beliefs, leading parents to deny the existence of impairments, avoid proven treatments and spend considerable money on unhelpful interventions. Waltz states that "Parents may also transmit belief systems to the child that are self-aggrandizing, confusing, or potentially frightening".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Waltz_3-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_note-Waltz-3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[3]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Commercialization">Commercialization</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indigo_children&action=edit&section=6" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Commercialization">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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<tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.5em; text-align: center;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="[icon]" data-file-height="31" data-file-width="44" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="20" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; width: 188.688px;"><span class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section needs expansion</b>.<small style="font-size: 10.472px;">You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indigo_children&action=edit&section=" style="background: none !important; color: #663366; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">adding to it</a>.</small> <small style="font-size: 10.472px;"><i>(June 2015)</i></small></span></td></tr>
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The concept of indigo children has been criticized for being less about children and their needs, and more about the profits to be made by self-styled experts in book and video sales as well as lucrative counseling sessions, summer camps, conferences and speaking engagements.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-DN_12-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_note-DN-12" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[12]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SR.com_17-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_note-SR.com-17" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[17]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Discussion_as_a_new_religious_movement">Discussion as a new religious movement</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indigo_children&action=edit&section=7" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Discussion as a new religious movement">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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Nancy Ann Tappe originally noted that one type of Indigo child (the "interdimensional child"), despite being seen as a bully, was expected to lead new religious movements.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_note-18" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[18]</a></sup></div>
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One Pagan author, Lorna Tedder, anecdotally notes that every Pagan woman she knew who had or was going to have a child believed their child was an Indigo child.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kermani66_19-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_note-Kermani66-19" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[19]</a></sup></div>
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S. Zohreh Kermani explains that "Despite their problems with authority, uncontrollable tempers, and overbearing egos, Indigo Children are many Pagan parents' ideal offspring: sensitive, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychic" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Psychic">psychic</a>, and strong willed," but also notes the concept is less about the child's psychic abilities than the parent's own hopes and desire for "distinction from the less-evolved masses."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kermani66_19-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_note-Kermani66-19" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[19]</a></sup></div>
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Daniel Kline, in an essay titled "The New Kids: Indigo Children and New Age Discourse," notes that the magical belief that the innocence of children equates to spiritual powers has existed for centuries, and that the indigo child movement is rooted in a religious rejection of science-based medicine. In particular, he claims that Nancy Ann Tappe derived some of her ideas from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Webster_Leadbeater" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Charles Webster Leadbeater">Charles Webster Leadbeater</a> (her main innovation being emphasizing the connection between children and the color indigo), and that the New Age adoption of the concept is a reaction against diagnoses of ADD, ADHD, and autism. Kline also discusses how Carroll and Tober have tried to distance themselves from religious beliefs about indigo children in order to maintain control of the concept (even recanting their previous affirmations about auras), and how skeptics and New Agers alike both make rhetorical appeals to science (despite the latter's rejection of it) to legitimize their ideological beliefs regarding the existence of indigo children.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Asprem_20-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_note-Asprem-20" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[20]</a></sup></div>
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At the 2014 University of Cambridge Festival of Ideas, anthropologist Beth Singler discussed how the term indigo children functioned as a new religious movement, along with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jediism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jediism">Jediism</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_note-21" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[21]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_note-22" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[22]</a></sup> Singler's work focuses in the Indigo movement as a part of an overall discussion on "wider moral panics around children, parenting, the diagnosis of conditions such as ADHD and autism and conspiracy theories about Big Pharma and vaccinations."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_note-23" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[23]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indigo_children&action=edit&section=8" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
<ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20width%3D%225%22%20height%3D%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%222.5%22%20cy%3D%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurodiversity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li>
</ul>
<h2 style="background: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indigo_children&action=edit&section=9" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-webkit-column-count: 2; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.3em;">
<ol class="references" style="font-size: 12.6px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;">
<li id="cite_note-Segen-1" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_ref-Segen_1-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Segen, Joseph C (August 11, 2010). <i>The Doctor's Dictionary</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Amazon.com">Amazon Digital Services</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0041KKOR4" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">B0041KKOR4</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndigo+children&rft.aufirst=Joseph+C&rft.aulast=Segen&rft.btitle=The+Doctor%27s+Dictionary&rft.date=2010-08-11&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Amazon+Digital+Services&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Acu_CSI-2" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_ref-Acu_CSI_2-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Stenger, Victor J. (June 1998). "Reality Check: the energy fields of life". <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndigo+children&rft.atitle=Reality+Check%3A+the+energy+fields+of+life&rft.aufirst=Victor+J.&rft.aulast=Stenger&rft.date=1998-06&rft.genre=article&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Waltz-3" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_ref-Waltz_3-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_ref-Waltz_3-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Waltz, M. (2009). "From Changelings to Crystal Children: An Examination of 'New Age' Ideas About Autism". <i>Journal of Religion, Disability & Health</i>. <b>13</b> (2): 114–128. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F15228960802581511" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">10.1080/15228960802581511</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndigo+children&rft.atitle=From+Changelings+to+Crystal+Children%3A+An+Examination+of+%27New+Age%27+Ideas+About+Autism&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.aulast=Waltz&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15228960802581511&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Religion%2C+Disability+%26+Health&rft.pages=114-128&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=13"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-4" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_ref-4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Krider, DO (2002-12-19). <a class="external text" href="http://www.houstonpress.com/2002-12-19/news/alien-ated-youth/1/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Alien-ated Youth"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Press" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Houston Press">Houston Press</a></i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndigo+children&rft.atitle=Alien-ated+Youth&rft.aufirst=DO&rft.aulast=Krider&rft.date=2002-12-19&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.houstonpress.com%2F2002-12-19%2Fnews%2Falien-ated-youth%2F1%2F&rft.jtitle=Houston+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-5" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_ref-5" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external free" href="http://nancyanntappe.com/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;">http://nancyanntappe.com/</a> Who was Nancy Tappe?</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-6" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_ref-6" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Tappe, NA (1986). <i>Understanding your life through color: Metaphysical concepts in color and aura</i>. Starling Publishers. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-940399-00-8" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-940399-00-8">0-940399-00-8</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndigo+children&rft.aufirst=NA&rft.aulast=Tappe&rft.btitle=Understanding+your+life+through+color%3A+Metaphysical+concepts+in+color+and+aura&rft.date=1986&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-940399-00-8&rft.pub=Starling+Publishers&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Whedon2009-7" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_ref-Whedon2009_7-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_ref-Whedon2009_7-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Whedon, Sarah W. (February 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://caliber.ucpress.net/doi/pdfplus/10.1525/nr.2009.12.3.60" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"The Wisdom of Indigo Children: An Emphatic Restatement of the Value of American Children"</a> <span style="font-size: 10.71px;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nova Religio</i>. <b>12</b> (3): 60–76.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1525%2Fnr.2009.12.3.60" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">10.1525/nr.2009.12.3.60</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2010-06-25</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndigo+children&rft.atitle=The+Wisdom+of+Indigo+Children%3A+An+Emphatic+Restatement+of+the+Value+of+American+Children&rft.aufirst=Sarah+W.&rft.aulast=Whedon&rft.date=2009-02&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcaliber.ucpress.net%2Fdoi%2Fpdfplus%2F10.1525%2Fnr.2009.12.3.60&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fnr.2009.12.3.60&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Nova+Religio&rft.pages=60-76&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=12"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Leland2006-8" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_ref-Leland2006_8-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_ref-Leland2006_8-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_ref-Leland2006_8-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_ref-Leland2006_8-3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_ref-Leland2006_8-4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Leland, J (2006-01-12). <a class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/12/fashion/thursdaystyles/12INDIGO.html?ei=5088&en=277fb750ad762ed9&ex=1294722000&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss&pagewanted=all" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Are They Here to Save the World?"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2009-04-15</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndigo+children&rft.atitle=Are+They+Here+to+Save+the+World%3F&rft.aufirst=J&rft.aulast=Leland&rft.date=2006-01-12&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F01%2F12%2Ffashion%2Fthursdaystyles%2F12INDIGO.html%3Fei%3D5088%26en%3D277fb750ad762ed9%26ex%3D1294722000%26partner%3Drssnyt%26emc%3Drss%26pagewanted%3Dall&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-9" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_ref-9" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Tappe, NA. <a class="external text" href="http://www.allaboutindigos.com/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"All About Indigos - A Nancy Tappe Website"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2009-04-15</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndigo+children&rft.aufirst=NA&rft.aulast=Tappe&rft.btitle=All+About+Indigos+-+A+Nancy+Tappe+Website&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allaboutindigos.com%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Carroll1999-10" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_ref-Carroll1999_10-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_ref-Carroll1999_10-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_ref-Carroll1999_10-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Tober J & Carroll LA (1999). <i>The Indigo Children: The New Kids Have Arrived</i>. Light Technology Publishing.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56170-608-6" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/1-56170-608-6">1-56170-608-6</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndigo+children&rft.au=Tober+J+%26+Carroll+LA&rft.btitle=The+Indigo+Children%3A+The+New+Kids+Have+Arrived&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-56170-608-6&rft.pub=Light+Technology+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-11" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_ref-11" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=indigo.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Indigo"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Box Office Mojo">Box Office Mojo</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2012-05-15</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndigo+children&rft.btitle=Indigo&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boxofficemojo.com%2Fmovies%2F%3Fid%3Dindigo.htm&rft.pub=Box+Office+Mojo&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-DN-12" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_ref-DN_12-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_ref-DN_12-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_ref-DN_12-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_ref-DN_12-3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_ref-DN_12-4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Hyde, J (2006-03-09). <a class="external text" href="http://www.dallasobserver.com/2006-03-09/news/little-boy-blue/full" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Little Boy Blue"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Observer" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dallas Observer">Dallas Observer</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2009-04-15</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndigo+children&rft.atitle=Little+Boy+Blue&rft.aufirst=J&rft.aulast=Hyde&rft.date=2006-03-09&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dallasobserver.com%2F2006-03-09%2Fnews%2Flittle-boy-blue%2Ffull&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-jayson-13" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_ref-jayson_13-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_ref-jayson_13-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_ref-jayson_13-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_ref-jayson_13-3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_ref-jayson_13-4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_ref-jayson_13-5" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Jayson, S (2005-05-31). <a class="external text" href="http://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/2005-05-31-indigo-kids_x.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Indigo kids: Does the science fly?"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USA Today">USA Today</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2007-10-23</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndigo+children&rft.atitle=Indigo+kids%3A+Does+the+science+fly%3F&rft.aufirst=S&rft.aulast=Jayson&rft.date=2005-05-31&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Freligion%2F2005-05-31-indigo-kids_x.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-NamkaL-14" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_ref-NamkaL_14-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_ref-NamkaL_14-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_ref-NamkaL_14-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Namka, Lynne (2005). <a class="external text" href="http://www.angriesout.com/grown17.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Selfishness And Narcissism in Family Relationships"</a>. <i>AngriesOut.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">June 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndigo+children&rft.atitle=Selfishness+And+Narcissism+in+Family+Relationships&rft.au=Namka%2C+Lynne&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.angriesout.com%2Fgrown17.htm&rft.jtitle=AngriesOut.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link since December 2016">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Carroll-15" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_ref-Carroll_15-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_ref-Carroll_15-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Todd_Carroll" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Robert Todd Carroll">Carroll, RT</a> (2009-02-23). <a class="external text" href="http://skepdic.com/indigo.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Indigo child"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Skeptic%27s_Dictionary" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The Skeptic's Dictionary">The Skeptic's Dictionary</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2009-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndigo+children&rft.aufirst=RT&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.btitle=Indigo+child&rft.date=2009-02-23&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fskepdic.com%2Findigo.html&rft.pub=The+Skeptic%27s+Dictionary&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-16" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_ref-16" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Lench, H. C.; Levine, L. J.; Whalen, C. K. (2011). "Exasperating or Exceptional? Parents' Interpretations of Their Child's ADHD Behavior". <i>Journal of Attention Disorders</i>. <b>17</b> (2): 141–51.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F1087054711427401" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">10.1177/1087054711427401</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22166469" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">22166469</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndigo+children&rft.atitle=Exasperating+or+Exceptional%3F+Parents%27+Interpretations+of+Their+Child%27s+ADHD+Behavior&rft.aufirst=H.+C.&rft.aulast=Lench&rft.au=Levine%2C+L.+J.&rft.au=Whalen%2C+C.+K.&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1087054711427401&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22166469&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Attention+Disorders&rft.pages=141-51&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=17"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-SR.com-17" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_ref-SR.com_17-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Anderson, L (2003-12-01). <a class="external text" href="http://www.selectsmart.com/twyman.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Indigo: the color of money"</a>. Selectsmart.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2010-09-24</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndigo+children&rft.aufirst=L&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.btitle=Indigo%3A+the+color+of+money&rft.date=2003-12-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.selectsmart.com%2Ftwyman.html&rft.pub=Selectsmart.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-18" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_ref-18" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.csicop.org/si/show/seeing_the_indigo_children/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Seeing the Indigo Children"</a> by Benjamin Witts, in the<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Skeptical Inquirer">Skeptical Inquirer</a></i> (Volume 33.4, July / August 2009)</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Kermani66-19" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_ref-Kermani66_19-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_ref-Kermani66_19-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Kermani, S. Zohreh (2013). <i>Pagan Family Values: Childhood and the Religious Imagination in Contemporary American Paganism</i>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NYU_Press" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="NYU Press">NYU Press</a>. pp. 66–67. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814769744" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0814769744">978-0814769744</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndigo+children&rft.aufirst=S.+Zohreh&rft.aulast=Kermani&rft.btitle=Pagan+Family+Values%3A+Childhood+and+the+Religious+Imagination+in+Contemporary+American+Paganism&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0814769744&rft.pages=66-67&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Asprem-20" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_ref-Asprem_20-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The New Kids: Indigo Children and New Age Discourse" by Daniel Kline, in <cite class="citation book" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Asprem, Egil; Granholm, Kennet (2014).<i>Contemporary Esotericism</i>. Routledge. pp. 351–372.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317543565" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317543565">978-1317543565</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndigo+children&rft.aufirst=Egil&rft.au=Granholm%2C+Kennet&rft.aulast=Asprem&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Esotericism&rft.date=2014&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1317543565&rft.pages=351-372&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-21" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_ref-21" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-29753530" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Have Jedi created a new 'religion'?</a>, By Tom de Castella, BBC News Magazine, 24 October 2014</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-22" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_ref-22" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.festivalofideas.cam.ac.uk/events/jedi-and-witches-and-indigo-children-oh-my" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Jedi and witches and indigo children! Oh my!"</a>. www.festivalofideas.cam.ac.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2015-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndigo+children&rft.btitle=Jedi+and+witches+and+indigo+children%21+Oh+my%21&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.festivalofideas.cam.ac.uk%2Fevents%2Fjedi-and-witches-and-indigo-children-oh-my&rft.pub=www.festivalofideas.cam.ac.uk&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-23" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_children#cite_ref-23" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.divinity.cam.ac.uk/directory/beth-singler" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Cambridge Faculty of Divinity: Beth Singler</a></span></li>
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Edward Yablonskyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10013345997672210570noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6671724644852957271.post-49830505269998981692016-12-21T22:34:00.002-08:002016-12-21T22:37:49.836-08:00Andrew Solomon's writings Far and Away Reporting from the Brink of Change by Andrew Solomon<div class="star-ratings-container StarRatings editable js-no-auth" data-global-rating="3.8" data-media-id="2260566" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: #fafafa; box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; display: inline-block; font-family: proxima-nova, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin: -10px 0px 20px -4px; padding: 0px;">
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<article class="TitleDetailsDescription-description js-title-description is-long" lang="en" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-size: 12pt; max-height: 100%; outline: 0px; overflow: hidden;" tabindex="0"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; outline: 0px;">A <i style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">New York Times</i> Notable Book</span><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;" />From the winner of the National Book Award and the National Books Critics' Circle Award—and one of the most original thinkers of our time—a riveting collection of essays about places in dramatic transition.<br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;" /><i style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: inherit;">Far and Away</i> collects Andrew Solomon's writings about places undergoing seismic shifts—political, cultural, and spiritual. Chronicling his stint on the barricades in Moscow in 1991, when he joined artists in resisting the coup whose failure ended the Soviet Union, his 2002 account of the rebirth of culture in Afghanistan following the fall of the Talibanseeped in contradictions as it slowly, fitfully pushes toward freedom, and many other stories of profound upheaval, this book provides a unique window onto the very idea of social change. With his signature brilliance and compassion, Solomon demonstrates both how history is altered by individuals, and how personal identities are altered when governments alter.</article></div>
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Edward Yablonskyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10013345997672210570noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6671724644852957271.post-55523316273346710222016-12-21T13:32:00.001-08:002016-12-22T12:00:09.996-08:00Keys To The Code Unlocking The Secrets In Symbols<br />
<ul><ul><ul><ul>
<li><span style="background-color: #fafafa; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px;">In this second installment of this exclusive series we learn the sacred truths of ancient and medieval symbolism employed by secret societies such as the Freemasons. We listen to the teachings from across the ages, drawn together from a lifetime of learning. </span><b style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px;"><u>Tim Wallace-Murphy </u></b><span style="background-color: #fafafa; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px;">regularly travels the globe teaching at Masonic Lodges, Spiritual Retreats and major conferences. Here for the first time we can listen to the wisdom of our ancestors in the comfort of our own home and delve into the mind of one who truly understands the s</span><b style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px;"><u>acred nature of God on earth as seen by ancient Gnostics</u></b><span style="background-color: #fafafa; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px;"> and understand the </span><b style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px;"><u>psychological and spiritual power of symbols.</u></b><span style="background-color: #fafafa; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px;"> From cave paintings to Egypt and from pagan sculptures to Christian churches we are led on a journey of profound depth. It's time to listen to the voice of wisdom... Tim Wallace-Murphy is an international best-selling author known throughout the world for his deep knowledge of Rosslyn, the Knights Templar, Sacred Geometry and Rex Deus...<b><span style="color: red;">magical import of symbols particularly medieval period </span></b></span></li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li><span style="line-height: 25.6px;">rituals fixed points in sea of change and impermanence</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 25.6px;">magical trans formative power</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 25.6px;">shamanism grt religions indigenous peoples</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 25.6px;">study of great constellations</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 25.6px;">inward journeys</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 25.6px;">archetypes/myths Gurdjieff</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 25.6px;">sound/light earth energy_Egyptian temples</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 25.6px;">initiations_mysteries secrecy,beyond words _importance of experience</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 25.6px;">Morton Smith lost gosp Mark exper_sound and light in sacred spaces_sacred geometry ex=Chartres shift in consciousness_number measure and weight healing of soul</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 25.6px;">spirituality and sci common roots</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 25.6px;">symbolism radiates own energy beyond pictorial</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 25.6px;">hugh schonfeld</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 25.6px;">cross predates Christianity</span></li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li><span style="line-height: 25.6px;">used by heretics and early christians</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 25.6px;">templars</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 25.6px;">cross of gnosis</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 25.6px;">maltese cross</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 25.6px;">14 used by orthodox and heretics</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 25.6px;">15 tammuz &ishtar "son of the widow</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 25.6px;">16 sacred archjtecture</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 25.6px;">17pythagoras &gnostic cross</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 25.6px;">18no crucifixion scene chartres friggers</span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="line-height: 25.6px;"><b><span style="color: red;">Guardian of the Secrets of the holy grail</span></b></span></div>
Edward Yablonskyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10013345997672210570noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6671724644852957271.post-38965268922959455942016-12-18T17:36:00.000-08:002016-12-18T17:36:23.939-08:00holocaust<div align="center">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" src="http://www.auschwitz.dk/nytlogoaholointro.gif" data-pin-nopin="true" height="59" width="315" /><br /><br /><img border="0" src="http://www.auschwitz.dk/holocaustintro2206.jpg" height="195" width="244" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">http://www.fatherkolbe.com http://</span><span style="font-size: x-large;">www.auschwitz.dk/bilecki.htm</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;">The famous Steven Spielberg film <a href="http://www.oskarschindler.com/" target="_blank">Schindler's List</a> focused attention on people like Oscar Schindler, who - at great risk to themselves and their families - helped Jews escape the Nazi genocide. These non-Jews are called <i>Righteous Among The Nations Of The World</i>. They are the spiritual heirs to the thirty-six Gentiles mentioned in Jewish legend whose purpose in every generation, unknown to themselves or to others, is to assist their fellow man in his hour of greatest despair.<br /><br />The Holocaust survivor, the author Elie Wiesel, has dedicated his life to ensuring that none of us forget what happened to the Jews. The Nobel Prize recipient wrote:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;">"In those times there was darkness everywhere. In heaven and on earth, all the gates of compassion seemed to have been closed. The killer killed and the Jews died and the outside world adopted an attitude either of complicity or of indifference. Only a few had the courage to care."</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;">The Holocaust was the systematic annihilation of six million Jews during<a href="http://www.holocaustphotos.folkeeje.dk/" target="_blank"> the Nazi genocide</a> - in 1933 nine million Jews lived in the 21 countries of Europe that would be occupied by Nazi Germany during World War 2. By 1945 two out of every three European Jews had been killed.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;">The number of children killed during the Holocaust is not fathomable and full statistics for the tragic fate of children who died will never be known. Estimates range as high as 1.5 million murdered children. This figure includes more than 1.2 million Jewish children, tens of thousands of Gypsy children and thousands of institutionalized handicapped children who were murdered under Nazi rule in Germany and occupied Europe.<br /><br /><b><span style="color: blue;">In his book <i>Sheltering The Jews</i> the Holocaust historian Mordecai Paldiel later wrote:</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "verdana";"><b><span style="color: blue;">"Never before in history had children been singled out for destruction for no other reason than having been born. Children, of course, were no match for the Nazis' mighty and sophisticated killing machine .."</span></b> </span><span style="font-family: "verdana";"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" src="http://www.auschwitz.dk/new_glint2.gif" height="13" width="36" /><span style="font-family: "verdana";"><b><a href="http://www.photos.oskarschindler.net/index.html" target="_blank"><br />Nazi Crimes - Warning: Graphic Photos</a><a href="http://www.wannsee.gerstein.dk/" target="_blank"><br />The Wannsee Conference</a><a href="http://www.genocide.capote.dk/" target="_blank"><br />Nazi Medical Experiments</a></b></span><span style="font-family: "verdana";"><b><a href="http://www.holocaust.gerstein.dk/" target="_blank"><br />Holocaust Photos</a></b></span><span style="font-family: "verdana";"><b><a href="http://www.auschwitz.nazis.dk/" target="_blank"><br />Auschwitz-Birkenau</a></b></span><span style="font-family: "verdana";"><b><a href="http://www.holocaust.nazis.dk/" target="_blank"><br />Holocaust In Memoriam</a></b></span><span style="font-family: "verdana";"><b><a href="http://www.photographs.dk/letter/" target="_blank"><br />A Letter To God</a></b></span><span style="font-family: "verdana";"><b><a href="http://www.izieu.com/Sinti/" target="_blank"><br />Porajmos - Sinti And Roma</a></b></span><span style="font-family: "verdana";"><b><a href="http://www.goering.dk/index.htm" target="_blank"><br />Albert Goering - The Good Brother</a></b></span><span style="font-family: "verdana";"><b><a href="http://www.varianfry.dk/holocaustphotos.htm" target="_blank"><br />Graphic Holocaust Photos</a></b></span><span style="font-family: "verdana";"><b><a href="http://www.auschwitz.dk/dachau/" target="_blank"><br />Dachau Holocaust Photos</a><a href="http://www.hosenfeld.dk/holocaustphotos.htm" target="_blank"><br /></a><a href="http://www.hosenfeld.dk/index.htm" target="_blank">Wilm Hosenfeld from The Pianist</a></b></span><span style="font-family: "verdana";"><b><a href="http://www.varianfry.dk/index.htm" target="_blank"><br />Varian Fry, The American Schindler</a></b></span><span style="font-family: "verdana";"><b><a href="http://www.gerstein.dk/index.htm" target="_blank"><br /></a></b></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: xx-small;">Today <a href="http://www.oskarschindler.com/" target="_blank">Oscar Schindler'</a>s name is known to millions as a household word for courage in a world of brutality - the flawed hero who saved hundreds of Jews from Hitler's gas chambers. A saint walking through hell.<br /><br />No one will ever know exactly what made this complex man do what no German had the courage to do. A large part of the fascination of Schindler is that not even those who admire him most can figure out his motives.<br /><br />But Oscar Schindler rose to the highest level of humanity and gave his Jews a second chance at life. He earned the everlasting gratitude of his Schindler Jews. No matter <b><i>why</i></b>, no matter that he was an alcoholic and a shameless womanisor of the worst sort - what matters to his Jews is that he surfaced from the chaos of madness and risked everything for them.<br /><br />To more than 1200 Jews Schindler was all that stood between them and death at the hands of the Nazis. But he remained true to his Jews, the workers he referred to as <i>my children</i>. In the shadow of <a href="http://www.auschwitz.dk/" target="_blank">Auschwitz</a> he kept the SS out and everyone alive.<br /><br />Today there are 7,000 descendants of Schindler's Jews living in US and Europe, and many in Israel. Before the Second World War, the Jewish population of Poland was 3.5 million. Today there are between 3,000 and 4,000 left.<br /><br />Here you find Schindler Jews sharing memories of their unlikely savior - generations will remember him for what he did ..</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "verdana";"><b><a href="http://www.gerstein.dk/index.htm" target="_blank">Kurt Gerstein, SS Officer</a></b></span><span style="font-family: "verdana";"><b><a href="http://www.winton.dk/index.htm" target="_blank"><br />Nicholas Winton</a></b></span><span style="font-family: "verdana";"><b><a href="http://www.miepgies.dk/" target="_blank"><br />Miep Gies</a></b></span><span style="font-family: "verdana";"><b><a href="http://www.izieu.com/index.htm" target="_blank"><br />The Children Of Izieu</a></b></span><span style="font-family: "verdana";"><b><a href="http://www.oskarschindler.de/Roma/website.htm" target="_blank"><br />The Forgotten Holocaust</a></b></span><span style="font-family: "verdana";"><b><a href="http://www.emilieschindler.com/Children/" target="_blank"><br />Photos - The Holocaust children</a></b></span><span style="font-family: "verdana";"><b><a href="http://www.emilieschindler.com/Bullenhuser/index.htm" target="_blank"><br />The Children Of Bullenhuser Damm</a></b></span><span style="font-family: "verdana";"></span></span><br />
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<b><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "verdana";">The truth of the photographs of various crimes and atrocities included in this Holocaust project needs to be shown. The photos may be of graphic nature and disturbing - before providing access to younger learners, parents and teachers should preview the sites and guide through what they may read and see.</span><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: black;">In November 1944 20 Jewish children, ten boys and ten girls, had been brought from Auschwitz to the concentration camp of Neuengamme, just outside Hamburg. The youngsters, aged between 5 and 12 years old, came from all over Europe and were to be human guinea-pigs in a series of medical experiments conducted by the SS doctor Kurt Heissmeyer. </span><br /><span style="color: black;"><br />Dr. Heissmeyer removed the children's lymph glands for analysis, and he injected living tuberculosis bacteria in their veins and directly into their lungs to determine if they had any natural immunities to tuberculosis. They were carefully observed, examined and photographed as the disease progressed. The condition of all the children deteriorated very rapidly and they became extremely ill.<br /><br />On April 20, 1945, the day on which Adolf Hitler was celebrating his fifty-sixth birthday and just a few days before the war ended, Heissmeyer and SS-Obersturmführer Arnold Strippel decided to kill the children in an effort to hide evidence of the experiments from the approaching Allied forces. To conceal all traces the SS transported the children to the former<b>Bullenhuser Damm School</b>, which had been used as a satellite camp since October 1944. They were immediately taken to the basement and ordered to undress. An SS officer later reported: "They sat down on the benches all around and were cheerful and happy that they had been for once allowed out of Neuengamme. The children were completely unsuspecting."<i><br /></i>The children were told that they had to be vaccinated against typhoid fever before their return journey. Then they were injected with morphine. They were hanged from hooks on the wall, but the SS men found it difficult to kill the mutilated children. The first child to be strung up was so light - due to disease and malnutrition - that the rope wouldn’t strangle him. SS untersturmführer Frahm had to use all of his own weight to tighten the noose. Then he hanged the others, two at a time, from different hooks. <i>'Just like pictures on the wall',</i> he would recall later. He added that none of the children had cried. At five o' clock in the morning on April 21, 1945, the Nazis had finished with their work and drank hard-earned coffee ...<br /></span></span></div>
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</td><td width="489"><span style="color: black; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;">One of the children was <b>Jacqueline Morgenstern</b>, born to Suzanne and Karl Morgenstern in 1932 in Paris, France. Here Jacqueline led a happy life, she attended school and her father and uncle owned a beauty shop in central Paris.<br /><br />The family's feelings of security collapsed, however, when in 1940, Germany invaded France and the brutality of the Nazis accelerated with murder, violence and terror. In 1944 Jacqueline and her parents were sent to Auschwitz. Jacqueline and her mother went to the women's work camp, where food rations were meager. Suzanne gave Jacqueline most of her food, so she became malnourished and ill. When the Nazis found her no longer useful for forced labor, they sent her to the gas chambers.</span></td></tr>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;">After her mother's death, Jacqueline was sent to a special children's barrack where the children were being held for later bogus medical experiments. The majority of the children spoke only Polish but one of the boys, Georges Andre Kohn, spoke French, too, and they became close friends.</span></div>
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</td><td width="486"><span style="color: black; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><b>Georges Andre Kohn</b> was 12 years old and the youngest son of Armand Kohn, a rich Jewish businessman in Paris. In 1944 Georges, his grandmother (75), mother, father, his older sisters, Rose-Marie and Antoinette, and his eighteen year-old brother, Philippe, were crowded into cattle cars with hundreds of Jews to be deported to the Buchenwald concentration camp.<br /><br />Three days after the train began moving, Rose-Marie and Philippe broke the bars of the car's small window, jumped out and miraculously survived the Holocaust. When the train arrived at Buchenwald, the family was separated. When the war was over, only Armand Kohn and the two escaped had survived.</span></td></tr>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;">And on April 20th, 1945, when the British were less than three miles from the camp, all the children of Bullenhuser Damm were murdered ...<br /><br />After the war, the SS doctor Kurt Heissmeyer returned to his home in Magdeburg, postwar East Germany, to resume medical practice, highly regarded as a lung and tuberculosis specialist. The much-admired physician was eventually tried and sentenced to life imprisonment in 1966. Arnold Strippel, the SS-Obersturmführer commanding these killings as well as many others, lived for years well in West Germany in a villa situated on the outskirts of Frankfurt despite all efforts made by relatives of the children to take him to trial.<br /><br />Opened in 1980, this memorial is located in the cellar of the former school. The room where the children were murdered has been kept in its original state. In an adjoining room there is an exhibition on the fate of the victims. The documentation also provides insight into the various individual and inofficial attempts made during the 1970s and 1980s to shed light on the crime, and describes the deliberate delay of criminal proceedings against Arnold Strippel, the SS officer in charge of the murder unit.<br /><br />The association <i>'Kinder vom Bullenhuser Damm e.V.'</i> has planted a rose garden behind the school. Anyone who wishes may plant a rose there as a tribute to the dead. The rose garden is open at all times.<br /><br />Not one of the children of Bullenhuser Damm was older than twelve. Stripped of their childhoods, they lived and died during the dark years of the Holocaust and were victims of the Nazi regime. Had they survived another two weeks, they would have been liberated by the Allied forces ..</span><span style="font-family: "verdana";"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: black;">1.5 million children were murdered during the </span><a href="http://www.auschwitz.dk/" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">Holocaust</span></a><span style="color: navy;">.</span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"> This figure includes more than 1.2 million Jewis</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">h children, tens of thousands of Gypsy children and thousands of institutionalized handicapped children.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "verdana";"><b><a href="http://www.emilieschindler.com/Hitler/" target="_blank">Hitler and the Nazi Genocide</a></b></span><span style="font-family: "verdana";"><b><a href="http://www.annefrank.dk/Gerstein/" target="_blank"><br /></a><a href="http://www.oskarschindler.org/Shoah/index.htm" target="_blank">The Nazi Genocide</a></b></span><span style="font-family: "verdana";"><b><a href="http://www.mengele.dk/Courage/index.htm" target="_blank"><br />Men Of Courage</a></b></span><span style="font-family: "verdana";"></span></span><a href="http://www.mengele.dk/Courage/Album2.htm" style="background-color: white; color: #8e010b; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: xx-small;"><b>Men Of Courage</b></span></a><br />
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<tr><td width="165"><span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: red;">The Holocaust is a history of enduring horror and sorrow. It seems as though there is no spark of human concern, no act of humanity, to lighten that dark history.</span></b><br />Yet there were acts of courage and kindness during the Holocaust - this site focus attention on five men, who risked their lives to help Jews escape the Nazi genocide:<i><br /><br /><b><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: blue;">Wilm Hosenfeld</span><br /><span style="color: red;">Oskar Schindler</span><br /><span style="color: magenta;">Raoul Wallenberg</span><br /><span style="color: #134f5c;">Kurt Gerstein</span><br /><span style="color: #134f5c;">Albert Goering</span></span></b></i><br /><br />Today their names are known to millions as household words for courage.</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "verdana";"><b><a href="http://www.deathcamps.info/Auschwitz/" target="_blank">Holocaust Photos</a><a href="http://www.fatherkolbe.com/" target="_blank"><br />Father Kolbe, Saint Of Auschwitz</a></b></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.photographs.dk/index.htm" target="_blank">The Holocaust</a> is </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: xx-small;">a history of enduring horror and sorrow. <span style="color: black;">The charred skeletons, the diabolic experiments, the death camps, the mass graves, the smoke from the chimneys ...</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: xx-small;"><br /><br />Auschwitz became the killing centre during WWII where the largest numbers of the Jews were murdered. One Christian man who died here became a martyr to the truth of evils of Nazism - a true hero for our time, a saint who lived what he preached, total love toward God and man ...<br /><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: xx-small;"><b><br />Maximilian Kolbe</b> was a Polish priest who died as prisoner 16670 in <a href="http://www.auschwitz.dk/" target="_blank">Auschwitz</a>, on August 14, 1941. When a prisoner escaped from the camp, the Nazis selected 10 others to be killed by starvation in reprisal for the escape.<br /><br />One of the 10 selected to die, Franciszek Gajowniczek, began to cry: "My wife! My children! I will never see them again!" At this Father Kolbe stepped forward and asked to die in his place - his request was granted.<br /><br />As the ten condemned men were led off to the death Block of Building 13, Father Kolbe supported a fellow prisoner who could hardly walk. No one would emerge alive - Father Kolbe was the last to die ..<br /><br />This is his story.<br /><br /><i>- Louis Bülow</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "verdana";"><b><a href="http://www.deathcamps.info/Stroop/stroop.htm" target="_blank">Stroop - The Warsaw Ghetto</a><a href="http://www.canaris.dk/" target="_blank"><br />Canaris, The Decent Nazi</a><a href="http://www.annefrank.dk/Schirach/index.htm" target="_blank"><br />Henriette von Schirach</a></b></span><span style="font-family: "verdana";"><b><a href="http://www.deathcamps.info/Albert/index.htm" target="_blank"><br />Albert Goering - A Story Of Courage</a></b></span><span style="font-family: "verdana";"><b><a href="http://www.annefrank.dk/rescuers/index.htm" target="_blank"><br />The Unsung Heroines</a></b></span><span style="font-family: "verdana";"><b><a href="http://www.deathcamps.info/Letters/index.htm" target="_blank"><br /></a></b></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: xx-small;">The Holocaust - </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: xx-small;">the systematic annihilation of six million Jews -</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: xx-small;"> is a history of enduring horror and sorrow. <span style="color: black;">The charred skeletons, the diabolic experiments, the death camps, the mass graves, the smoke from the chimneys ..</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: xx-small;"><br /><br />In 1933 nine million Jews lived in the 21 countries of Europe that would be occupied by Germany during the war. By 1945 two out of every three European Jews had been killed by the Nazis.</span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: xx-small;"><br /><br />The Holocaust survivor, the author Elie Wiesel, has dedicated his life to ensuring that none of us forget what happened to the Jews. The Nobel Prize recipient wrote:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: xx-small;">"In those times there was darkness everywhere. In heaven and on earth, all the gates of compassion seemed to have been closed. The killer killed and the Jews died and the outside world adopted an attitude either of complicity or of indifference. Only a few had the courage to care."</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: xx-small;">These women were inspiring evidence of human nobility:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: xx-small;"><b>Countess Maria von Maltzan</b> - <span style="color: black;">throughout the war she provided a safe haven for more than 60 Jews, arranging for them to escap</span>e to safety.<br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: xx-small;"><b>Irena Sendler</b> - an unfamiliar name to most people, but this remarkable woman defied the Nazis and saved 2,500 Jewish children by smuggling them out of the Warsaw Ghetto.<br /></span></span></div>
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<tr msimagelist=""><td msimagelist="" valign="baseline" width="42"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><img height="20" hspace="7" src="http://www.annefrank.dk/rescuers/images/bullet2.gif" width="28" /></span></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"></span><div align="left" style="margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: xx-small;"><b>Jane Haining</b> - in Auschwitz the missionary refused to reject her children and showed herself to be a saint. She was murdered in the gas chambers.<br /></span></span></div>
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<tr msimagelist=""><td msimagelist="" valign="baseline" width="42"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><img height="20" hspace="7" src="http://www.annefrank.dk/rescuers/images/bullet2.gif" width="28" /></span></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"></span><div align="left" style="margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: xx-small;"><b>Miep Gies</b> - during the Nazi occupation of Holland the Austrian-born Dutch woman risked her life daily to hide <a href="http://www.shoah.dk/Annefrank/index.htm" target="_blank">Anne Frank</a> and her family from the Nazis.<br /></span></span></div>
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<tr msimagelist=""><td msimagelist="" valign="baseline" width="42"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><img height="20" hspace="7" src="http://www.annefrank.dk/rescuers/images/bullet2.gif" width="28" /></span></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"></span><div align="left" style="margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: xx-small;"><b>Emilie Schindler</b> - not only a strong woman working alongside her husband <a href="http://www.oskarschindler.com/" target="_blank">Oscar Schindler</a> but a heroine in her own right. She worked indefatigably to save the Schindler-Jews.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: xx-small;"><br />Yes, there were acts of courage and human decency during the Holocaust - stories to bear witness to goodness, love and compassion. To serve as eulogy to the millions with a yellow star who lived and died during the dark years of the Nazi genocide.</span></span></div>
<div align="center" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; orphans: auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana;"><img border="0" height="82" src="http://www.annefrank.dk/rescuers/images/orange_globe.jpg" width="78" /></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "verdana";"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;"></span><b><a href="http://www.deathcamps.info/Letters/index.htm" target="_blank">The Last Letters</a></b></span><span style="font-family: "verdana";"><b><a href="http://www.deathcamps.info/Experiments/experiments.htm" target="_blank"><br />Photos - Medical Experiments - Warning!</a></b></span><span style="font-family: "verdana";"><a href="http://www.deathcamps.info/testimonies/index.htm" target="_blank"><b><br />Nazi Genocide and Mass Murder</b></a></span><span style="font-family: "verdana";"><a href="http://www.shoah.dk/" target="_blank"><b><br />New domain: www.shoah.dk</b></a></span><span style="font-family: "verdana";"><b><a href="http://www.deathcamps.info/" target="_blank"><br />Gates To Hell</a></b></span><span style="font-family: "verdana";"><b><a href="http://www.shoah.dk/Beitz/Default.htm" target="_blank"><br />Berthold Beitz</a></b></span><span style="font-family: "verdana";"><b><a href="http://www.shoah.dk/Courage/" target="_blank"><br />Courage and Survival</a></b></span><span style="font-family: "verdana";"><b><a href="http://www.annefrank.dk/children/index.htm" target="_blank"><br />The Auschwitz Children</a></b></span><br /><span style="font-family: "verdana";"><b><a href="http://www.auschwitz.dk/bookstore/index.htm" target="_blank">The Shoah Bookstore</a></b></span><b><span style="font-family: "verdana";"><a href="http://www.annefrank.dk/Default.htm" target="_blank"><br />Holocaust Children</a></span></b><span style="font-family: "verdana";"><b><a href="http://www.shoah.dk/Annefrank/index.htm" target="_blank">Anne Frank</a></b></span><b><span style="font-family: "verdana";"><a href="http://www.shoah.dk/Rivka/index.htm" target="_blank">The Story of Rivka</a></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: xx-small;"><b>Julian Bilecki and 'his' Jews</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana";"><span style="color: #ffcc00; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.auschwitz.dk/Schmid/Schmid.htm" target="_blank" title="http://www.auschwitz.dk/Schmid/Schmid.ht">Sgt. Anton Schmid</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana";"><span style="color: #ffcc00; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.auschwitz.dk/Stroop.htm" target="_blank" title="http://www.auschwitz.dk/Stroop.htm">The Stroop Report</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana";"><span style="color: #ffcc00; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.auschwitz.dk/Graebe.htm" target="_blank" title="http://www.auschwitz.dk/Graebe.htm">SS Mass Murder</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana";"><span style="color: #ffcc00; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.auschwitz.dk/Timeline/Default.htm" target="_blank" title="http://www.auschwitz.dk/Timeline/Default">The Holocaust Timeline</a></span></span></div>
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<tr msimagelist=""><td msimagelist="" valign="baseline" width="42"><span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><img src="http://www.auschwitz.dk/images/holobutton2.gif" height="8" hspace="17" width="8" /></span></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><span style="font-family: "verdana";"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana";"><span style="color: #ffcc00; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.auschwitz.dk/Docu/Default.htm" target="_blank" title="http://www.auschwitz.dk/docu/Default.htm"><u>A Miracle in Denmark</u> </a> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana";"><span style="color: #ffcc00; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.auschwitz.dk/Docs2/index.htm" target="_blank" title="http://www.auschwitz.dk/Docs2/index.htm">Eva - a victim of Mengele</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana";"><span style="color: #ffcc00; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.auschwitz.dk/Docs/Default.htm" target="_blank" title="http://www.auschwitz.dk/Docs/Default.htm">Testimonies on Nazi Genocide</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana";"><span style="color: #ffcc00; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.auschwitz.dk/kulka.htm" target="_blank" title="http://www.auschwitz.dk/kulka.htm">Remember the Children</a></span></span></div>
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<tr msimagelist=""><td msimagelist="" valign="baseline" width="42"><span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><img src="http://www.auschwitz.dk/images/holobutton2.gif" height="8" hspace="17" width="8" /></span></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><span style="font-family: "verdana";"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana";"><span style="color: #ffcc00; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.auschwitz.dk/Sendler.htm" target="_blank" title="http://www.auschwitz.dk/Sendler.htm">Irena Sendler, a true Heroine</a></span></span></div>
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<tr msimagelist=""><td msimagelist="" valign="baseline" width="42"><span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><img src="http://www.auschwitz.dk/images/holobutton2.gif" height="8" hspace="17" width="8" /></span></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><span style="font-family: "verdana";"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana";"><span style="color: #ffcc00; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.auschwitz.dk/Gerstein.htm" target="_blank" title="http://www.auschwitz.dk/Gerstein.htm">Kurt Gerstein, SS officer</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana";"><span style="color: #ffcc00; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.auschwitz.dk/Winton.htm" target="_blank" title="http://www.auschwitz.dk/Winton.htm">Winton - Schindler of Britain</a></span></span></div>
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<tr msimagelist=""><td msimagelist="" valign="baseline" width="42"><span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><img src="http://www.auschwitz.dk/images/holobutton2.gif" height="8" hspace="17" width="8" /></span></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><span style="font-family: "verdana";"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana";"><span style="color: #ffcc00; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.auschwitz.dk/Chiger.htm" target="_blank" title="http://www.auschwitz.dk/Chiger.htm">A Miracle in the Sewers</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana";"><span style="color: #ffcc00; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.auschwitz.dk/Helfgott.htm" target="_blank" title="http://www.auschwitz.dk/Helfgott.htm">Ben Helfgott, a KZ survivor</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana";"><span style="color: #ffcc00; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.auschwitz.dk/children/index.htm" target="_blank" title="http://www.auschwitz.dk/children/index.h">The Children from Izieu</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana";"><span style="color: #ffcc00; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.auschwitz.dk/story/" target="_blank" title="http://www.auschwitz.dk/story/">The old photos tell ...</a></span></span></div>
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<tr msimagelist=""><td msimagelist="" valign="baseline" width="42"><span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><img src="http://www.auschwitz.dk/images/holobutton2.gif" height="8" hspace="17" width="8" /></span></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><span style="font-family: "verdana";"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana";"><span style="color: #ffcc00; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.auschwitz.dk/Mengele/" target="_blank" title="http://www.auschwitz.dk/Mengele/">Mengele's Twins</a></span></span></div>
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<tr msimagelist=""><td msimagelist="" valign="baseline" width="42"><span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><img src="http://www.auschwitz.dk/images/holobutton2.gif" height="8" hspace="17" width="8" /></span></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><span style="font-family: "verdana";"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana";"><span style="color: #ffcc00; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.auschwitz.dk/rescuers/" target="_blank" title="http://www.auschwitz.dk/rescuers/">Assignment: Rescue</a></span></span></div>
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<tr msimagelist=""><td msimagelist="" valign="baseline" width="42"><span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><img src="http://www.auschwitz.dk/images/holobutton2.gif" height="8" hspace="17" width="8" /></span></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><span style="font-family: "verdana";"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana";"><span style="color: #ffcc00; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.auschwitz.dk/Holocaust.htm" target="_blank" title="http://www.auschwitz.dk/Holocaust.htm">Horrors of Holocaust</a></span></span></div>
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<tr msimagelist=""><td msimagelist="" valign="baseline" width="42"><span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><img src="http://www.auschwitz.dk/images/holobutton2.gif" height="8" hspace="17" width="8" /></span></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><span style="font-family: "verdana";"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana";"><span style="color: #ffcc00; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.auschwitz.dk/Holocaust1.htm" target="_blank" title="http://www.auschwitz.dk/Holocaust1.htm">Children of Holocaust</a></span></span></div>
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<tr msimagelist=""><td msimagelist="" valign="baseline" width="42"><span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><img src="http://www.auschwitz.dk/images/holobutton2.gif" height="8" hspace="17" width="8" /></span></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><span style="font-family: "verdana";"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana";"><span style="color: #ffcc00; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.auschwitz.dk/Denmark.htm" target="_blank" title="http://www.auschwitz.dk/Denmark.htm">The Rescue of the Danish Jews</a></span></span></div>
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<tr msimagelist=""><td msimagelist="" valign="baseline" width="42"><span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><img src="http://www.auschwitz.dk/images/holobutton2.gif" height="8" hspace="17" width="8" /></span></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><span style="font-family: "verdana";"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana";"><span style="color: #ffcc00; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.auschwitz.dk/Annefrank.htm" target="_blank" title="http://www.auschwitz.dk/Annefrank.htm">The Story of Anne Frank</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana";"><span style="color: #ffcc00; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.auschwitz.dk/Kolbe.htm" target="_blank" title="http://www.auschwitz.dk/Kolbe.htm">Father Kolbe from Auschwitz</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana";"><span style="color: #ffcc00; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.auschwitz.dk/Wallenberg.htm" target="_blank" title="http://www.auschwitz.dk/Wallenberg.htm">Raoul Wallenberg</a></span></span></div>
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<tr msimagelist=""><td msimagelist="" valign="baseline" width="42"><span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><img src="http://www.auschwitz.dk/images/holobutton2.gif" height="8" hspace="17" width="8" /></span></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><span style="font-family: "verdana";"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana";"><span style="color: #ffcc00; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.auschwitz.dk/Wewryk.htm" target="_blank" title="http://www.auschwitz.dk/Wewryk.htm">Death in Sobibor</a></span></span></div>
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<tr msimagelist=""><td msimagelist="" valign="baseline" width="42"><span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><img src="http://www.auschwitz.dk/images/holobutton2.gif" height="8" hspace="17" width="8" /></span></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><span style="font-family: "verdana";"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana";"><span style="color: #ffcc00; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.auschwitz.dk/Nyiszli.htm" target="_blank" title="http://www.auschwitz.dk/Nyiszli.htm">An Eyewitness from Auschwitz</a></span></span></div>
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<tr msimagelist=""><td msimagelist="" valign="baseline" width="42"><span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><img src="http://www.auschwitz.dk/images/holobutton2.gif" height="8" hspace="17" width="8" /></span></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><span style="font-family: "verdana";"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana";"><span style="color: #ffcc00; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.auschwitz.dk/holoquiz1.htm" target="_blank" title="http://www.auschwitz.dk/holoquiz1.htm">A Holocaust Web Quest</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana";"><span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.auschwitz.dk/Sobibor/Default.htm" target="_blank">Hell of Sobibor</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana";"><span style="color: #ffcc00; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.auschwitz.dk/Auschwitz.htm" target="_blank" title="http://auschwitz.dk/Auschwitz.htm">Auschwitz - The Gate to Hell</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana";"><span style="color: #ffcc00; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.auschwitz.dk/Bergenbelsen.htm" target="_blank" title="http://auschwitz.dk/Bergenbelsen.htm">Kz camp Bergen-Belsen</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana";"><span style="color: #ffcc00; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.auschwitz.dk/Belzec.htm" target="_blank" title="http://auschwitz.dk/Belzec.htm">Hell of Belzec</a></span></span></div>
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<tr msimagelist=""><td msimagelist="" valign="baseline" width="42"><span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><img src="http://www.auschwitz.dk/images/holobutton2.gif" height="8" hspace="17" width="8" /></span></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><span style="font-family: "verdana";"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana";"><span style="color: #ffcc00; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.auschwitz.dk/Sorbibor.htm" target="_blank" title="http://auschwitz.dk/Sorbibor.htm">Sobibor</a></span></span></div>
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<tr msimagelist=""><td msimagelist="" valign="baseline" width="42"><span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><img src="http://www.auschwitz.dk/images/holobutton2.gif" height="8" hspace="17" width="8" /></span></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><span style="font-family: "verdana";"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana";"><span style="color: #ffcc00; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.auschwitz.dk/Treblinka.htm" target="_blank" title="http://auschwitz.dk/Treblinka.htm">Treblinka</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana";"></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana";"></span></span><br />
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<tr msimagelist=""><td msimagelist="" valign="baseline" width="42"><span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><img src="http://www.auschwitz.dk/images/holobutton2.gif" height="8" hspace="17" width="8" /></span></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana";"><span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.ankerjorgensen.dk/index.htm" target="_blank">Anker Jørgensen I</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana";"><span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.anker.izieu.com/index.htm" target="_blank">Sange til Anker</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana";"><span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.anker.oskarschindler.dk/" target="_blank">Ode Til Anker</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana";"><span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.folkemord.oskarschindler.dk/" target="_blank">Holocaust</a><a href="http://www.ankerjorgensen.dk/index.htm" target="_blank"><br /></a></span></span></div>
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<tr msimagelist=""><td msimagelist="" valign="baseline" width="42"><span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><img src="http://www.auschwitz.dk/images/holobutton2.gif" height="8" hspace="17" width="8" /></span></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana";"><span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.xn--ankerjrgensen-gnb.dk/" target="_blank">Anker Jørgensen II</a><a href="http://www.ankerjorgensen.dk/index.htm" target="_blank"><br /></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana";"><span style="color: #ffcc00; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><u><a href="http://www.auschwitz.dk/Speer1.htm" target="_blank">Albert Speer</a></u></span></span></div>
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<tr msimagelist=""><td msimagelist="" valign="baseline" width="42"><span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><img src="http://www.auschwitz.dk/images/holobutton2.gif" height="8" hspace="17" width="8" /></span></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><u><span style="color: navy; font-family: "verdana";"><a href="http://www.auschwitz.dk/Mengele1.htm" target="_blank">Josef Mengele, Dødens Engel</a></span><span style="color: #ffcc00; font-family: "verdana";"><a href="http://www.auschwitz.dk/Speer1.htm" target="_blank"><br /></a></span></u></span></div>
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<tr msimagelist=""><td msimagelist="" valign="baseline" width="42"><span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><img src="http://www.auschwitz.dk/images/holobutton2.gif" height="8" hspace="17" width="8" /></span></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><div align="center" style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;"><b></b></span></div>
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<img border="0" height="175" src="http://www.mengele.dk/images/Mengele3.jpg" width="276" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: xx-small;">Dr. Josef Mengele, nicknamed <i>The Angel Of Death</i>, and <span style="color: black;">the other Nazi doctors at the <a href="http://www.deathcamps.info/" target="_blank">death camps</a>tortured men, women and children and did medical experiments of unspeakable horror during the Holocaust. Victims were put into pressure chambers, tested with drugs, castrated, frozen to death.<a href="http://www.annefrank.dk/children/index.htm" target="_blank">Children</a> were exposed to experimental surgeries performed without anesthesia, transfusions of blood from one to another, isolation endurance, reaction to various stimuli. The doctors made injections with lethal germs, sex change operations, removal of organs and limbs.<br /><br /><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: xx-small;">At Auschwitz Josef Mengele did a number of medical experiments, using twins. These twins as young as five years of age were usually murdered after the experiment was over and their bodies dissected.<br /><br />Mengele injected chemicals into the eyes of the children in an attempt to change their eye color. </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: xx-small;">He carried out twin-to-twin transfusions, stitched twins together, castrated or sterilized twins. Many twins had limbs and organs removed in macabre surgical procedures, performed without using an anesthetic.</span></div>
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<img border="0" height="242" src="http://www.mengele.dk/images/exp1.jpg" width="300" /><br /><a href="http://www.izieu.com/index.htm" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: xx-small;">The Holocaust Children</span></a></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: xx-small;">Only a few of the children survived Auschwitz. They later recalled how they were visited by a smiling Uncle Mengele who brought them candy and clothes. Then he had them delivered to his medical laboratory either in trucks painted with the Red Cross emblem or in his own personal car.<br /><br />Josef Mengele was the chief provider for the gas chambers at Auschwitz - and did well! When it was reported that one block was infected with lice, Mengele solved the problem by gassing all the 750 women assigned to it.<br /><br />The memory of this slightly built man, scarcely a hair out of place, his dark green tunic neatly pressed, his face well scrubbed, his Death's Head SS cap tilted rakishly to one side, remains vivid for those who survived his scrutiny when they arrived at the Auschwitz railhead. Polished boots slightly apart, his thumb resting on his pistol belt, he surveyed his prey with those dead gimlet eyes. Death to the left, life to the right.<br /></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: xx-small;">Josef Mengele and the other <span style="color: black;">camp doctors - masterminds of the horrors of Nazi genocide - were found to be psychologically normal. They were men of fine standing, cultured, husbands who morning and night kissed their wives, fathers who tucked their children into bed ...</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "verdana";"><span style="color: #ffcc00; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.goering.adolfhitler.dk/" target="_blank" title="http://auschwitz.dk/Albert2.htm"><u>Albert Gøring, den gode bror</u></a> </span></span></div>
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<tr msimagelist=""><td msimagelist="" valign="baseline" width="42"><span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><img src="http://www.auschwitz.dk/images/holobutton2.gif" height="8" hspace="17" width="8" /></span></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><span style="font-family: "verdana";"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana";"><span style="color: #ffcc00; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.auschwitz.dk/Holocaust3.htm" target="_blank" title="http://auschwitz.dk/Holocaust3.htm">Den lille dreng fra Holocaust</a></span></span></div>
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<tr msimagelist=""><td msimagelist="" valign="baseline" width="42"><span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><img src="http://www.auschwitz.dk/images/holobutton2.gif" height="8" hspace="17" width="8" /></span></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><span style="font-family: "verdana";"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana";"><span style="color: #ffcc00; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.auschwitz.dk/Annefrank1.htm" target="_blank" title="http://auschwitz.dk/Annefrank1.htm">Anne Frank, En Oase af Uskyld</a></span></span></div>
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<tr msimagelist=""><td msimagelist="" valign="baseline" width="42"><span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><img src="http://www.auschwitz.dk/images/holobutton2.gif" height="8" hspace="17" width="8" /></span></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><span style="font-family: "verdana";"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana";"><span style="color: #ffcc00; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.kolbe.fatherkolbe.com/" target="_blank" title="http://auschwitz.dk/Kolbe2.htm">Fader Kolbe, Helgen fra Auschwitz</a></span></span></div>
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<tr msimagelist=""><td msimagelist="" valign="baseline" width="42"><span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><img src="http://www.auschwitz.dk/images/holobutton2.gif" height="8" hspace="17" width="8" /></span></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><span style="font-family: "verdana";"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana";"><span style="color: #ffcc00; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.oskarschindler.dk/Danish.htm" target="_blank" title="http://auschwitz.dk/Schindler.htm">Historien om Oscar Schindler</a></span></span></div>
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<tr msimagelist=""><td msimagelist="" valign="baseline" width="42"><span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><img src="http://www.auschwitz.dk/images/holobutton2.gif" height="8" hspace="17" width="8" /></span></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><span style="font-family: "verdana";"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana";"><span style="color: #ffcc00; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.auschwitz.dk/why/why2.htm" target="_blank" title="http://auschwitz.dk/why/why2.htm">Schindler - hvorfor gjorde han det ?</a></span></span></div>
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<tr msimagelist=""><td msimagelist="" valign="baseline" width="42"><span style="font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><img src="http://www.auschwitz.dk/images/holobutton2.gif" height="8" hspace="17" width="8" /></span></td><td valign="top" width="100%"><span style="font-family: "verdana";"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "verdana";"><span style="color: #ffcc00; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.dansk.emilieschindler.com/" target="_blank" title="http://auschwitz.dk/Emilie.htm">Emilie Schindler</a></span></span></div>
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Edward Yablonskyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10013345997672210570noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6671724644852957271.post-76937502596548976692016-12-18T17:19:00.000-08:002016-12-18T17:19:28.813-08:00Samuel Bak<br />
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">Samuel Bak</span></h1>
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<tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span class="fn"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Samuel Bak</span></span></th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Samuel_Bak.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><img alt="Samuel Bak.jpg" data-file-height="262" data-file-width="400" height="144" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Samuel_Bak.jpg/220px-Samuel_Bak.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Samuel_Bak.jpg/330px-Samuel_Bak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Samuel_Bak.jpg 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Born</span></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">12 August 1933 <span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow">(age 83)</span><br /><span class="birthplace">Wilno, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Education</span></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezalel_Academy_of_Arts_and_Design" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design">Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_Beaux-Arts" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="École des Beaux-Arts">École des Beaux-Arts</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Known for</span></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Painting"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Painting</span></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Samuel Bak</b> (born 12 August 1933) is a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Jews" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Polish Jews">Polish-Jewish</a> painter and writer who survived the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> and immigrated to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Israel">Israel</a> in 1948. Since 1993, he has lived in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United States">United States</a>.</span></div>
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Contents</span></h2>
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<span class="toctoggle" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"> [<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="togglelink" role="button" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer;" tabindex="0">hide</a>] </span></span></div>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Bak#Biography" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Biography</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Bak#Artistic_style_and_influences" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Artistic style and influences</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Bak#Selected_publications" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Selected publications</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Bak#Selected_museum_exhibitions" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Selected museum exhibitions</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Bak#References" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">References</span></span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Bak#External_links" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">External links</span></span></a></li>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Biography">Biography</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Bak&action=edit&section=1&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Biography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h2>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">Shmuel Bak was born in Vilna - <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilno" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wilno">Wilno</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a> (now <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilnius" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>), Bak was recognized from an early age as possessing extraordinary artistic talent. He describes his family as secular, but proud of their <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> identity.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">When Vilna was occupied by the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazis" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nazis">Nazis</a> on June 24, 1941, Bak and his family were forced to move into the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilna_Ghetto" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vilna Ghetto">Vilna Ghetto</a>. At the age of nine, he held his first exhibition inside the ghetto. Bak and his mother sought refuge in a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictine" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convent" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Convent">convent</a>where a Catholic nun named Maria Mikulska tried to help them. After returning to the Vilna ghetto, they were deported to a forced labour camp, but took shelter again in the convent where they remained in hiding until the end of the war.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">By the end of the war, Samuel and his mother were the only members of his extensive family to survive. His father, Jonas, was shot by the Germans in July 1944, only a few days before Samuel's own liberation. As Bak described the situation, "when in 1944 the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviets" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Soviets">Soviets</a> liberated us, we were two among two hundred of Vilna's survivors--from a community that had counted 70 or 80 thousand." Bak and his mother as pre-war Polish citizens were allowed to leave Soviet-occupied Vilna and travel to central Poland, at first settling briefly in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Łódź">Łódź</a>. They soon left Poland for good and traveled into the American occupied zone of Germany. From 1945 to 1948, he and his mother lived in <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displaced_Persons" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Displaced Persons">Displaced Persons</a> camps in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Germany">Germany</a>. He spent most of this period at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsberg_am_Lech" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Landsberg am Lech">Landsberg am Lech</a> DP camp in Germany. It was there he painted a self-portrait shortly before repudiating his <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Mitzvah" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bar Mitzvah">Bar Mitzvah</a> ceremony. Bak also studied painting in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Munich">Munich</a> during this period, and painted "A Mother and Son", 1947, which evokes some of his dark memories of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> and escape from Soviet-occupied Poland.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">In 1948, Bak and his mother <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyah" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Aliyah">immigrated</a> to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Israel">Israel</a>. In 1952, he studied art at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezalel_Academy_of_Arts_and_Design" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design">Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design</a> in<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Bak#cite_note-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></sup> After serving in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a>, he continued his studies in Paris and spent various periods of time in Rome, Switzerland and Israel before settling permanently in the United States.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">In 2001, Bak returned to Vilna for the first time and has since visited his hometown several times.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Bak#cite_note-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[2]</a></sup></span></div>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%27The_Family%27,_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Samuel_Bak,_1974,_private_collection.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="353" data-file-width="450" height="196" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7a/%27The_Family%27%2C_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Samuel_Bak%2C_1974%2C_private_collection.jpg/250px-%27The_Family%27%2C_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Samuel_Bak%2C_1974%2C_private_collection.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7a/%27The_Family%27%2C_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Samuel_Bak%2C_1974%2C_private_collection.jpg/375px-%27The_Family%27%2C_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Samuel_Bak%2C_1974%2C_private_collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7a/%27The_Family%27%2C_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Samuel_Bak%2C_1974%2C_private_collection.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="250" /></span></a><br />
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<a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%27The_Family%27,_oil_on_canvas_painting_by_Samuel_Bak,_1974,_private_collection.jpg" style="-webkit-user-select: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%2011%2015%22%20width%3D%2215%22%20height%3D%2211%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3Cg%20id%3D%22magnify-clip%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%23000%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cpath%20id%3D%22bigbox%22%20d%3D%22M1.509%201.865h10.99v7.919h-10.99z%22%2F%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cpath%20id%3D%22smallbox%22%20d%3D%22M-1.499%206.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22%2F%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A"); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 15px; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
<span style="font-size: x-large;">The Family, oil on canvas, 1974</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Artistic_style_and_influences">Artistic style and influences</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Bak&action=edit&section=2&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Artistic style and influences">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h2>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">Samuel Bak is a conceptual artist with elements of post-modernism as he employs different styles and visual vernaculars, i.e. surrealism (<i>Salvador Dali, René Magritte</i>)<i>, analytical cubism (Picasso), pop art (</i>Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein) and quotations from the old masters. The artist never paints direct scenes of mass death. Instead, he employs allegory, metaphor and certain artistic devices such as substitution: toys instead of the murdered children who played with them, books, instead of the people who read them. Further devices are quotations of iconographical prototyes, i.e. Michelangelo's "Creation of Adam" (1511/12) on the Sistine Ceiling or Albrecht Dürer's famous engraving entitled "Melencholia" (1516). He turns these prototypes into ironical statements. Irony in the art of Samuel Bak does not mean parody or derision, but rather disenchantment, and the attempt to achieve distance from pain. Recurring symbols are: the Warsaw Ghetto Child, Crematorium Chimneys or vast backgrounds of Renaissance landscape that symbolize the indifference of the outside world. These form a disturbing contrast with the broken and damaged images in the foreground. Samuel Bak's paintings cause discomfort, they are a warning against complacency, a bulwark against collective amnesia with reference to all acts of barbarism, worldwide and throughout the ages, through his personal experience of genocide.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">While Bak's work is complex and difficult to characterize, a few themes stand out:</span></div>
<ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20width%3D%225%22%20height%3D%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%222.5%22%20cy%3D%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">In <i>Childhood Memories</i>, 1975, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pear" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pear">pear</a>, possibly the fruit of knowledge, evokes the loss of paradise and discovery of war. Pear trees are also ubiquitous in many areas of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Europe">Europe</a>, especially Vilna, where Bak grew up.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">The possibility of repair, the repair of a broken world, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikkun_olam" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tikkun olam">tikkun olam</a>, is an important meaning contained in many of his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_life" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Still life">still life</a> works.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Bak's childhood frustration with the story of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a>, and his admiration for the genius of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>, blend in his post-Holocaust visiting of this theme.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Still lifes—in times when life is never still, never sufficiently protected, nor granted to everyone—attracted him as a<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphor" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Metaphor">metaphor</a> full of symbolic implications.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chess">Chess</a> as a theme of life has always fascinated Bak. In the DP camps and in Israel, he often played chess with his stepfather Markusha. <i>Underground II</i>, 1997, portrays chess pieces in a sunken, subterranean evocation of the Vilna ghetto.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">A solitary boy can also be seen in his works. The boy represents his murdered childhood friend, Samek Epstein, and the memory of himself as a child during the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoah" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Shoah">Shoah</a>.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">In Bak’s 2011 series featuring <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a> (which comprised 125 paintings, drawings and mixed media works), the artist casts the first couple as lone survivors of a biblical narrative of a God who birthed humanity and promised never to destroy it. Unable to make good on the greatest of all literary promises, God becomes another one of the relics that displaced persons carry around with them in the disorienting aftermath of world war. Viewers often describe Bak as a tragedian, but if classical tragedy describes the fall of royal families, Bak narrates the disintegration and disillusion of the chosen people. Bak draws upon the biblical heroes of the Genesis story, yet he is more preoccupied with the visual legacy of the creation story as immortalized by Italian and North Renaissance artists.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Bak#cite_note-3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Bak#cite_note-4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[4]</a></sup></span></li>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">Bak continues to deal with the artistic expression of the destruction and dehumanization which make up his childhood memories. He speaks about what are deemed to be the unspeakable atrocities of the Holocaust, though he hesitates to limit the boundaries of his art to the post-Holocaust genre. A collection of Samuel Bak's works are on permanent display at Pucker Gallery in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Boston">Boston</a>, Massachusetts.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Selected_publications">Selected publications</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Bak&action=edit&section=3&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Selected publications">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h2>
<ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20width%3D%225%22%20height%3D%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%222.5%22%20cy%3D%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><i>Samuel Bak, Paintings of the Last Decade</i>, A. Kaufman and Paul T. Nagano. Aberbach, New York, 1974.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><i>Samuel Bak, Monuments to Our Dreams</i>, Rolf Kallenbach. Limes Verlag, Weisbaden & Munich, 1977.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><i>Samuel Bak, The Past Continues</i>, Samuel Bak and Paul T. Nagano. David R. Godine, Boston, 1988</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><i>Chess as Metaphor in the Art of Samuel Bak</i>, Jean Louis Cornuz. Pucker Art Publications, Boston & C.A. Olsommer, Montreux, 1991.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><i>Ewiges Licht</i> (Landsberg: A Memoir 1944-1948), Samuel Bak. Jewish Museum, Frankfurt, Germany, 1996.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><i>Landscapes of Jewish Experience</i>, Lawrence Langer. Pucker Art Publications, Boston & University Press of New England, Hanover, 1997.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><i>Samuel Bak – Retrospective</i>, Bad Frankenhausen Museum, Bad Frankenhausen, Germany, 1998.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><i>The Game Continues: Chess in the Art of Samuel Bak</i>, Pucker Art Publications, Boston & Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 2000.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><i>In A Different Light: The Book of Genesis in the Art of Samuel Bak</i>, Lawrence Langer. Pucker Art Publications, Boston & University of Washington Press, Seattle, 2001.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><i>The Art of Speaking About the Unspeakable</i>, TV Film by Rob Cooper. Pucker Art Publications, Boston, 2001.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><i>Between Worlds: Paintings and Drawings by Samuel Bak from 1946-2001</i>, Pucker Art Publications, Boston, 2002.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><i>Painted in Words: A Memoir</i>, Samuel Bak. Pucker Art Publications, Boston & Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 2002.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><i>Samuel Bak: Painter of Questions</i>, TV Film by Christa Singer. Toronto, Canada, 2003.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><i>New Perceptions of Old Appearances in the Art of Samuel Bak</i>, Lawrence Langer. Pucker Art Publications, Boston & Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, 2005.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><i>Samuel Bak: Life Thereafter</i>, Eva Atlan and Peter Junk. Felix Nussbaum Haus & Rasch, Verlag, Bramsche, Osnabrueck, Germany, 2006.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><i>Return to Vilna in the Art of Samuel Bak</i>, Lawrence Langer. Pucker Art Publications, Boston & Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, 2007.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><i>Representing the Irreparable: The Shoah, the Bible, and the Art of Samuel Bak</i>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danna_Nolan_Fewell" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Danna Nolan Fewell">Danna Nolan Fewell</a>, Gary A. Phillips and Yvonne Sherwood, Eds. Pucker Art Publications, Boston, and Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, 2008.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><i>Icon of Loss: The Haunting Child of Samuel Bak</i>, Danna Nolan Fewell and Gary A. Phillips. Pucker Art Publications, Boston, and Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, 2009.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Retrospective Journey into the art of Samuel Bak. Ute Ben Yosef. The South African Jewish Museum. Cape Town, 2013.</span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Selected_museum_exhibitions">Selected museum exhibitions</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Bak&action=edit&section=4&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Selected museum exhibitions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h2>
<ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20width%3D%225%22%20height%3D%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%222.5%22%20cy%3D%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Bezalel Museum, Jerusalem, Israel – 1963</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Tel Aviv Museum, Tel Aviv, Israel – 1963</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Rose Museum, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA – 1976</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Germanisches National Museum, Nuremberg, Germany – 1977</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Heidelberg Museum, Heidelberg, Germany – 1977</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Haifa University, Haifa, Israel – 1978</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Kunstmuseum, Düsseldorf, Germany – 1978</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Rheinisches Landesmuseum, Bonn, Germany – 1978</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Kunstmuseum, Wiesbaden, Germany – 1979</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Stadtgalerie Bamberg, Villa Dessauer, Germany – 1988</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Koffler Center for the Arts, Toronto, Canada – 1990</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Dürer Museum, Nuremberg, Germany – 1991</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Temple Judea Museum, Philadelphia, PA – 1991</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Jüdisches Museum, Stadt Frankfurt am Main, Germany – 1993</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Hebrew Union College, Jewish Institute of Religion, New York, NY – 1994</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Janice Charach Epstein Museum and Gallery, West Bloomfield, MI – 1994</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">National Catholic Center for Holocaust Education, Seton Hall College, Greensburg, PA – 1995</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Spertus Museum, Chicago, IL – 1995</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">South African Jewish Museum, Cape Town, South Africa. 2013-1014.</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">B’Nai B’Rith Klutznick National Jewish Museum, Washington, DC – 1997</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Holocaust Museum Houston, Houston, TX – 1997</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Panorama Museum, Bad Frankenhausen, Germany – 1998</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">National Museum of Lithuania, Vilnius, Lithuania – 2001</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Snite Museum of Art, Notre Dame University, Notre Dame, IN – 2001</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Florida Holocaust Museum, Saint Petersburg, FL – 2001, 2007, 2009</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Canton Museum of Art, Canton, OH – 2002</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Clark University, Worcester, MA – 2002</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Neues Stadtmuseum, Landsberg am Lech, Germany – 2002</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">University of Scranton, Scranton, PA – 2003</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">City Hall Gallery, Orlando, FL – 2004</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX – 2004</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Tweed Museum of Art, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN – 2004</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Felix Nussbaum Haus, Osnabrueck, Germany – 2006</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH – 2006</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Yad Vashem Museum, Jerusalem, Israel – 2006</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL – 2008</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Sherwin Miller Museum of Jewish Art, Tulsa, OK – 2008</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Keene State College, Cohen Holocaust Center, Keene, NH – 2008</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Brown University, John Hay Library, Providence, RI – 2009</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Wabash College, Eric Dean Gallery, Crawfordsville, IN – 2009</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">DePauw University, The Janet Prindle Institute for Ethics, Greencastle, IN – 2009</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Drew University, Korn Gallery and University Library, Madison, NJ – 2009</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Queensborough Community College, Holocaust Resource Center, Bayside, NY – 2009, 2010</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Holocaust Memorial Center, Zekelman Family Campus, Farmington Hills, MI – 2010</span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Holocaust Museum Houston, Houston, TX - 2012</span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Bak&action=edit&section=5&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h2>
<ol class="references" style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">
<li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Bak#cite_ref-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Painted in Words: A Memoir</i>, Samuel Bak. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana, 2002. <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0253340489" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 0-253-34048-9</a>.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Bak#cite_ref-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Samuel Bak: Life Thereafter</i>, Eva Atlan and Peter Junk. Felix Nussbaum Haus & Rasch, Verlag, Bramsche, Osnabrueck, Germany, 2006, p. 84. <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3926235268" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 3-926235-26-8</a>.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Bak#cite_ref-3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Samuel Bak’s Adam and Eve: On Holocaust and Beauty</i>, Maya Balakirsky Katz. Pucker Art Publications, Boston, 2011, p. 2.</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Bak#cite_ref-4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.puckergallery.com/Bak%20Adam%20and%20Eve%202011-small.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif") 100% 50% no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">A collection of images from the <i>Adam and Eve</i> series</a></span></span></li>
</ol>
<h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Bak&action=edit&section=6&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></h2>
<ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20width%3D%225%22%20height%3D%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%222.5%22%20cy%3D%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.facinghistory.org/illuminations" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Illuminations: The Art of Samuel Bak Resource Collection</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.chgs.umn.edu/museum/responses/bak/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">University of Minnesota, Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/bak/index.asp" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Yad Vashem, The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority</span></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.kansascity.com/entertainment/visual-arts/article12244733.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">2015 Samuel Bak interview</a> with Jon Niccum, <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Star" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kansas City Star">Kansas City Star</a></i></span></li>
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<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/90735741" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">WorldCat Identities</a></span></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/90735741" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">90735741</a></span></span></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n50016122" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">n50016122</a></span></span></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Name Identifier">ISNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="http://isni.org/isni/0000000110761290" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">0000 0001 1076 1290</a></span></span></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: </span></li>
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Edward Yablonskyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10013345997672210570noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6671724644852957271.post-38706233771339847272016-12-18T17:15:00.000-08:002016-12-18T17:15:54.003-08:00International Court of Justice<br />
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International Court of Justice</h1>
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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"World Court" redirects here. For other uses, see <a class="mw-disambig" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Court_(disambiguation)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="World Court (disambiguation)">World Court (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
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Not to be confused with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_of_Jurists" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Commission of Jurists">International Commission of Jurists</a>.</div>
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<tr><th colspan="2" style="font-size: 15.4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">International Court of Justice</th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><i>Cour internationale de justice</i></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.4em; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:International_Court_of_Justice_Seal.svg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="International Court of Justice Seal.svg" data-file-height="231" data-file-width="231" data-pin-nopin="true" height="150" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/International_Court_of_Justice_Seal.svg/150px-International_Court_of_Justice_Seal.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/International_Court_of_Justice_Seal.svg/225px-International_Court_of_Justice_Seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/International_Court_of_Justice_Seal.svg/300px-International_Court_of_Justice_Seal.svg.png 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="150" /></a><div>
International Court of Justice Seal</div>
</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Established</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">1945</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Country</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_court" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International court">Worldwide</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_the_International_Court_of_Justice#Parties_to_the_Statute" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Statute of the International Court of Justice">193 State Parties</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Location</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><img alt="" class="wmamapbutton noprint" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/WMA_button2b.png/17px-WMA_button2b.png" style="border: none; cursor: pointer; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; vertical-align: middle;" title="Show location on an interactive map" /><a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=International_Court_of_Justice&params=52_05_11.76_N_4_17_43.80_E_region:NL-ZH_type:landmark_source:dewiki" style="background: none !important; color: #663366; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;"><span class="geo-default" style="display: inline;"><span class="geo-dms" style="display: inline;" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°05′11.76″N</span> <span class="longitude">4°17′43.80″E</span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span id="coordinates" style="float: right; font-size: 11.05px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: 0px; text-align: right; top: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><img alt="" class="wmamapbutton noprint" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/WMA_button2b.png/17px-WMA_button2b.png" style="border: none; cursor: pointer; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; vertical-align: middle;" title="Show location on an interactive map" /><a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=International_Court_of_Justice&params=52_05_11.76_N_4_17_43.80_E_region:NL-ZH_type:landmark_source:dewiki" style="background: none !important; color: #663366; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;"><span class="geo-default" style="display: inline;"><span class="geo-dms" style="display: inline;" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°05′11.76″N</span> <span class="longitude">4°17′43.80″E</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Authorized by</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><div class="hlist">
<ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20width%3D%225%22%20height%3D%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%222.5%22%20cy%3D%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A"); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Charter" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United Nations Charter">UN Charter</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_the_International_Court_of_Justice" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Statute of the International Court of Justice">ICJ Statute</a></li>
</ul>
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</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Judge term length</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">9 years</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Number of positions</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">15</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Website</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.icj-cij.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">www.icj-cij.org</a></td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #e7e7ff; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">President</th></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Currently</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronny_Abraham" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ronny Abraham">Ronny Abraham</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ICJrelease6Feb2015_1-0" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_note-ICJrelease6Feb2015-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Since</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">6 February 2015</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Lead position ends</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">5 February 2018</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #e7e7ff; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Vice President</th></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Currently</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulqawi_Yusuf" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Abdulqawi Yusuf">Abdulqawi Yusuf</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ICJrelease6Feb2015_1-1" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_note-ICJrelease6Feb2015-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Since</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">6 February 2015</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Lead position ends</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">5 February 2018</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_Palace" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Peace Palace">Peace Palace</a> in The Hague, Netherlands, seat of the ICJ</div>
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<div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
The <b>International Court of Justice</b> (French: <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Cour internationale de justice</i></span>; commonly referred to as the <b>World Court</b> or <b>ICJ</b>) is the primary judicial branch of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN). Seated in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_Palace" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Peace Palace">Peace Palace</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, the court settles legal disputes submitted to it by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sovereign state">states</a> and provides advisory opinions on legal questions submitted to it by duly authorized international branches, agencies, and the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_General_Assembly" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="UN General Assembly">UN General Assembly</a>.</div>
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</div>
<div class="toc" id="toc" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); display: table; font-size: 13.3px; padding: 7px; zoom: 1;">
<div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;">
<h2 style="background: none; border: none; color: black; display: inline; font-size: 13.3px; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
Contents</h2>
<span class="toctoggle" style="-webkit-user-select: none; font-size: 12.502px;"> [<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" id="togglelink" role="button" style="background: none; color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer;" tabindex="0">hide</a>] </span></div>
<ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0.3em 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#Activities" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Activities</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#Composition" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Composition</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#Ad_hoc_judges" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;"><i>Ad hoc</i> judges</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#Chambers" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Chambers</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#Current_composition" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Current composition</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#Jurisdiction" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Jurisdiction</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#Contentious_issues" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Contentious issues</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#Advisory_opinions" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Advisory opinions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#ICJ_and_the_Security_Council" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">ICJ and the Security Council</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#Examples_of_contentious_cases" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3.3.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Examples of contentious cases</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#Law_applied" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Law applied</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#Procedure" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Procedure</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#Preliminary_objections" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">5.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Preliminary objections</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#Applications_to_intervene" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">5.2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Applications to intervene</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#Judgment_and_remedies" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">5.3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Judgment and remedies</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#Criticisms" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Criticisms</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#See_also" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#Notes" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">8</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#Further_reading" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">9</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#External_links" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">10</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">External links</span></a><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2em; padding: 0px;">
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#Lectures" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">10.1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">Lectures</span></a></li>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Activities">Activities</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Court_of_Justice&action=edit&section=1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Activities">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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Established in 1945 by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Charter" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United Nations Charter">UN Charter</a>, the Court began work in 1946 as the successor to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_International_Justice" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Permanent Court of International Justice">Permanent Court of International Justice</a>. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_the_International_Court_of_Justice" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Statute of the International Court of Justice">Statute of the International Court of Justice</a>, similar to that of its predecessor, is the main constitutional document constituting and regulating the Court.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_note-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[2]</a></sup></div>
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The Court's workload covers a wide range of judicial activity. After the court ruled that the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United States">United States</a>'s covert war against <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> was in violation of international law (<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua_v._United_States" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nicaragua v. United States">Nicaragua v. United States</a></i>), the United States withdrew from compulsory jurisdiction in 1986 to accept the court's jurisdiction only on a case-by-case basis.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_note-3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[3]</a></sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_XIV_of_the_United_Nations_Charter" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chapter XIV of the United Nations Charter">Chapter XIV of the United Nations Charter</a> authorizes the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United Nations Security Council">UN Security Council</a> to enforce Court rulings. However, such enforcement is subject to the veto power of the five permanent members of the Council, which the United States used in the <i>Nicaragua</i> case.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_note-4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[4]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Composition">Composition</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Court_of_Justice&action=edit&section=2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Composition">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judges_of_the_International_Court_of_Justice" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Judges of the International Court of Justice">Judges of the International Court of Justice</a></div>
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Public hearing at the ICJ.</div>
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The ICJ is composed of fifteen judges elected to nine-year terms by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United Nations General Assembly">UN General Assembly</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United Nations Security Council">UN Security Council</a> from a list of people nominated by the national groups in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_Arbitration" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Permanent Court of Arbitration">Permanent Court of Arbitration</a>. The election process is set out in Articles 4–19 of the ICJ statute. Elections are staggered, with five judges elected every three years to ensure continuity within the court. Should a judge die in office, the practice has generally been to elect a judge in a special election to complete the term.</div>
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No two judges may be nationals of the same country. According to Article 9, the membership of the Court is supposed to represent the "main forms of civilization and of the principal legal systems of the world". Essentially, that has meant <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Common law">common law</a>,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_law" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Socialist law">socialist law</a> (now post-communist law).</div>
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There is an informal understanding that the seats will be distributed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Regional_Groups" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United Nations Regional Groups">by geographic regions</a> so that there are five seats for Western countries, three for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Africa">African states</a>(including one judge of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francophone" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Francophone">francophone</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a>, one of Anglophone <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Common law">common law</a> and one <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Arab">Arab</a>), two for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern European</a>states, three for Asian states and two for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Latin America">Latin American</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> states.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_note-5" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[5]</a></sup> The five permanent members of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="France">France</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="China">China</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United States">United States</a>) always have a judge on the Court, thereby occupying three of the Western seats, one of the Asian seats and one of the Eastern European seats. The exception was China, which did not have a judge on the Court from 1967 to 1985 because it did not put forward a candidate.</div>
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Article 6 of the Statute provides that all judges should be "elected regardless of their nationality among persons of high moral character" who are either qualified for the highest judicial office in their home states or known as lawyers with sufficient competence in international law. Judicial independence is dealt with specifically in Articles 16–18. Judges of the ICJ are not able to hold any other post or act as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counsel" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Counsel">counsel</a>. In practice, Members of the Court have their own interpretation of these rules and allow them to be involved in outside arbitration and hold professional posts as long as there is no conflict of interest. A judge can be dismissed only by a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unanimity" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Unanimity">unanimous</a> vote of the other members of the Court.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_note-6" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[6]</a></sup> Despite these provisions, the independence of ICJ judges has been questioned. For example, during the <i>Nicaragua</i> case, the United States issued a communiqué suggesting that it could not present sensitive material to the Court because of the presence of judges from<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_bloc" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Eastern bloc">Eastern bloc</a> states.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_note-ReferenceA-7" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[7]</a></sup></div>
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Judges may deliver joint judgments or give their own separate opinions. Decisions and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advisory_Opinion" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Advisory Opinion">Advisory Opinions</a> are by majority, and, in the event of an equal division, the President's vote becomes decisive, which occurred in the <i>Legality of the Use by a State of Nuclear Weapons in Armed Conflict</i> (Opinion requested by WHO), [1996] ICJ Reports 66. Judges may also deliver separate dissenting opinions.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Ad_hoc_judges"><i>Ad hoc</i> judges</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Court_of_Justice&action=edit&section=3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Ad hoc judges">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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Article 31 of the statute sets out a procedure whereby <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hoc" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ad hoc">ad hoc</a></i> judges sit on contentious cases before the Court. The system allows any party to a contentious case if it otherwise does not have one of that party's nationals sitting on the Court to select one additional person to sit as a judge on that case only. It is thus possible that as many as seventeen judges may sit on one case.</div>
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The system may seem strange when compared with domestic court processes, but its purpose is to encourage states to submit cases. For example, if a state knows that it will have a judicial officer who can participate in deliberation and offer other judges local knowledge and an understanding of the state's perspective, it may be more willing to submit to the jurisdiction of the court. Although this system does not sit well with the judicial nature of the body, it is usually of little practical consequence. <i>Ad hoc</i> judges usually (but not always) vote in favor of the state that appointed them and thus cancel each other out.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_note-8" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[8]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Chambers">Chambers</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Court_of_Justice&action=edit&section=4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Chambers">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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Generally, the Court sits as full <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bench_(law)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bench (law)">bench</a>, but in the last fifteen years, it has on occasion sat as a chamber. Articles 26–29 of the statute allow the Court to form smaller chambers, usually 3 or 5 judges, to hear cases. Two types of chambers are contemplated by Article 26: firstly, chambers for special categories of cases, and second, the formation of <i>ad hoc</i> chambers to hear particular disputes. In 1993, a special chamber was established, under Article 26(1) of the ICJ statute, to deal specifically with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_(biophysical)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Environment (biophysical)">environmental</a> matters (although it has never been used).</div>
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<i>Ad hoc</i> chambers are more frequently convened. For example, chambers were used to hear the <i>Gulf of Maine Case</i>(Canada/US).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_note-9" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[9]</a></sup> In that case, the parties made clear they would withdraw the case unless the Court appointed judges to the chamber acceptable to the parties. Judgments of chambers may either less authority than full Court judgments or diminish the proper interpretation of universal international law informed by a variety of cultural and legal perspectives. On the other hand, the use of chambers might encourage greater recourse to the court and thus enhance international <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispute_resolution" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dispute resolution">dispute resolution</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_10-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_note-ReferenceB-10" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[10]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Current_composition">Current composition</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Court_of_Justice&action=edit&section=5" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Current composition">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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As of 9 February 2015, the composition of the Court is as follows:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ICJrelease6February2015_11-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_note-ICJrelease6February2015-11" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[11]</a></sup></div>
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<tr><th class="headerSort" role="columnheader button" style="background-color: #eaecf0; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%2021%209%22%20height%3D%229%22%20width%3D%2221%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M14.5%205l-4%204-4-4zM14.5%204l-4-4-4%204z%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A"); background-position: 100% 50%, 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); cursor: pointer; padding: 0.2em 21px 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;" tabindex="0" title="Sort ascending">Name</th><th class="headerSort" role="columnheader button" style="background-color: #eaecf0; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%2021%209%22%20height%3D%229%22%20width%3D%2221%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M14.5%205l-4%204-4-4zM14.5%204l-4-4-4%204z%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A"); background-position: 100% 50%, 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); cursor: pointer; padding: 0.2em 21px 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;" tabindex="0" title="Sort ascending">Nationality</th><th class="headerSort" role="columnheader button" style="background-color: #eaecf0; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%2021%209%22%20height%3D%229%22%20width%3D%2221%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M14.5%205l-4%204-4-4zM14.5%204l-4-4-4%204z%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A"); background-position: 100% 50%, 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); cursor: pointer; padding: 0.2em 21px 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;" tabindex="0" title="Sort ascending">Position</th><th class="headerSort" role="columnheader button" style="background-color: #eaecf0; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%2021%209%22%20height%3D%229%22%20width%3D%2221%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M14.5%205l-4%204-4-4zM14.5%204l-4-4-4%204z%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A"); background-position: 100% 50%, 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); cursor: pointer; padding: 0.2em 21px 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;" tabindex="0" title="Sort ascending">Term began</th><th class="headerSort" role="columnheader button" style="background-color: #eaecf0; background-image: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%2021%209%22%20height%3D%229%22%20width%3D%2221%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M14.5%205l-4%204-4-4zM14.5%204l-4-4-4%204z%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A"); background-position: 100% 50%, 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); cursor: pointer; padding: 0.2em 21px 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center;" tabindex="0" title="Sort ascending">Term ends</th></tr>
</thead><tbody>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronny_Abraham" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ronny Abraham">Ronny Abraham</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /> </span>France</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">President<sup style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">a</sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2005</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2018</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulqawi_Ahmed_Yusuf" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf">Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /> </span>Somalia</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Vice-President<sup style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">a</sup></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2009</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2018</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisashi_Owada" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hisashi Owada">Hisashi Owada</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /> </span>Japan</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Member</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2003</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2021</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Tomka" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Peter Tomka">Peter Tomka</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /> </span>Slovakia</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Member</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2003</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2021</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Bennouna" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mohamed Bennouna">Mohamed Bennouna</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /> </span>Morocco</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Member</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2006</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2024</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Augusto_Can%C3%A7ado_Trindade" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade">Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade</a><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="504" data-file-width="720" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="22" /> </span>Brazil</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Member</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2009</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2018</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Greenwood" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Christopher Greenwood">Sir Christopher Greenwood</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /> </span>United Kingdom <span class="nowrap"> </span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Member</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2009</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2018</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xue_Hanqin" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Xue Hanqin">Xue Hanqin</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /> </span>China</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Member</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2010</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2021</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_E._Donoghue" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Joan E. Donoghue">Joan E. Donoghue</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="650" data-file-width="1235" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /> </span>United States</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Member</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2010</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2024</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Gaja" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Giorgio Gaja">Giorgio Gaja</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1500" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /> </span>Italy</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Member</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2012</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2021</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Sebutinde" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Julia Sebutinde">Julia Sebutinde</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /> </span>Uganda</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Member</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2012</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2021</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalveer_Bhandari" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dalveer Bhandari">Dalveer Bhandari</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="900" data-file-width="1350" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /> </span>India</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Member</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2012</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2018</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Crawford_(jurist)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="James Crawford (jurist)">James Crawford</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="640" data-file-width="1280" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /> </span>Australia</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Member</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2015</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2024</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirill_Gevorgian" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kirill Gevorgian">Kirill Gevorgian</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /> </span>Russia</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Member</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2015</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2024</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Lipton_Robinson" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Patrick Lipton Robinson">Patrick Lipton Robinson</a></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="300" data-file-width="600" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /> </span>Jamaica</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">Member</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2015</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;">2024</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="5" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); padding: 0.2em 0.4em;"> <sup style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">a</sup> 2015–2018.</td></tr>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Jurisdiction">Jurisdiction</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Court_of_Justice&action=edit&section=6" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Jurisdiction">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="hatnote" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">
Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdiction_of_the_International_Court_of_Justice" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice">Jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice</a></div>
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<span class="legend-color" style="background-color: #00aa00; border: 1px solid black; display: inline-block; font-size: 12.3704px; height: 1.5em; margin: 1px 0px; text-align: center; width: 1.5em;"> </span> Parties upon becoming a UN member</div>
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<span class="legend-color" style="background-color: #ff1111; border: 1px solid black; display: inline-block; font-size: 12.3704px; height: 1.5em; margin: 1px 0px; text-align: center; width: 1.5em;"> </span> UN observer states that are not parties</div>
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As stated in Article 93 of the UN Charter, all 193 UN members are automatically <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_(law)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Party (law)">parties</a> to the Court's statute.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_note-12" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[12]</a></sup> Non-UN members may also become parties to the Court's statute under the Article 93(2) procedure. For example, before becoming a UN member state, Switzerland used this procedure in 1948 to become a party, and Nauru became a party in 1988.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_note-13" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[13]</a></sup> Once a state is a party to the Court's statute, it is entitled to participate in cases before the Court. However, being a party to the statute does not automatically give the Court jurisdiction over disputes involving those parties. The issue of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdiction" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a> is considered in the two types of ICJ cases: contentious issues and advisory opinions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Contentious_issues">Contentious issues</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Court_of_Justice&action=edit&section=7" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Contentious issues">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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First gathering after Second World War, Dutch newsreel from 1946</div>
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In contentious cases (adversarial proceedings seeking to settle a dispute), the ICJ produces a binding ruling between states that agree to submit to the ruling of the court. Only <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sovereign state">states</a> may be parties in contentious cases. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Individual">Individuals</a>, corporations, parts of a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_state" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Federal state">federal state</a>, NGOs, UN organs and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-determination" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> groups are excluded from direct participation in cases although the Court may receive information from public <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_organization" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International organization">international organizations</a>. That does not preclude non-state interests from being the subject of proceedings if a state brings the case against another. For example, a state may, in cases of "diplomatic protection", bring a case on behalf of one of its nationals or corporations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_note-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[14]</a></sup></div>
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Jurisdiction is often a crucial question for the Court in contentious cases. (See<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#Procedure" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Court of Justice">Procedure</a> below.) The key principle is that the ICJ has jurisdiction only on the basis of consent. Article 36 outlines four bases on which the Court's jurisdiction may be founded:</div>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">First, 36(1) provides that parties may refer cases to the Court (jurisdiction founded on "special agreement" or "<i>compromis</i>"). This method is based on explicit consent rather than true compulsory jurisdiction. It is, perhaps, the most effective basis for the Court's jurisdiction because the parties concerned have a desire for the dispute to be resolved by the Court and are thus more likely to comply with the Court's judgment.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Second, 36(1) also gives the Court jurisdiction over "matters specifically provided for... in treaties and conventions in force". Most modern <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Treaty">treaties</a> contain a compromisory clause, providing for dispute resolution by the ICJ.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_note-15" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[15]</a></sup> Cases founded on compromissory clauses have not been as effective as cases founded on special agreement since a state may have no interest in having the matter examined by the Court and may refuse to comply with a judgment. For example, during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a>, Iran refused to participate in a case brought by the US based on a compromissory clause contained in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Convention_on_Diplomatic_Relations" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations">Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations</a> and did not comply with the judgment.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_note-16" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[16]</a></sup> Since the 1970s, the use of such clauses has declined. Many modern treaties set out their own dispute resolution regime, often based on forms of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbitration" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Arbitration">arbitration</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_note-17" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[17]</a></sup></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Third, Article 36(2) allows states to make optional clause declarations accepting the Court's jurisdiction. The label "compulsory" sometimes placed on Article 36(2) jurisdiction is misleading since declarations by states are voluntary. Furthermore, many declarations contain reservations, such as exclusion from jurisdiction certain types of disputes ("<i>ratione materia</i>").<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_note-18" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[18]</a></sup> The principle of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocity_(international_relations)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Reciprocity (international relations)">reciprocity</a> may further limit jurisdiction. As of February 2011, sixty-six states had a declaration in force.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_note-19" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[19]</a></sup> Of the permanent <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_Council" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Security Council">Security Council</a> members, only the United Kingdom has a declaration. In the Court's early years, most declarations were made by industrialized countries. Since the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua_v._United_States" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nicaragua v. United States">Nicaragua Case</a></i>, declarations made by developing countries have increased, reflecting a growing confidence in the Court since the 1980s. Industrialized countries, however, have sometimes increased exclusions or removed their declarations in recent years. Examples include the United States, as mentioned previously, and Australia, which modified its declaration in 2002 to exclude disputes on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_boundary" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Maritime boundary">maritime boundaries</a> (most likely to prevent an impending challenge from East Timor, which gained their independence two months later).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_note-20" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[20]</a></sup></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Finally, 36(5) provides for jurisdiction on the basis of declarations made under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_International_Justice" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Permanent Court of International Justice">Permanent Court of International Justice</a>'s statute. Article 37 of the Statute similarly transfers jurisdiction under any compromissory clause in a treaty that gave jurisdiction to the PCIJ.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">In addition, the Court may have jurisdiction on the basis of tacit consent (<i><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forum_prorogatum&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Forum prorogatum (page does not exist)">forum prorogatum</a></i>). In the absence of clear jurisdiction under Article 36, jurisdiction is established if the respondent accepts ICJ jurisdiction explicitly or simply pleads<a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=On_the_merits&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="On the merits (page does not exist)">on the merits</a>. The notion arose in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corfu_Channel_Case" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Corfu Channel Case">Corfu Channel Case</a> (UK v Albania) (1949), in which the Court held that a letter from Albania stating that it submitted to the jurisdiction of the ICJ was sufficient to grant the court jurisdiction.</li>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Advisory_opinions">Advisory opinions</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Court_of_Justice&action=edit&section=8" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Advisory opinions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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Audience of the "Accordance with International Law of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice_advisory_opinion_on_Kosovo%27s_declaration_of_independence" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Court of Justice advisory opinion on Kosovo's declaration of independence">Unilateral Declaration of Independence</a> by the Provisional Institutions of Self-Government of Kosovo"</div>
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An <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advisory_opinion" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Advisory opinion">advisory opinion</a> is a function of the Court open only to specified United Nations bodies and agencies. On receiving a request, the Court decides which states and organizations might provide useful information and gives them an opportunity to present written or oral statements. Advisory opinions were intended as a means by which UN agencies could seek the Court's help in deciding complex legal issues that might fall under their respective mandates.</div>
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In principle, the Court's advisory opinions are only consultative in character but they are influential and widely respected. Certain instruments or regulations can provide in advance that the advisory opinion shall be specifically binding on particular agencies or states, but inherently, they are non-binding under the Statute of the Court. This non-binding character does not mean that advisory opinions are without legal effect because the legal reasoning embodied in them reflects the Court's authoritative views on important issues of international law and in arriving at them, the Court follows essentially the same rules and procedures that govern its binding judgments delivered in contentious cases submitted to it by sovereign states.</div>
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An advisory opinion derives its status and authority from the fact that it is the official pronouncement of the principal judicial organ of the United Nations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_note-21" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[21]</a></sup></div>
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Advisory opinions have often been controversial because the questions asked are controversial or the case was pursued as an indirect way of bringing what is really a contentious case before the Court. Examples of advisory opinions can be found in the section <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_International_Court_of_Justice_cases#Advisory_opinions" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of International Court of Justice cases">advisory opinions</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_International_Court_of_Justice_cases" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of International Court of Justice cases">List of International Court of Justice cases</a> article. One such well-known advisory opinion is the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice_advisory_opinion_on_the_Legality_of_the_Threat_or_Use_of_Nuclear_Weapons" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Court of Justice advisory opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons">Nuclear Weapons Case</a></i>.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="ICJ_and_the_Security_Council">ICJ and the Security Council</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Court_of_Justice&action=edit&section=9" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: ICJ and the Security Council">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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Article 94 establishes the duty of all UN members to comply with decisions of the Court involving them. If parties do not comply, the issue may be taken before the Security Council for enforcement action. There are obvious problems with such a method of enforcement. If the judgment is against one of the permanent five members of the Security Council or its allies, any resolution on enforcement would then be vetoed. That occurred, for example, after the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua_v._United_States" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nicaragua v. United States"><i>Nicaragua</i> case</a>, when Nicaragua brought the issue of US' noncompliance with the Court's decision before the Security Council.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_note-ReferenceA-7" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[7]</a></sup> Furthermore, if the Security Council refuses to enforce a judgment against any other state, there is no method of forcing the state to comply. Furthermore, the most effective form to take action for the Security Council, coercive action under <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_VII_of_the_United_Nations_Charter" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter">Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter</a>, can be justified only if <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Peace_and_Security" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Peace and Security">international peace and security</a> are at stake. The Security Council has never done that so far.</div>
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The relationship between the ICJ and the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_Council" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Security Council">Security Council</a>, and the separation of their powers, was considered by the Court in 1992 in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103_bombing_trial" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial"><i>Pan Am</i> case</a>. The Court had to consider an application from Libya for the order of provisional measures to protect its rights, which, it alleged, were being infringed by the threat of economic sanctions by the United Kingdom and United States. The problem was that these sanctions had been authorized by the Security Council, which resulted in a potential conflict between the Chapter VII functions of the Security Council and the judicial function of the Court. The Court decided, by eleven votes to five, that it could not order the requested provisional measures because the rights claimed by Libya, even if legitimate under the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Convention" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Montreal Convention">Montreal Convention</a>, could not be <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prima_facie" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Prima facie">prima facie</a> regarded as appropriate since the action was ordered by the Security Council. In accordance with Article 103 of the UN Charter, obligations under the Charter took precedence over other treaty obligations. Nevertheless, the Court declared the application admissible in 1998.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_note-22" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[22]</a></sup> A decision on the merits has not been given since the parties (United Kingdom, United States, and Libya) settled the case out of court in 2003.</div>
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There was a marked reluctance on the part of a majority of the Court to become involved in a dispute in such a way as to bring it potentially into conflict with the Council. The Court stated in the <i>Nicaragua</i> case that there is no necessary inconsistency between action by the Security Council and adjudication by the ICJ. However, when there is room for conflict, the balance appears to be in favor of the Security Council.</div>
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Should either party fail "to perform the obligations incumbent upon it under a judgment rendered by the Court", the Security Council may be called upon to "make recommendations or decide upon measures" if the Security Council deems such actions necessary. In practice, the Court's powers have been limited by the unwillingness of the losing party to abide by the Court's ruling and by the Security Council's unwillingness to impose consequences. However, in theory, "so far as the parties to the case are concerned, a judgment of the Court is binding, final and without appeal," and "by signing the Charter, a State Member of the United Nations undertakes to comply with any decision of the International Court of Justice in a case to which it is a party."</div>
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For example, the United States had previously accepted the Court's compulsory jurisdiction upon its creation in 1946 but in 1984, after <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua_v._United_States" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nicaragua v. United States">Nicaragua v. United States</a></i>, withdrew its acceptance following the court's judgment that called on the US to "cease and to refrain" from the "unlawful use of force" against the government of Nicaragua. The court ruled (with only the American judge dissenting) that the United States was "in breach of its obligation under the Treaty of Friendship with Nicaragua not to use force against Nicaragua" and ordered the United States to pay <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_reparation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="War reparation">war reparations</a> (see note 2).</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Examples_of_contentious_cases">Examples of contentious cases</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Court_of_Justice&action=edit&section=10" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Examples of contentious cases">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h4>
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Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_International_Court_of_Justice_cases" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of International Court of Justice cases">List of International Court of Justice cases</a></div>
<ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20width%3D%225%22%20height%3D%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%222.5%22%20cy%3D%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">A complaint by the United States in 1980 that Iran was detaining American diplomats in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> in violation of international law.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_note-23" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[23]</a></sup></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">A dispute between Tunisia and Libya over the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delimitation" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Delimitation">delimitation</a> of the continental shelf between them.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_note-24" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[24]</a></sup></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">A complaint by Iran after the shooting down of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Iran Air Flight 655">Iran Air Flight 655</a> by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> guided missile cruiser.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_note-25" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[25]</a></sup></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">A dispute over the course of the maritime boundary dividing the U.S. and Canada in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Maine" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gulf of Maine">Gulf of Maine</a> area.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_note-26" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[26]</a></sup></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">A complaint by the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> against the member states of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a>regarding their actions in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_War" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a>. This was denied on 15 December 2004 because of lack of jurisdiction, the FRY not being a party to the ICJ statute at the time it made the application.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_note-27" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[27]</a></sup></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">A complaint by the Republic of Macedonia (former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) that Greece is, by vetoing its accession to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="NATO">NATO</a>, in violation of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_note-28" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[28]</a></sup> between the two countries, was decided in favor of Macedonia on 5 December 2011.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_note-29" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[29]</a></sup></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">A complaint by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> that the DRC's sovereignty had been violated by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> and that DRC had lost billions of dollars worth of resources,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_note-30" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[30]</a></sup> was decided in favor of the DRC.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_note-31" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[31]</a></sup></li>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Law_applied">Law applied</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Court_of_Justice&action=edit&section=11" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Law applied">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sources_of_international_law" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sources of international law">Sources of international law</a></div>
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When deciding cases, the Court applies international law as summarised in <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Statute_of_the_International_Court_of_Justice#Article_38" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration: none;" title="s:Statute of the International Court of Justice">Article 38</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_the_International_Court_of_Justice" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Statute of the International Court of Justice">ICJ Statute</a>, which provides that in arriving at its decisions the Court shall apply international conventions, international custom and the "general principles of law recognised by civilized nations." It may also refer to academic writing ("the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations") and previous judicial decisions to help interpret the law although the Court is not formally bound by its previous decisions under the doctrine of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stare_decisis" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Stare decisis">stare decisis</a>. <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Statute_of_the_International_Court_of_Justice#Article_59" style="background: none; color: #663366; text-decoration: none;" title="s:Statute of the International Court of Justice">Article 59</a> makes clear that the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Common law">common law</a> notion of<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precedent" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Precedent">precedent</a> or <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stare_decisis" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Stare decisis">stare decisis</a></i> does not apply to the decisions of the ICJ. The Court's decision binds only the parties to that particular controversy. Under 38(1)(d), however, the Court may consider its own previous decisions.</div>
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If the parties agree, they may also grant the Court the liberty to decide <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_aequo_et_bono" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ex aequo et bono">ex aequo et bono</a></i> ("in justice and fairness"),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_note-32" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[32]</a></sup>granting the ICJ the freedom to make an equitable decision based on what is fair under the circumstances. That provision has not been used in the Court's history. So far, the International Court of Justice has dealt with about 130 cases.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Procedure">Procedure</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Court_of_Justice&action=edit&section=12" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Procedure">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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The ICJ is vested with the power to make its own rules. Court procedure is set out in the <i>Rules of Court of the International Court of Justice 1978</i> (as amended on 29 September 2005).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_10-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_note-ReferenceB-10" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[10]</a></sup></div>
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Cases before the ICJ will follow a standard pattern. The case is lodged by the applicant that files a written memorial setting out the basis of the Court's jurisdiction and the merits of its claim. The respondent may accept the Court's jurisdiction and file its own memorial on the merits of the case.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Preliminary_objections">Preliminary objections</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Court_of_Justice&action=edit&section=13" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Preliminary objections">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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A respondent that does not wish to submit to the jurisdiction of the Court may raise Preliminary Objections. Any such objections must be ruled upon before the Court can address the merits of the applicant's claim. Often, a separate public hearing is held on the Preliminary Objections and the Court will render a judgment. Respondents normally file Preliminary Objections to the jurisdiction of the Court and/or the admissibility of the case. Inadmissibility refers to a range of arguments about factors the Court should take into account in deciding jurisdiction, such as the fact that the issue is not justiciable or that it is not a "legal dispute".</div>
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In addition, objections may be made because all necessary parties are not before the Court. If the case necessarily requires the Court to rule on the rights and obligations of a state that has not consented to the Court's jurisdiction, the Court does not proceed to issue a judgment on the merits.</div>
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If the Court decides it has jurisdiction and the case is admissible, the respondent then is required to file a Memorial addressing the merits of the applicant's claim. Once all written arguments are filed, the Court holds a public hearing on the merits.</div>
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Once a case has been filed, any party (usually the applicant) may seek an order from the Court to protect the <i>status quo</i>pending the hearing of the case. Such orders are known as Provisional (or Interim) Measures and are analogous to interlocutory <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injunction" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Injunction">injunctions</a> in <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_law" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United States law">United States law</a>. Article 41 of the statute allows the Court to make such orders. The Court must be satisfied to have <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prima_facie" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Prima facie">prima facie</a> jurisdiction to hear the merits of the case before it grants provisional measures.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Applications_to_intervene">Applications to intervene</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Court_of_Justice&action=edit&section=14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Applications to intervene">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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In cases in which a third state's interests are affected, that state may be permitted to intervene in the case and participate as a full party. Under Article 62, a state "with an interest of a legal nature" may apply; however, it is within the Court's discretion whether or not to allow the intervention. Intervention applications are rare, and the first successful application occurred only in 1991.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Judgment_and_remedies">Judgment and remedies</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Court_of_Justice&action=edit&section=15" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Judgment and remedies">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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Once deliberation has taken place, the Court issues a majority opinion. Individual judges may issue concurring opinions (if they agree with the outcome reached in the judgment of the court but differ in their reasoning) or dissenting opinions (if they disagree with the majority). No appeal is possible, but any party may ask for the court to clarify if there is a dispute as to the meaning or scope of the court's judgment.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_note-33" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[33]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Criticisms">Criticisms</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Court_of_Justice&action=edit&section=16" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Criticisms">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" data-file-height="399" data-file-width="512" height="39" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="50" /></a></div>
</td><td class="mbox-text" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; width: 535px;"><span class="mbox-text-span">This section, except for a single footnote, <b>needs additional citations for<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>. <span class="hide-when-compact">Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Court_of_Justice&action=edit" style="background: none !important; color: #663366; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">improve this article</a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <small style="font-size: 11.9px;"><i>(January 2015)</i></small> <small class="hide-when-compact" style="font-size: 11.9px;"><i>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a>)</i></small></span></td></tr>
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The International Court has been criticized with respect to its rulings, its procedures, and its authority. As with criticisms of the United Nations, many of these criticisms refer more to the general authority assigned to the body by member states through its charter than to specific problems with the composition of judges or their rulings. Major criticisms include the following:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_note-34" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[34]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_note-35" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[35]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_note-36" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[36]</a></sup></div>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">"Compulsory" jurisdiction is limited to cases where both parties have agreed to submit to its decision, and so instances of aggression tend to be automatically escalated to and adjudicated by the Security Council. According to the sovereignty principle of international law, no nation is superior or inferior against another. Therefore, there is no entity that could force the states into practice of the law or punish the states in case any violation of international law occurs. Therefore, the absence of binding force means that the 193 member states of the ICJ do not necessarily have to accept the jurisdiction. Moreover, membership in the UN and ICJ does not give the court automatic jurisdiction over the member states, but it is the consent of each state to follow the jurisdiction that matters.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Organizations, private enterprises, and individuals cannot have their cases taken to the International Court or appeal a national supreme court's ruling. UN agencies likewise cannot bring up a case except in advisory opinions (a process initiated by the court and non-binding). Only states can bring the cases and become the defendants of the cases. This also means that the potential victims of crimes against humanity, such as minor ethnic groups or indigenous peoples, may not have appropriate backing by a state.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Other existing international thematic courts, such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Criminal Court">ICC</a>, are not under the umbrella of the International Court. Unlike ICJ, international thematic courts like ICC work independently from United Nations. Such dualistic structure between various international courts sometimes makes it hard for the courts to engage in effective and collective jurisdiction.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">The International Court does not enjoy a full <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_powers" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a>, with permanent members of the Security Council being able to veto enforcement of cases, even those to which they consented to be bound.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_note-37" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[37]</a></sup> Because the jurisdiction does not have binding force itself, in many cases, the instances of aggression are adjudicated by Security Council by adopting a resolution, etc. There is, therefore, a likelihood for the permanent member states of Security Council to avoid the responsibility brought up by International Court of Justice, as shown in the example of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua_v._United_States" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nicaragua v. United States">Nicaragua v. United States</a>.</li>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Court_of_Justice&action=edit&section=17" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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<h2 style="background: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Court_of_Justice&action=edit&section=18" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist references-column-width" style="-webkit-column-width: 30em; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">
<ol class="references" style="font-size: 12.6px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;">
<li id="cite_note-ICJrelease6Feb2015-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_ref-ICJrelease6Feb2015_1-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_ref-ICJrelease6Feb2015_1-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.icj-cij.org/presscom/files/4/18464.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif") 100% 50% no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">"No. 2015/5"</a> <span style="font-size: 10.71px;">(PDF)</span> (Press release). International Court of Justice. 6 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">9 February</span>2015</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Court+of+Justice&rft.btitle=No.+2015%2F5&rft.date=2015-02-06&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icj-cij.org%2Fpresscom%2Ffiles%2F4%2F18464.pdf&rft.pub=International+Court+of+Justice&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_ref-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.icj-cij.org/documents/index.php?p1=4&p2=2&p3=0" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Statute of the International Court of Justice</a>. Retrieved 31 August 2007.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_ref-3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Churchill, Ward. <i>A Little Matter of Genocide</i>. San Francisco: City Lights Books, 1997. Print.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_ref-4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/PV.2718" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">United Nations Security Council, <i>Provisional Verbatim Record of the Two Thousand Seven Hundred and Eighteenth Meeting</i>, p.51</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_ref-5" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris, D. <i>Cases and Materials on International Law, 7th ed.</i> (2012, London) p. 839.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_ref-6" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ICJ Statute, Article 18(1)</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Case Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities In and Against Nicaragua</i> (Nicaragua v USA), [1986] ICJ Reports 14, 158–60 (Merits) per Judge Lachs.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_ref-8" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Posner, E. A., and De Figueiredo, M. F. P. (June 2005).<a class="external text" href="http://www.ericposner.com/Is%20the%20International%20Court%20of%20Justice%20Biased.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif") 100% 50% no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">"Is the International Court of Justice Biased?"</a> <span style="font-size: 10.71px;">(PDF)</span>.<i>Journal of Legal Studies</i>. University of Chicago. <b>34</b>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Court+of+Justice&rft.atitle=Is+the+International+Court+of+Justice+Biased%3F&rft.date=2005-06&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ericposner.com%2FIs%2520the%2520International%2520Court%2520of%2520Justice%2520Biased.pdf&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Legal+Studies&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=34"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_ref-9" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.icj-cij.org/icjwww/ibasicdocuments/ibasictext/ibasicrulesofcourt_20050929.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Rules of Court of the International Court of Justice 1978</a>(as amended on 5 December 2000). Retrieved 17 December 2005. See also <a class="external text" href="http://www.icj-cij.org/icjwww/ibasicdocuments/ibasictext/ibasic_practice_directions_20040730_I-XII.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Practice Directions I-XII</a> (as at 30 July 2004). Retrieved 17 December 2005.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_ref-ReferenceB_10-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_ref-ReferenceB_10-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwebel S "Ad Hoc Chambers of the International Court of Justice" (1987) 81 <i>American Journal of International Law</i> 831.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-ICJrelease6February2015-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_ref-ICJrelease6February2015_11-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.icj-cij.org/presscom/files/2/18412.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif") 100% 50% no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">"No. 2015/1"</a> <span style="font-size: 10.71px;">(PDF)</span> (Press release). International Court of Justice. 6 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">9 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Court+of+Justice&rft.btitle=No.+2015%2F1&rft.date=2015-02-06&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icj-cij.org%2Fpresscom%2Ffiles%2F2%2F18412.pdf&rft.pub=International+Court+of+Justice&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_ref-12" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The jurisdiction is discussed in the entire Chapter XIV of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_Charter" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="UN Charter">UN Charter</a> (Articles 92–96). <a class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Full text</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_ref-13" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=I-3&chapter=1&lang=en" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Chapter I - Charter of the United Nations and Statute of the International Court of Justice: 3 . Statute of the International Court of Justice"</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Treaty_Series" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United Nations Treaty Series">United Nations Treaty Series</a>. 2013-07-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2013-07-09</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Court+of+Justice&rft.btitle=Chapter+I+-+Charter+of+the+United+Nations+and+Statute+of+the+International+Court+of+Justice%3A++3+.+Statute+of+the+International+Court+of+Justice&rft.date=2013-07-09&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftreaties.un.org%2FPages%2FViewDetails.aspx%3Fsrc%3DTREATY%26mtdsg_no%3DI-3%26chapter%3D1%26lang%3Den&rft.pub=United+Nations+Treaty+Series&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_ref-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <i>Nottebohm Case</i> (Liechtenstein v Guatemala), [1955] ICJ Reports 4.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_ref-15" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_treaties_that_confer_jurisdiction_on_the_ICJ" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of treaties that confer jurisdiction on the ICJ">List of treaties that confer jurisdiction on the ICJ</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_ref-16" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Case Concerning United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran</i> (USA v Iran), [1979] ICJ Reports 7.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_ref-17" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Charney J "Compromissory Clauses and the Jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice" (1987) 81<i>American Journal of International Law</i> 855.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_ref-18" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Alexandrov S <i>Reservations in Unilateral Declarations Accepting the Compulsory Jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice</i> (Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff, 1995).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_ref-19" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a complete list of countries and their stance with the ICJ, see <a class="external text" href="http://www.icj-cij.org/jurisdiction/index.php?p1=5&p2=1&p3=3" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Declarations Recognizing as Compulsory the Jurisdiction of the Court</a>. Retrieved 21 February 2011.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_ref-20" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burton, Bob (17 May 2005). <a class="external text" href="http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/GE17Ae02.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Australia, East Timor strike oil, gas deal</a>. <i>Asia Times</i>. Retrieved 21 April 2006.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_ref-21" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.asil.org/insights/insigh121.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>The UN General Assembly Requests a World Court Advisory Opinion On Israel's Separation Barrier</i></a>, Pieter H.F. Bekker, <a class="external text" href="http://www.asil.org/aboutasil/index.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">ASIL</a> (American Society of International Law) Insights, December 2003.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_ref-22" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?pr=173&code=lus&p1=3&p2=3&p3=6&case=89&k=82" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"<i>Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United States of America), Preliminary Objections, International Court of Justice, 27 February 1998</i>"</a>. Icj-cij.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">4 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Court+of+Justice&rft.btitle=Questions+of+Interpretation+and+Application+of+the+1971+Montreal+Convention+arising+from+the+Aerial+Incident+at+Lockerbie+%28Libyan+Arab+Jamahiriya+v.+United+States+of+America%29%2C+Preliminary+Objections%2C+International+Court+of+Justice%2C+27+February+1998&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icj-cij.org%2Fdocket%2Findex.php%3Fpr%3D173%26code%3Dlus%26p1%3D3%26p2%3D3%26p3%3D6%26case%3D89%26k%3D82&rft.pub=Icj-cij.org&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_ref-23" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/64/6291.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif") 100% 50% no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">"Reports of Judgments, Advisory Opinions and Orders"</a> <span style="font-size: 10.71px;">(PDF)</span>. International Court of Justice. 24 May 1980.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Court+of+Justice&rft.btitle=Reports+of+Judgments%2C+Advisory+Opinions+and+Orders&rft.date=1980-05-24&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icj-cij.org%2Fdocket%2Ffiles%2F64%2F6291.pdf&rft.pub=International+Court+of+Justice&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-24" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_ref-24" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/71/6527.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif") 100% 50% no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">"Application for Revision and Interpretation of the Judgment of 24 February 1982 in the Case Concerning the Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya)"</a><span style="font-size: 10.71px;">(PDF)</span>. International Court of Justice. 10 December 1985.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Court+of+Justice&rft.btitle=Application+for+Revision+and+Interpretation+of+the+Judgment+of+24+February+1982+in+the+Case+Concerning+the+Continental+Shelf+%28Tunisia%2FLibyan+Arab+Jamahiriya%29&rft.date=1985-12-10&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icj-cij.org%2Fdocket%2Ffiles%2F71%2F6527.pdf&rft.pub=International+Court+of+Justice&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-25" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_ref-25" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a class="external text" href="http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?p1=3&p2=3&k=9c&case=79&code=irus&p3=0" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Aerial Incident of 3 July 1988 (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America)</a>". Icj-cij.org.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-26" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_ref-26" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/67/6369.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif") 100% 50% no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">"Case Concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area (Canada/United States of America)"</a> <span style="font-size: 10.71px;">(PDF)</span>. International Court of Justice. 12 October 1984.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Court+of+Justice&rft.btitle=Case+Concerning+Delimitation+of+the+Maritime+Boundary+in+the+Gulf+of+Maine+Area+%28Canada%2FUnited+States+of+America%29&rft.date=1984-10-12&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icj-cij.org%2Fdocket%2Ffiles%2F67%2F6369.pdf&rft.pub=International+Court+of+Justice&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-27" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_ref-27" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?pr=371&code=yus&p1=3&p2=3&p3=6&case=114&k=25" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"International Court of Justice"</a>. Icj-cij.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2014-02-02</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Court+of+Justice&rft.btitle=International+Court+of+Justice&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icj-cij.org%2Fdocket%2Findex.php%3Fpr%3D371%26code%3Dyus%26p1%3D3%26p2%3D3%26p3%3D6%26case%3D114%26k%3D25&rft.pub=Icj-cij.org&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-28" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_ref-28" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090325011434/http://untreaty.un.org/unts/120001_144071/6/3/00004456.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif") 100% 50% no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">"Interim Accord"</a> <span style="font-size: 10.71px;">(PDF)</span>. 13 September 1995. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://untreaty.un.org/unts/120001_144071/6/3/00004456.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif") 100% 50% no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">the original</a> <span style="font-size: 10.71px;">(PDF)</span> on 25 March 2009.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Court+of+Justice&rft.btitle=Interim+Accord&rft.date=1995-09-13&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funtreaty.un.org%2Funts%2F120001_144071%2F6%2F3%2F00004456.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-29" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_ref-29" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/142/16841.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif") 100% 50% no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">"The Court finds that Greece, by objecting to the admission of the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to NATO, has breached its obligation under Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995"</a> <span style="font-size: 10.71px;">(PDF)</span>. The International Court of Justice. 5 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2014-02-02</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Court+of+Justice&rft.btitle=The+Court+finds+that+Greece%2C+by+objecting+to+the+admission+of+the+former+Yugoslav+Republic+of+Macedonia+to+NATO%2C+has+breached+its+obligation+under+Article+11%2C+paragraph+1%2C+of+the+Interim+Accord+of+13+September+1995&rft.date=2011-12-05&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icj-cij.org%2Fdocket%2Ffiles%2F142%2F16841.pdf&rft.pub=The+International+Court+of+Justice&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-30" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_ref-30" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a class="external text" href="http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?p1=3&p2=3&code=co&case=116&k=51" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda)</a>". Icj-cij.org.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-31" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_ref-31" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/dec/20/congo.uganda" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Court orders Uganda to pay Congo damages</a>". <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. 20 December 2005</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-32" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_ref-32" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Statute of the International Court of Justice, Article 38(2)</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-33" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_ref-33" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Statute of the International Court of Justice, Article 60</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-34" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_ref-34" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Ogbodo, S. Gozie (2012). <a class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/annlsurvey/vol18/iss1/7" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"An Overview of the Challenges Facing the International Court of Justice in the 21st Century,"</a>. <i>Annual Survey of International & Comparative Law</i>. <b>18</b> (1): 93–113<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">6 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Court+of+Justice&rft.atitle=An+Overview+of+the+Challenges+Facing+the+International+Court+of+Justice+in+the+21st+Century%2C&rft.aufirst=S.+Gozie&rft.aulast=Ogbodo&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.law.ggu.edu%2Fannlsurvey%2Fvol18%2Fiss1%2F7&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Annual+Survey+of+International+%26+Comparative+Law&rft.pages=93-113&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=18"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-35" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_ref-35" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Suh, Il Ro (April 1969). "Voting Behavior of National Judges in International Courts". <i>The American Journal of International Law</i>. <b>63</b> (2): 224–236. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F2197412" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">10.2307/2197412</a>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2197412" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">2197412</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Court+of+Justice&rft.atitle=Voting+Behavior+of+National+Judges+in+International+Courts&rft.aufirst=Il+Ro&rft.aulast=Suh&rft.date=1969-04&rft.genre=article&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2197412&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2197412&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.pages=224-236&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=63"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-36" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_ref-36" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">William, Samore, (1956). <a class="external text" href="http://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/cklawreview/vol34/iss3/1" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"National Origins v. Impartial Decisions: A Study of World Court Holdings"</a>. <i>Chicago-Kent Law Review</i>. <b>34</b> (3): 193–222. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0009-3599" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">0009-3599</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">6 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Court+of+Justice&rft.atitle=National+Origins+v.+Impartial+Decisions%3A+A+Study+of+World+Court+Holdings&rft.aufirst=Samore%2C&rft.aulast=William&rft.date=1956&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu%2Fcklawreview%2Fvol34%2Fiss3%2F1&rft.issn=0009-3599&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Chicago-Kent+Law+Review&rft.pages=193-222&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=34"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-37" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice#cite_ref-37" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,871831,00.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"<span style="padding-left: 0.2em;">"</span>World Court: Completing the Circle" <i>Time</i>, 28 November 1960"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 28 November 1960<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">4 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+Court+of+Justice&rft.atitle=%22World+Court%3A+Completing+the+Circle%22+Time%2C+28+November+1960&rft.date=1960-11-28&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C871831%2C00.html&rft.jtitle=Time&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
</ol>
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<h2 style="background: none; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Court_of_Justice&action=edit&section=19" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
<ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20width%3D%225%22%20height%3D%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%222.5%22%20cy%3D%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Dunne, Michael. "Isolationism of a Kind: Two Generations of World Court Historiography in the United States," <i>Journal of American Studies</i> (1987) 21#3 pp 327–351.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Rosenne S., "Rosenne's the world court: what it is and how it works <i>6th ed (Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff, 2003).</i></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.brill.nl/default.aspx?partid=210&pid=40211" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Decisions of the World Court</a> Relevant to the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNCLOS" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="UNCLOS">UNCLOS</a> (2010) and <a class="external text" href="http://www.uu.nl/nilos/books" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Contents & Indexes</a> dedicated to Former ICJ President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_M._Schwebel" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Stephen M. Schwebel">Stephen M. Schwebel</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Van Der Wolf W. & De Ruiter D., "The International Court of Justice: Facts and Documents About the History and Work of the Court" (<i>International Courts Association, 2011</i>)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Wilde, Ralph and Charlesworth, Hilary and Schrijver, Nico and Krisch, Nico and Chimni, B. S. and Gowlland-Debbas, Vera and Klabbers, Jan and Yee, Sienho and Shearer, Ivan, <a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1971008" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">United Nations Reform Through Practice: Report of the International Law Association Study Group on United Nations Reform</a> (December 11, 2011).</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Kolb, Robert, <a class="external text" href="http://www.hartpub.co.uk/BookDetails.aspx?ISBN=9781849462631" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">The International Court of Justice</a> (Hart Publishing: Oxford, 2013).</li>
</ul>
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</tbody></table>
<ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20width%3D%225%22%20height%3D%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%222.5%22%20cy%3D%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.icj-cij.org/homepage/index.php?p1=0&lang=en" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">International Court of Justice</a>, Official site</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.icj-cij.org/presscom/multimedia.php?p1=6" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">ICJ Multimedia Gallery</a> (photos, videos, webstreaming)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?p1=3&p2=2&lang=en" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">List of cases</a> ruled upon by the ICJ since its creation in 1946</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/sicj/sicj.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">The Statute of the International Court of Justice</a> on the <a class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/law/avl/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">United Nations AVL</a>: summary of the procedural history, list of selected preparatory documents and audiovisual material related to the negotiations and adoption of the Statute.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.haguejusticeportal.net/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Hague Justice Portal</a>: Academic gateway to The Hague organisations concerning international peace, justice and security.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> : See also, a tribunal to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background: none; border-bottom-style: none; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Lectures">Lectures</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Court_of_Justice&action=edit&section=21" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Lectures">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
<ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20width%3D%225%22%20height%3D%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%222.5%22%20cy%3D%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://legal.un.org/avl/ls/ICJ_Conference_CT.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">The ICJ in the Service of Peace and Justice</a>, Conference organised on the Occasion of the Centenary of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_Palace" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Peace Palace">Peace Palace</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://legal.un.org/avl/ls/Al-Khasawneh_CT.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Lecture</a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awn_Shawkat_Al-Khasawneh" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Awn Shawkat Al-Khasawneh">Awn Shawkat Al-Khasawneh</a> entitled <i>Reflections on the Jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice</i> in the <a class="external text" href="http://legal.un.org/avl/lectureseries.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://legal.un.org/avl/ls/Bennouna_CT.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Lecture</a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Bennouna" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mohamed Bennouna">Mohamed Bennouna</a> entitled <i>La Cour internationale de Justice, juge des souverainetés?</i> in the <a class="external text" href="http://legal.un.org/avl/lectureseries.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://legal.un.org/avl/ls/Couvreur_CT.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Lecture</a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Couvreur" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Philippe Couvreur">Philippe Couvreur</a> entitled <i>La Cour internationale de Justice</i> in the <a class="external text" href="http://legal.un.org/avl/lectureseries.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://legal.un.org/avl/ls/Gowlland-Debbas_CT.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Lecture by Vera Gowlland-Debbas</a> entitled <i>The International Court of Justice as the Principal Judicial Organ of the United Nations</i> in the <a class="external text" href="http://legal.un.org/avl/lectureseries.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://legal.un.org/avl/ls/Kawano_CT.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Lecture by Mariko Kawano</a> entitled <i>Some Salient Features of the Contemporary International Disputes in the Precedents of the International Court of Justice</i> in the <a class="external text" href="http://legal.un.org/avl/lectureseries.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://legal.un.org/avl/ls/Kawano_CT.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Lecture by Mariko Kawano</a> entitled <i>International Court of Justice and Disputes Involving the Interests of Third Parties to the Proceedings or the Common Interests of the International Community as a Whole or of the Community Established by a Convention</i> in the <a class="external text" href="http://legal.un.org/avl/lectureseries.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://legal.un.org/avl/ls/McWhinney_CT.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Lecture</a> by <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_McWhinney" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edward McWhinney">Edward McWhinney</a> entitled <i>Judicial Activism and the International Court of Justice</i> in the <a class="external text" href="http://legal.un.org/avl/lectureseries.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://legal.un.org/avl/ls/Pellet_CT.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Lecture</a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Pellet" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Alain Pellet">Alain Pellet</a> entitled <i>Conseil devant la Cour internationale de Justice</i> in the <a class="external text" href="http://legal.un.org/avl/lectureseries.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law</a></li>
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Arms Control and Disarmament</div>
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Nuclear Weapons and International Law:<br />Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons</div>
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<strong>A. Legal Instruments</strong></div>
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<a class="a_underline-padding" href="http://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/UNTS/Volume%20480/v480.pdf" style="color: #003366;" target="_blank">Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space and Under Water</a>, Moscow, 5 August 1963, United Nations, <em>Treaty Series</em>, vol. 480, p. 43.<br /><br /><a class="a_underline-padding" href="http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/tnpt/tnpt.html" style="color: #003366;" target="_blank">Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons</a>, London/Moscow/Washington, 1 July 1968, United Nations, <em>Treaty Series</em>, vol. 729, p. 168.<br /><br /><a class="a_underline-padding" href="http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/vclt/vclt.html" style="color: #003366;" target="_blank">Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties</a>, Vienna, 23 May 1969, United Nations,<em>Treaty Series</em>, vol. 1155, p. 331.<br /><br /><a class="a_underline-padding" href="http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/vcssrt/vcssrt.html" style="color: #003366;" target="_blank">Vienna Convention on Succession of States in Respect of Treaties</a>, Vienna, 23 August 1978, United Nations, <em>Treaty Series</em>, vol. 1946, p. 3.<br /></div>
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<strong>B. Jurisprudence</strong></div>
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Tokyo District Court, <em>Shimoda et al. v. the State, Judgment, Hanrei Jiho</em>, vol. 355, p. 17; translated in <em>The Japanese Annual of International Law</em>, vol. 8, 1964, p. 231.<br /><br />International Court of Justice, <a class="a_underline-padding" href="http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?p1=3&p2=4&k=09&case=93&code=anw&p3=4" style="color: #003366;" target="_blank"><em>Legality of the Use by a State of Nuclear Weapons in Armed Conflict</em>, <em>Advisory Opinion of 8 July 1996</em></a><em>, I.C.J. Reports 1996</em>, p. 666.<br /><br />International Court of Justice, <a class="a_underline-padding" href="http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/95/7495.pdf" style="color: #003366;" target="_blank"><em>Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons</em>,<em>Advisory Opinion of 8 July 1996</em></a><em>, I.C.J. Reports 1996</em>, p. 226.<br /></div>
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<strong>C. Documents</strong></div>
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Joint statement of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and the United States of America of 11 June 1993.<br /><br />Statement by the President of the Security Council of 31 March 1994 (<a class="a_underline-padding" href="http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/PRST/1994/13" style="color: #003366;" target="_blank">S/PRST/1994/13</a>).<br /><br /><a class="a_underline-padding" href="http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/50/245" style="color: #003366;" target="_blank">General Assembly resolution 50/245 of 17 September 1996</a> (Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty).<br /><br /><a class="a_underline-padding" href="http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/1172(1998)" style="color: #003366;" target="_blank">Security Council resolution 1172 (1998) of 6 June 1998</a>.<br /><br /><a class="a_underline-padding" href="http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/1718(2006)" style="color: #003366;" target="_blank">Security Council resolution 1718 (2006) of 14 October 2006</a>.<br /></div>
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Edward Yablonskyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10013345997672210570noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6671724644852957271.post-41752042282936305652016-12-18T09:06:00.001-08:002016-12-18T09:06:41.909-08:00Menahem Mendel Beilis<table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="background: rgb(249, 249, 249); border-spacing: 0.4em 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0px 0px 1em 1em; padding: 0.2em; text-align: center; width: 22em;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="line-height: 1.2em; padding-top: 0.4em;">Part of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Antisemitism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Category:Antisemitism">a series</a> on</td></tr>
<tr><th style="font-size: 24.64px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0px 0.4em 0.15em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; white-space: nowrap;" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></th></tr>
<tr><td style="padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_badge" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Yellow badge"><img alt="Yellowbadge logo.svg" data-file-height="503" data-file-width="436" data-pin-nopin="true" height="115" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Yellowbadge_logo.svg/100px-Yellowbadge_logo.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Yellowbadge_logo.svg/150px-Yellowbadge_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Yellowbadge_logo.svg/200px-Yellowbadge_logo.svg.png 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="100" /></a><br />
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Part of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_history" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a></div>
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<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="History of antisemitism">History</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Timeline of antisemitism">Timeline</a></li>
<li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism_(authors)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Antisemitism (authors)">Reference</a></li>
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Manifestations<a class="NavToggle" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#" id="NavToggle1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; font-size: 11.0603px; font-weight: normal; position: absolute; right: 3px; text-decoration: none; top: 0px; white-space: nowrap;">[show]</a></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitic_canard" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Antisemitic canard">Antisemiti</a><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22.4px;">The process sparked international criticism of the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22.4px;"> policies of the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22.4px;">. Beilis's story was the basis for </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Malamud" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Bernard Malamud">Bernard Malamud</a><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22.4px;">'s novel </span><i style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22.4px;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fixer_(Malamud_novel)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The Fixer (Malamud novel)">The Fixer</a></i><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22.4px;">, which won both the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22.4px;"> and the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Book_Award" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="National Book Award">National Book Award</a><b><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">.</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitic_canard" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; font-size: 12.2892px; line-height: 1.6em; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Antisemitic canard">c canards</a></b><br />
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Antisemitic_publications" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Category:Antisemitic publications">Antisemitic publications</a><a class="NavToggle" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#" id="NavToggle3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; font-size: 11.0603px; font-weight: normal; position: absolute; right: 3px; text-decoration: none; top: 0px; white-space: nowrap;">[show]</a></div>
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Antisemitism on the Web<a class="NavToggle" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#" id="NavToggle4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; font-size: 11.0603px; font-weight: normal; position: absolute; right: 3px; text-decoration: none; top: 0px; white-space: nowrap;">[show]</a></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a><a class="NavToggle" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#" id="NavToggle5" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; font-size: 11.0603px; font-weight: normal; position: absolute; right: 3px; text-decoration: none; top: 0px; white-space: nowrap;">[show]</a></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Menahem_Mendel_Beilis&action=edit&section=9" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
<ol class="references" style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0.5em 3.2em; padding: 0px;">
<li id="cite_note-sam-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#cite_ref-sam_1-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#cite_ref-sam_1-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Blood Accusation: The Strange History of the Beiliss Case</i>, Samuel, Maurice, Alfred A. Knopf, 1966.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#cite_ref-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beilis, Mendel. <i>Blood Libel: The Life and Memory of Mendel Beilis</i>, ed. Jay Beilis et al. (2011), p. 64.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#cite_ref-3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Malamud, Bernard. <i>The Fixer</i> (1966), p. 294.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#cite_ref-4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel, <i>Blood Accusation</i></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-tager-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#cite_ref-tager_5-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#cite_ref-tager_5-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://ldn-knigi.lib.ru/JUDAICA/Navet.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"<span style="padding-left: 0.2em;">'</span>'Царская Россия и дело Бейлиса'', Tager, A., Moscow, 1934"</a>. Ldn-knigi.lib.ru<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2013-12-05</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenahem+Mendel+Beilis&rft.btitle=%27%26%2339%3B%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE+%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%27%26%2339%3B%2C+Tager%2C+A.%2C+Moscow%2C+1934&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fldn-knigi.lib.ru%2FJUDAICA%2FNavet.htm&rft.pub=Ldn-knigi.lib.ru&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-beilis-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#cite_ref-beilis_6-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#cite_ref-beilis_6-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#cite_ref-beilis_6-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Scapegoat on Trial: The Story of Mendel Beilis – The Autobiography of Mendel Beilis the Defendant in the Notorious 1912 Blood Libel in Kiev</i>, Beilis, Mendel, Introd. & Ed. By Shari Schwartz, CIS, New York, 1992, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1560621664" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 1-56062-166-4</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#cite_ref-7" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Beška, Emanuel. <a class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/27834320/_The_Disgrace_of_the_Twentieth_Century_The_Beilis_Affair_in_Filastin_Newspaper" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"<span style="padding-left: 0.2em;">"</span>The Disgrace of the Twentieth Century": The Beilis Affair in Filastin Newspaper."</a>. In Jerusalem Quarterly, 2016, Number 66, pp. 99-108<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2016-08-17</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenahem+Mendel+Beilis&rft.aufirst=Emanuel&rft.aulast=Be%C5%A1ka&rft.btitle=%9CThe+Disgrace+of+the+Twentieth+Century%9D%3A+The+Beilis+Affair+in+Filastin+Newspaper.&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F27834320%2F_The_Disgrace_of_the_Twentieth_Century_The_Beilis_Affair_in_Filastin_Newspaper&rft.pub=In+Jerusalem+Quarterly%2C+2016%2C+Number+66%2C+pp.+99-108.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#cite_ref-8" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berkowitz, Joel, “The ‘Mendel Beilis’ Epidemic on the Yiddish Stage,” <i>Jewish Social Studies</i> 8, no. 1 (Fall, 2001), p. 199</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#cite_ref-9" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“Mendel Beilis Coming,” <i>New York Times</i>, January 25, 1921</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#cite_ref-10" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beilis, Mendel. <i>Blood Libel: The Life and Memory of Mendel Beilis</i>, ed. Jay Beilis et al. (2011), p. 200.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#cite_ref-11" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.thejewishweek.com/features/redemption_east_tremont" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100617202308/http://www.thejewishweek.com/features/redemption_east_tremont" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Archived</a> June 17, 2010, at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#cite_ref-12" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Read <a class="external text" href="http://www.thejewishweek.com/blogs/route_17/grave_mendel_beilis" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">English translation</a> of the epitaph on Beilis' footstone.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#cite_ref-13" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“Beiliss Funeral Attended by 4,000,” New York Times, July 10, 1934.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#cite_ref-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Annie Polland and Bill Moyers, <i>Landmark of the Spirit: The Eldridge Street Synagogue</i> (2008), p. 128</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#cite_ref-15" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beilis, Mendel. <i>Blood Libel: The Life and Memory of Mendel Beilis</i>, ed. Jay Beilis et al. (2011), p. 285</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#cite_ref-16" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beilis, Mendel. <i>Blood Libel: The Life and Memory of Mendel Beilis</i>, ed. Jay Beilis et al. (2011), p. 229</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#cite_ref-17" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lindemann, Albert S., “Beilis Case,” in <i>Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution</i>, ed. Richard S. Levy (2005), p. 63</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-moron-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#cite_ref-moron_18-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#cite_ref-moron_18-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"То есть изуверское убийство было совершено с ритуальной целью, но не Бейлисом, а кем-то другим. Кем?"<a class="external text" href="http://www.personal-plus.net/article.php?ida=453" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">ВБИВСТВО РОЗКРИТО. ВБИВЦЯ НЕ ВІДОМИЙ?</a>, Yaroslav Oros</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#cite_ref-19" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external free" href="http://www.edmundlevin.com/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;">http://www.edmundlevin.com/</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#cite_ref-20" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-v2Di_5ShGMC&pg=PA60&dq=%22the+black+107%22&hl=en&ei=HkQyTcTpFo_msQPD3IC_BQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22the%20black%20107%22&f=false" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"The Jew in American Cinema"</a>, Erens Patricia, Patricia Erens, p59-</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#cite_ref-21" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=EP19140617.2.26&e=-------10--1----0--" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>"...the trumped-up charges of ritual murder..."</i></a>, Evening Post, 17 June 1914, Page 3</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#cite_ref-22" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external free" href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0218142/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;">http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0218142/</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#cite_ref-23" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external free" href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0062977/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none; word-wrap: break-word;">http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0062977/</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-24" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#cite_ref-24" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0416877/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Scapegoat on Trial (2007)</a>, IMDB</span></li>
</ol>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20width%3D%225%22%20height%3D%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%222.5%22%20cy%3D%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0876681798" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 0-87668-179-8</a> <i>The Beilis Transcripts. The Anti-Semitic Trial that Shook the World.</i> by Ezekiel Leikin</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5734900168" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">ISBN 5-7349-0016-8</a> <i>The Beilis Case. Modern Research and Documents.</i></li>
</ul>
<img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Menakhem_Meyndl_Beilis_with_his_family._Russian_Empire%2C_1910-s.jpg" /><br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 1.8em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; overflow: visible; padding: 0px;">
Menahem Mendel Beilis</h1>
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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Beilis with his family</div>
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<b><br />Menahem Mendel Beilis (sometimes spelled Beiliss;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sam_1-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#cite_note-sam-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru" xml:lang="ru">Менахем Мендель Бейлис</span>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>: <span dir="rtl" lang="yi" xml:lang="yi">מנחם מענדל בייליס</span>; 1874 – 7 July 1934) was a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Jews" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Russian Jews">Russian Jew</a> accused of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Blood libel">ritual murder</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiev" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kiev">Kiev</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> in a </b><b style="line-height: 25.6px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel" style="background-image: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Blood libel">ritual murder</a></b><b> known as the "Beilis trial" or "Beilis affair". The process sparked international criticism of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a> policies of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. Beilis's story was the basis for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Malamud" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bernard Malamud">Bernard Malamud</a>'s novel <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fixer_(Malamud_novel)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The Fixer (Malamud novel)">The Fixer</a></i>, which won both the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a> and the </b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Book_Award" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="National Book Award"><b>National Book Award</b></a>.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Background">Background</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Menahem_Mendel_Beilis&action=edit&section=1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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Menahem Mendel Beilis was born into a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassidic" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hassidic">hassidic</a> family, but was indifferent to religion, and worked regularly on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Shabbat">Sabbath</a> and at least some of the<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Holiday" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jewish Holiday">Holidays</a>. In 1911 he was an ex-soldier and the father of five children, employed as a superintendent at the Zaitsev brick factory in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiev" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kiev">Kiev</a>.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Murder_of_Andrei_Yushchinsky">Murder of Andrei Yushchinsky</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Menahem_Mendel_Beilis&action=edit&section=2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Murder of Andrei Yushchinsky">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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On March 12, 1911 (under the old Russian calendar), the 13-year-old Ukrainian boy Andrei Yushchinsky disappeared on his way to school. Eight days later his mutilated body was discovered in a cave near the Zaitsev brick factory. Beilis was arrested on July 21, 1911, after a lamplighter testified that the boy had been kidnapped by a Jew. A report submitted to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tsar">Tsar</a> by the judiciary regarded Beilis as the murderer of Yushchinsky.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;">Beilis spent more than two years in prison awaiting trial. Meanwhile, an antisemitic campaign was launched in the Russian press against the Jewish community, with accusations of the ritual murder.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-align: start; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;"> Among those who wrote or spoke against false accusations of the Jews were </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxim_Gorky" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none;" title="Maxim Gorky">Maxim Gorky</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;">, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Korolenko" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none;" title="Vladimir Korolenko">Vladimir Korolenko</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;">, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Blok" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none;" title="Alexander Blok">Alexander Blok</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;">, </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kuprin" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none;" title="Alexander Kuprin">Alexander Kuprin</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;">, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Vernadsky" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none;" title="Vladimir Vernadsky">Vladimir Vernadsky</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;">, </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykhailo_Hrushevskyi" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none;" title="Mykhailo Hrushevskyi">Mykhailo Hrushevskyi</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;"> and </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none;" title="Pavel Milyukov">Pavel Milyukov</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;">.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-align: start; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20width%3D%225%22%20height%3D%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%222.5%22%20cy%3D%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A"); margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px;">
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;">When Beilis had been in prison for already more than a year, a delegation led by a military officer came to his cell. In what might have been a ploy to get Beilis to incriminate himself or other Jews, the officer informed Beilis that he would soon be freed due to a manifesto pardoning all </span><i style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katorga" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Katorga">katorzhniks</a></i><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;"> (convicts at hard labor) on the tercentenary jubilee of the reign of the</span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanov_dynasty" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none;" title="Romanov dynasty">Romanov dynasty</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;">. As related</span></div>
<dl style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em; text-align: start;"><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">“That manifesto,” said I, “will be for <i>katorzhniks</i>, not for me. I need no manifesto, I need a fair trial.”</dd><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">“If you will be ordered to be released, you’ll have to go.”</dd><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">“No – even if you open the doors of the prison, and threaten me with shooting, I shall not leave. I shall not go without a trial.”<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#cite_note-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[2]</a></sup></dd></dl>
<div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/1910s_antisemitic_flier_Andrei_Yushchinsky.jpg/220px-1910s_antisemitic_flier_Andrei_Yushchinsky.jpg" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;">During the pre-trial period in 1911–1912 the investigation was conducted by Nikolay Krasovsky (Николай Александрович Красовский), the foremost investigator of the</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;"> </span><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiev_Police_Department&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #a55858; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none;" title="Kiev Police Department (page does not exist)">Kiev Police Department</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;">. Krasovsky forsook any prospect of promotion and continued his investigation in spite of resistance and sabotage from the circles interested in railroading Beilis; he eventually refused to participate in the alleged falsification of the case and was fired.</span></div>
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Krasovsky continued his investigation privately, assisted by his former colleagues from the Kiev Police Department. They eventually were able to determine the actual killers of Yushchinsky, who were professional criminals: Rudzinsky, Singayevsky, Latyshev, and Vera Cheberyak, whose son Yevgeny was a friend of Yushchinsky's.</div>
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On 30–31 May 1912, reports were published in Kiev's newspapers. Immediately after this, Krasovsky was arrested on charges of official misuse committed in 1913 but acquitted by a court.</div>
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The Beilis trial took place in Kiev from September 25 through October 28, 1913. The prosecution was composed of the government's best lawyers. Professor Sikorsky of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiev_State_University" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kiev State University">Kiev State University</a> (father of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Sikorsky" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Igor Sikorsky">Igor Sikorsky</a>), a medical <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologist" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Psychologist">psychologist</a>, testified as an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert_witness" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Expert witness">expert witness</a> for the prosecution that i<span style="line-height: 22.4px;">Beilis had a strong alibi that resulted, ironically, from his habit of working on the Jewish Sabbath. Yushchinsky was abducted on a Saturday morning, and Beilis was then at work, as confirmed by his Gentile co-workers in trial testimony. Receipt slips for the shipment of bricks, signed by Beilis that morning, were produced in evidence. The prosecution was forced to argue that Beilis could have ducked out for a few minutes, kidnapped Yushchinsky, and then returned to work.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#cite_note-4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[4]</a></sup><span style="line-height: 22.4px;">n his opinion it was a case </span><span style="line-height: 22.4px;">of </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual_murder" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; line-height: 22.4px;" title="Ritual murder">ritual murder</a><span style="line-height: 22.4px;">.</span><span style="line-height: 22.4px;">Beilis had a strong alibi that resulted, ironically, from his habit of working on the Jewish Sabbath. Yushchinsky was abducted on a Saturday morning, and Beilis was then at work, as confirmed by his Gentile co-workers in trial testimony. Receipt slips for the shipment of bricks, signed by Beilis that morning, were produced in evidence. The prosecution was forced to argue that Beilis could have ducked out for a few minutes, kidnapped Yushchinsky, and then returned to work.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#cite_note-4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[4]</a></sup></div>
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One prosecution witness, presented as a religious expert in Judaic rituals, was a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Catholic">Catholic</a>priest, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinas_Pranaitis" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Justinas Pranaitis">Justinas Pranaitis</a> from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashkent" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>, well known for his <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitic" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Antisemitic">antisemitic</a> 1892 work <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud_Unmasked" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Talmud Unmasked">Talmud Unmasked</a></i>. Pranaitis testified that the murder of Yushchinsky was a religious ritual, associating the murder of Yushchinsky with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Blood libel">blood libel</a>, a legend believed by many Russians at the time. One police department official is quoted as saying:</div>
<dl style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em; text-align: start;"><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><i>The course of the trial will depend on how the ignorant jury will perceive arguments of priest Pranaitis, who is sure about the reality of ritual murders. I think, as a priest he is able to talk with peasants and to convince them. As a scientist, who defended a thesis about this question, he will give props to the court and prosecution, though nothing can be guessed in advance yet. I became acquainted with Pranaitis and am firmly convinced that he is the person who knows the problem, about which he will talk, in depth... Everything, then, will depend on which arguments priest Pranaitis will furnish, and he has them, and they're shattering for the Jewry.</i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tager_5-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#cite_note-tager-5" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[5]</a></sup></dd><div style="line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
Beilis was represented by the most able counsels of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Saint Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a>, and Kiev<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_association" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bar association">bars</a>: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Maklakov" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Vasily Maklakov">Vasily Maklakov</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Gruzenberg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Oscar Gruzenberg">Oscar Gruzenberg</a>, N. Karabchevsky, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Zarudny" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Alexander Zarudny">A. Zarudny</a>, and D. Grigorovitch-Barsky. Two prominent Russian professors, Troitsky and Kokovtzov, spoke on behalf of the defense in praise of Jewish values and exposed the falsehood of the accusations, while professor of <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiev_Theological_Seminary&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Kiev Theological Seminary (page does not exist)">Kiev Theological Seminary</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christian</a> philosopher<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Glagolev" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Alexander Glagolev">Alexander Glagolev</a> affirmed that "the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Law" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jewish Law">Law</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Moses">Moses</a> forbids spilling human blood and using any blood in general <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashrut" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kashrut">in food</a>." The well-known and respected Rabbi of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rabbi_Mazeh&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Rabbi Mazeh (page does not exist)">Rabbi Mazeh</a>, delivered a long, detailed speech quoting passages from the<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Torah">Torah</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> and many other books to conclusively debunk the testimony of the prosecution "experts".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-beilis_6-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#cite_note-beilis-6" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[6]</a></sup></div>
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The lamplighter, on whose testimony the indictment of Beilis rested, confessed that he had been confused by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okhrana" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Okhrana">secret police</a>.</div>
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Pranaitis' credibility rapidly evaporated when the defense demonstrated his ignorance of some simple Talmudic concepts and definitions, such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hullin" style="background: none; color: #0b0080;" title="Hullin">hullin</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sam_1-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#cite_note-sam-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></sup> to the point where "many in the audience occasionally laughed out loud when he clearly became confused and couldn't even intelligibly answer some of the questions asked by my lawyer."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-beilis_6-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#cite_note-beilis-6" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[6]</a></sup> A Tsarist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_police" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Secret police">secret police</a>agent is quoted, reporting on Pranaitis' testimony, as saying:</div>
<dl style="line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><i>Cross-examination of Pranaitis has weakened evidentiary value of his expert opinion, exposing lack of knowledge of texts, insufficient knowledge of Jewish literature. Because of amateurish knowledge and lack of resourcefulness, Pranaitis' expert opinion is of very low value. Professors Troitskij and Kokovtsev, who were interrogated today, gave conclusions which are exceptionally positive for the defence, praising doctrines of the Jewish religion, and not accepting even a possibility of a religious murder by Jews ... Vipper thinks that acquittal is possible.</i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tager_5-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#cite_note-tager-5" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[5]</a></sup></dd></dl>
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The prosecution's case was further undermined after it had spent a great deal of effort to link the 13 wounds which Professor Sikorsky had discovered on a part of the murdered boy's body with the importance of the number <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thirteen">thirteen</a> in "Jewish ritual," only to have it revealed later that there were actually 14 wounds on that part of the body.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-beilis_6-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#cite_note-beilis-6" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[6]</a></sup></div>
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The chief prosecutor A.I. Vipper made supposedly antisemitic statements in his closing address. There are conflicting accounts of the twelve Christian <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juror" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Juror">jurors</a>: seven were members of the notorious <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_the_Russian_People" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Union of the Russian People">Union of the Russian People</a>, also known as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hundreds" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Black Hundreds">Black Hundreds</a>. There was no single representative of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligentsia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a> in the jury. However, after deliberating for several hours, the jury acquitted Beilis.</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="After_the_trial">After the trial</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Menahem_Mendel_Beilis&action=edit&section=4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: After the trial">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Freeing_of_Mendel_Beilis,_Yiddish_Penny_Song_from_1913.jpeg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="932" data-file-width="1140" height="180" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/95/The_Freeing_of_Mendel_Beilis%2C_Yiddish_Penny_Song_from_1913.jpeg/220px-The_Freeing_of_Mendel_Beilis%2C_Yiddish_Penny_Song_from_1913.jpeg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/95/The_Freeing_of_Mendel_Beilis%2C_Yiddish_Penny_Song_from_1913.jpeg/330px-The_Freeing_of_Mendel_Beilis%2C_Yiddish_Penny_Song_from_1913.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/95/The_Freeing_of_Mendel_Beilis%2C_Yiddish_Penny_Song_from_1913.jpeg/440px-The_Freeing_of_Mendel_Beilis%2C_Yiddish_Penny_Song_from_1913.jpeg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: none; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;">
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<a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Freeing_of_Mendel_Beilis,_Yiddish_Penny_Song_from_1913.jpeg" style="-webkit-user-select: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%2011%2015%22%20width%3D%2215%22%20height%3D%2211%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3Cg%20id%3D%22magnify-clip%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%23000%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cpath%20id%3D%22bigbox%22%20d%3D%22M1.509%201.865h10.99v7.919h-10.99z%22%2F%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cpath%20id%3D%22smallbox%22%20d%3D%22M-1.499%206.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22%2F%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A"); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 15px; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Title page of 1913 song "The Freeing of Mendel Beilis"</div>
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The Beilis trial was followed worldwide and the antisemitic policies of the Russian Empire were severely criticized. The Arabic newspaper <i>Filastin</i> published in Jaffa dealt with this trial in several articles.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#cite_note-7" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[7]</a></sup> The Beilis case was compared with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Frank" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Leo Frank">Leo Frank case</a> in which an American Jew, manager of a pencil factory in <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Atlanta, Georgia">Atlanta, Georgia</a>, was convicted of raping and murdering 13-year-old Mary Phagan, though the actual murderer is now suspected to be James Conley. Leo Frank was lynched after his sentence was commuted to life imprisonment.</div>
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After his acquittal, Beilis became an enormous hero and celebrity. One indication of the extent of his fame: "Anyone wanting to see the major stars of New York’s Yiddish stage on Thanksgiving weekend in 1913 had three choices: <i>Mendel Beilis</i> at Jacob Adler’s Dewey Theater, <i>Mendel Beilis</i> at Boris Thomashefsky’s National Theater, or<i>Mendel Beilis</i> at David Kessler’s Second Avenue Theater.”<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#cite_note-8" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[8]</a></sup></div>
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Due to his great fame and the adulation he received, Beilis could have become wealthy through commercial appearances and the like. Spurning all such offers,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#cite_note-9" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[9]</a></sup> he and his family left Russia for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_(region)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>, then a province of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.</div>
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Beilis had difficulty making ends meet in Palestine, but for years he resisted leaving. When friends and well-wishers pleaded with him to go to America, he would respond: “Before, in Russia, when the word ‘Palestine’ conjured up a waste and barren land, even then I chose to come here in preference to other countries. How much more, then, would I insist on staying here, after I have come to love the land!”<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#cite_note-10" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[10]</a></sup></div>
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Finally, however, Beilis’s financial situation became too desperate. In 1921 he settled in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United States">United States</a> where in 1925 he self-published an account of his experiences, <i>The Story of My Sufferings</i>. Originally published in Yiddish (1925 and 1931 editions), the book was later translated into Englis</div>
<span style="line-height: 22.4px;">Beilis died unexpectedly at a hotel in </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saratoga_Springs" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Saratoga Springs">Saratoga Springs</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#cite_note-11" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[11]</a></sup><span style="line-height: 22.4px;"> on July 7, 1934 and was buried two days later at the </span><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Carmel_Cemetery,_Glendale&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #a55858; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Mount Carmel Cemetery, Glendale (page does not exist)">Mount Carmel Cemetery, Glendale</a><span style="line-height: 22.4px;">, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Queens">Queens</a><span style="line-height: 22.4px;">. Leo Frank and </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sholem_Aleichem" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Sholem Aleichem">Sholem Aleichem</a><span style="line-height: 22.4px;"> are also buried there.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#cite_note-12" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[12]</a></sup><span style="line-height: 22.4px;"> Though Beilis’s fame had faded since the trial in 1913, it returned briefly at his death. His funeral was attended by over 4,000 people. The </span><i style="line-height: 22.4px;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i><span style="line-height: 22.4px;"> noted that Beilis’s fellow Jews “always believed that his conduct [in resisting all pressure to implicate himself or other Jews] saved his countrymen from a pogrom.”</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#cite_note-13" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[13]</a></sup><span style="line-height: 22.4px;"> A history of the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldridge_Street_Synagogue" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Eldridge Street Synagogue">Eldridge Street Synagogue</a><span style="line-height: 22.4px;">, where Beilis’s funeral was held, describes the scene at his funeral as follows: “The crowd could not be contained in the sanctuary. As many as a dozen policemen failed to establish order in the streets.”</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#cite_note-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[14]</a></sup><div style="line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
h (1926, 1992, and 2011 editions), and also Russian.</div>
<span style="line-height: 22.4px;">Around six months before his death, Beilis was interviewed by the English-language </span><i style="line-height: 22.4px;"><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jewish_Daily_Bulletin&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Jewish Daily Bulletin (page does not exist)">Jewish Daily Bulletin</a></i><span style="line-height: 22.4px;">. Asked for “one outstanding impression” of the trial in Kiev, he paid a final tribute to the Russian Gentiles who had helped him to escape the blood libel, such as the detective Krasovsky and the journalist Brazul-Brushkovsky: “There was real heroism, real sacrifice. They knew that by defending me their careers would be ruined, even their very lives would not be safe. But they persisted because they knew I was innocent.”</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#cite_note-15" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[15]</a></sup></dl>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Controversy_over_depiction_in_The_Fixer">Controversy over depiction in <i>The Fixer</i></span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Menahem_Mendel_Beilis&action=edit&section=5" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Controversy over depiction in The Fixer">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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While Bernard Malamud’s novel <i>The Fixer</i> is based on the life of Mendel Beilis, Malamud transformed Beilis’s character, and that of his wife, in ways that Beilis’s descendants found degrading. The actual Mendel Beilis was “a dignified, respectful, well-liked, fairly religious family man with a faithful wife, Esther, and five children.” Malamud’s protagonist Yakov Bok is “an angry, foul-mouthed, cuckolded, friendless, childless blasphemer.”<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#cite_note-16" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[16]</a></sup></div>
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When <i>The Fixer</i> was first published, Beilis’s son David Beilis wrote to Malamud, complaining both that Malamud had plagiarized from Beilis’s memoir and that Malamud had debased the memories of Beilis and his wife through the characters of Yakov Bok and Bok’s wife Raisl. Malamud wrote back, attempting to reassure David Beilis that <i>The Fixer</i> “makes no attempt to portray Mendel Beilis or his wife. Yakov and Raisl Bok, I am sure you will agree, in no way resemble your parents.”</div>
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Nevertheless, <i>The Fixer</i> has caused two kinds of confusion about Mendel Beilis. Some have credited Malamud for inventing aspects of the story that he took from Beilis’s memoir; others have confused Beilis’s character with that of Malamud’s character Yakov Bok. As the historian Albert Lindemann lamented, “By the late twentieth century, memory of the Beilis case came to be inextricably fused (and confused) with... <i>The Fixer</i>.”<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#cite_note-17" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[17]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="In_film_and_Literature">In film and Literature</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Menahem_Mendel_Beilis&action=edit&section=7" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: In film and Literature">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20width%3D%225%22%20height%3D%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%222.5%22%20cy%3D%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px; text-align: start;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Edmund Levin - "A CHILD OF CHRISTIAN BLOOD" Schoken Books 2014<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#cite_note-19" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[19]</a></sup></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>The Black 107</i>, 1913 film<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#cite_note-20" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[20]</a></sup></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>The Mystery of the Mendel Beilis Case</i>, 1914<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#cite_note-21" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[21]</a></sup></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Delo Beilisa</i> (aka <i>The Beilis Case</i>), 1917 film by <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Soiffer&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Joseph Soiffer (page does not exist)">Joseph Soiffer</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#cite_note-22" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[22]</a></sup></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fixer_(novel)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The Fixer (novel)">The Fixer</a></i>, Malamud's 1966 novel, winner of the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Award</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fixer_(1968_film)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The Fixer (1968 film)">The Fixer</a></i>, 1968 film after the novel,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#cite_note-23" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[23]</a></sup></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Scapegoat on Trial</i>, 2007, Joshua Waletzky<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis#cite_note-24" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[24]</a></sup></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">"Blood Libel in Late Imperial Russia: The Ritual Murder Trial of Mendel Beilis", 2013, Robert Weinberg</li>
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Edward Yablonskyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10013345997672210570noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6671724644852957271.post-56650330719291897332016-12-11T20:31:00.000-08:002016-12-12T20:35:10.735-08:00The fixer<i style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><b>The Fixer</b></i><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> is a </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_in_film" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="1968 in film">1968</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Cinema of the United Kingdom">British</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_film" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Drama film">drama film</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> based on the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_in_literature" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="1966 in literature">1966</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> semi-biographical</span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fixer_(Malamud_novel)" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="The Fixer (Malamud novel)">novel of the same name</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">, written by </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Malamud" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Bernard Malamud">Bernard Malamud</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">. It was directed by </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Frankenheimer" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="John Frankenheimer">John Frankenheimer</a><br />
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Spinoza.27s_quotation" style="font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;">Spinoza'</span></h2>
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<span class="mw-headline" style="font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3;"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><br />The film includes the quotation of a sentence by</span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">:</span>s quotation</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Fixer_(1968_film)&action=edit&section=4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Spinoza's quotation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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<i style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: inherit;">All these questions fall within a man's natural right which he cannot abdicate even with his own consent.</i><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: inherit;">:</span><i style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: inherit;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractatus_Theologico-Politicus" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Tractatus Theologico-Politicus"><span style="color: blue;">Tractatus_Theologico-Politicus</span></a></i><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: inherit;">, chapter XX.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fixer_(1968_film)#cite_note-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></sup><u><span style="color: #4c1130;"><b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">lood libel</b><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> (also </span><b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">b</b><span class="mw-headline" id="Views_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="line-height: 1.3;">Views of the Catholic Church</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood_libel&action=edit&section=9" style="background: none;" title="Edit section: Views of the Catholic Church">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></span></u></h2>
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<b><u><span style="color: #4c1130;">The attitude of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church" style="background: none;" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> towards these accusations and the cults venerating children supposedly killed by Jews has varied over time. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope" style="background: none;" title="Pope">Papacy</a> generally opposed them, although it had problems in enforcing its opposition.</span></u></b></div>
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<b><u><span style="color: #4c1130;">In 1911, the <i><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dictionnaire_apolog%C3%A9tique_de_la_foi_catholique&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none;" title="Dictionnaire apologétique de la foi catholique (page does not exist)">Dictionnaire apologétique de la foi catholique</a></i>, an important French Catholic encyclopedia, published an analysis of the blood libel accusations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-72" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel#cite_note-72" style="background: none;">[72]</a></sup> This may be taken as being broadly representative of educated Catholic opinion in continental Europe at that time. The article noted that the popes had generally refrained from endorsing the blood libel, and it concluded that the accusations were unproven in a general sense, but it left open the possibility that some Jews had committed ritual murders of Christians. Other contemporary Catholic sources (notably the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" style="background: none;" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> periodical <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Civilt%C3%A0_Cattolica" style="background: none;" title="La Civiltà Cattolica">La Civiltà Cattolica</a></i>) promoted the blood libel as truth.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-73" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel#cite_note-73" style="background: none;">[73]</a></sup></span></u></b></div>
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<b><u><span style="color: #4c1130;">Today, the accusations are almost entirely discredited in Catholic circles, and the cults associated with them have fallen into disfavour. For example, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_of_Trent" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;" title="Simon of Trent">Simon of Trent</a> was deleted from the Calendar of Saints in 1965 and does not appear in the current (2000) edition of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Martyrology" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;" title="Roman Martyrology">Roman Martyrology</a>.</span></u></b></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Papal_pronouncements">Papal pronouncements</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood_libel&action=edit&section=10" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Papal pronouncements">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20width%3D%225%22%20height%3D%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%222.5%22%20cy%3D%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IV" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pope Innocent IV">Pope Innocent IV</a> took action against the blood libel: "5 July 1247 "Mandate to the prelates of Germany and France to annul all measures adopted against the Jews on account of the ritual murder libel, and to prevent accusation of Arabs on similar charges" (The Apostolic See and the Jews, Documents: 492–1404; Simonsohn, Shlomo, pp. 188–189, 193–195, 208). In 1247, he wrote also that "Certain of the clergy, and princes, nobles and great lords of your cities and dioceses have falsely devised certain godless plans against the Jews, unjustly depriving them by force of their property, and appropriating it themselves;... they falsely charge them with dividing up among themselves on the Passover the heart of a murdered boy...In their malice, they ascribe every murder, wherever it chance to occur, to the Jews. And on the ground of these and other fabrications, they are filled with rage against them, rob them of their possessions without any formal accusation, without confession, and without legal trial and conviction, contrary to the privileges granted to them by the Apostolic See... Since it is our pleasure that they shall not be disturbed,... we ordain that ye behave towards them in a friendly and kind manner. Whenever any unjust attacks upon them come under your notice, redress their injuries, and do not suffer them to be visited in the future by similar tribulations" (<i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i> (1910), Vol. 8, pp. 393–394).<a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08017a.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_X" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pope Gregory X">Pope Gregory X</a> (1271–1276) issued a letter which criticized the practice of blood libels and forbade arrests and persecution of Jews based on a blood libel, <i>... unless which we do not believe they be caught in the commission of the crime.</i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-gregx_74-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel#cite_note-gregx-74" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[74]</a></sup></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pope Paul III">Pope Paul III</a>, in a bull of 12 May 1540, made clear his displeasure at having learned, through the complaints of the Jews of Hungary, Bohemia and Poland, that their enemies, looking for a pretext to lay their hands on the Jews' property, were falsely attributing terrible crimes to them, in particular that of killing children and drinking their blood.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Pius_V" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="St. Pius V">St. Pius V</a> in the bull <i>Hebraeorum gens sola</i> (26 February 1569), by which he expelled Jews from all the cities of the<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> except Rome and Ancona,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-75" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel#cite_note-75" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[75]</a></sup> made multiple accusations of wrong-doing against the Jews, including usury, theft, receiving stolen goods, pimping, divination and magic. He did not mention the blood libel.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a> wrote the bull <i>Beatus Andreas</i> (22 February 1755) in response to an application for the formal<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonization" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Canonization">canonization</a> of the 15th-century <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Oxner" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Andreas Oxner">Andreas Oxner</a>, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_saint" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Folk saint">folk saint</a> alleged to have been murdered by Jews "out of hatred for the Christian faith". Benedict did not dispute the factual claim that Jews murdered Christian children, and in anticipating that further cases on this basis would be brought appears to have accepted it as accurate, but decreed that in such cases beatification or canonization would be inappropriate.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-76" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel#cite_note-76" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[76]</a></sup></li>
</ul>
<ul style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20width%3D%225%22%20height%3D%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%222.5%22%20cy%3D%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><span style="color: #073763;">In 1928, the Jews of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massena_(village),_New_York" style="background: none;" title="Massena (village), New York">Massena</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, were falsely accused of kidnapping and killing a Christian girl in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massena_blood_libel" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Massena blood libel">Massena blood libel</a>.</span></b></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><span style="color: #073763;">Jews were frequently accused of the ritual murder of Christians for their blood in<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_St%C3%BCrmer" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Der Stürmer">Der Stürmer</a></i>, an antisemitic newspaper published in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. The infamous May 1934 issue of the paper was later banned by the Nazi authorities, because it went so far as to compare alleged Jewish ritual murder with the Christian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rite" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Rite">rite</a> of<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharist" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Eucharist">communion</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel#cite_note-41" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;">[41]</a></sup></span></b></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><span style="color: #073763;">In 1938 the British fascist politician and veterinarian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Leese" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Arnold Leese">Arnold Leese</a> published an antisemitic booklet in defense of the Blood Libel titled <a class="external text" href="http://www.jrbooksonline.com/HTML-docs/Jewish_Ritual_Murder.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>My Irrelevant Defense: Meditations inside Gaol and Out on Jewish Ritual Murder</i></a>.</span></b></li>
<ul>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><span style="color: #073763;">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Jewish_violence_in_Poland,_1944%E2%80%9346#Number_of_victims" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Anti-Jewish violence in Poland, 1944–46">1944-1946 Anti-Jewish violence in Poland</a>, which by some estimates killed as many as 1000–2000 Jews (237 documented cases)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel#cite_note-42" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;">[42]</a></sup>), involved, among other elements, accusations of blood libel, especially in the case of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kielce_pogrom" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; text-decoration: none;" title="Kielce pogrom">1946 Kielce pogrom</a>.</span></b></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><span style="color: blue;"><u>I</u></span></span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">n 2003, a private Syrian film company created a 29-part television series </span><i style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash-Shatat" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ash-Shatat">Ash-Shatat</a></i><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> ("The Diaspora"). This series originally aired in Lebanon in late 2003 and was broadcast by </span><i style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Manar" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Al-Manar">Al-Manar</a></i><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">, a satellite television network owned by</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">. </span><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">This TV series, based on the antisemitic forgery </span><i style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion</i><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">, shows the Jewish people as engaging in a conspiracy to rule the world, and presents Jews as people who murder the children of Christians, drain their blood and use this blood to bake </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matzah" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Matzah">matzah</a><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><u style="line-height: 1.3;"><b style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">accus</b></u></span></h2>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20width%3D%225%22%20height%3D%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%222.5%22%20cy%3D%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">In 2008, a Polish team of anthropologists and sociologists investigated the currency of the blood libel myth in<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandomierz" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sandomierz">Sandomierz</a> where a painting depicting the blood libel adorns the Cathedral, and they discovered that these beliefs persist among Catholic and Orthodox Christians of all social classes.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-53" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel#cite_note-53" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[53]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-54" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel#cite_note-54" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[54]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-55" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel#cite_note-55" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[55]</a></sup></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">In an address that aired on <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Aqsa_TV" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Al-Aqsa TV">Al-Aqsa TV</a></i>, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> run TV station in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_City" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a>, on March 31, 2010, Salah Eldeen Sultan (Arabic: صلاح الدين سلطان), founder of the American Center for Islamic Research in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus, Ohio</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_American_University" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Islamic American University">Islamic American University</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southfield,_Michigan" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Southfield, Michigan">Southfield, Michigan</a>, and the Sultan Publishing Co.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-56" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel#cite_note-56" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[56]</a></sup> and described in 2005 as "one of America's most noted Muslim scholars," alleged that Jews kidnap Christians and others in order to slaughter them and use their blood for making matzos. Sultan, who is currently a lecturer of Muslim jurisprudence at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_University" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cairo University">Cairo University</a> stated that: <i>"The Zionists kidnap several non-Muslims [</i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sic">sic</a><i>] – Christians and others... this happened in a Jewish neighborhood in Damascus. They killed the French doctor, Toma, who used to treat the Jews and others for free, in order to spread Christianity. Even though he was their friend and they benefited from him the most, they took him on one of these holidays and slaughtered him, along with the nurse. Then they kneaded the matzos with the blood of Dr. Toma and his nurse. They do this every year. The world must know these facts about the Zionist entity and its terrible corrupt creed. The world should know this."</i> (Translation by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_Media_Research_Institute" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Middle East Media Research Institute">Middle East Media Research Institute</a>)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-57" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel#cite_note-57" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[57]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-58" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel#cite_note-58" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[58]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-59" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel#cite_note-59" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[59]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-60" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel#cite_note-60" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[60]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-61" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel#cite_note-61" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[61]</a></sup></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">During an interview which aired on <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotana_(television)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rotana (television)">Rotana Khalijiya TV</a></i> on August 13, 2012, Saudi Cleric Salman Al-Odeh stated (as translated by <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEMRI" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="MEMRI">MEMRI</a>) that "It is well known that the Jews celebrate several holidays, one of which is the Passover, or the Matzos Holiday. I read once about a doctor who was working in a laboratory. This doctor lived with a Jewish family. One day, they said to him: 'We want blood. Get us some human blood.' He was confused. He didn't know what this was all about. Of course, he couldn't betray his work ethics in such a way, but he began inquiring, and he found that they were making matzos with human blood." Al-Odeh also stated that "[Jews] eat it, believing that this brings them close to their false god, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahweh" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>" and that "They would lure a child in order to sacrifice him in the religious rite that they perform during that holiday."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-62" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel#cite_note-62" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[62]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-63" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel#cite_note-63" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[63]</a></sup></li>
<ul>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">In April 2013, the Palestinian non-profit organization MIFTAH, founded by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanan_Ashrawi" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hanan Ashrawi">Hanan Ashrawi</a> apologized for publishing an article which criticized US President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> for holding a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passover_Seder" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Passover Seder">Passover Seder</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="White House">White House</a> by saying "Does Obama in fact know the relationship, for example, between ‘Passover’ and ‘Christian blood’...?! Or ‘Passover’ and ‘Jewish blood rituals?!’ Much of the chatter and gossip about historical Jewish blood rituals in Europe is real and not fake as they claim; the Jews used the blood of Christians in the Jewish Passover." MIFTAH's apology expressed its "sincerest regret."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-64" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel#cite_note-64" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[64]</a></sup></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<ul style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20width%3D%225%22%20height%3D%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%222.5%22%20cy%3D%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><ul><ul><ul>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><u><span style="color: blue;">In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiev" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;" title="Kiev">Kiev</a>, a Jewish factory manager, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;" title="Menahem Mendel Beilis">Menahem Mendel Beilis</a>, was accused of murdering <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Yushchinsky" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;" title="Andrei Yushchinsky">Andrei Yushchinsky</a>, a Christian child, and using his blood in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matzo" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;" title="Matzo">matzos</a>. He was acquitted by an all-Christian jury after a sensational trial in 1913.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-malamud_40-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel#cite_note-malamud-40" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">[40]</a></sup></span></u></b></li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<b style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">ation</b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">)</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-JewishEncyclopedia_1-0" style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel#cite_note-JewishEncyclopedia-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-dundes_2-0" style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel#cite_note-dundes-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[2]</a></sup><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> is an accusation</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Turvey2008p3_3-0" style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel#cite_note-Turvey2008p3-3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Chanes2004pp34-35_4-0" style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel#cite_note-Chanes2004pp34-35-4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Goldish2008p8_5-0" style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel#cite_note-Goldish2008p8-5" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[5]</a></sup><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> that </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Jew">Jews</a><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">kidnapped and murdered the children of Christians in order to use their </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_blood" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Human blood">blood</a><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">as part of their </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_ritual" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Religious ritual">religious rituals</a><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> during </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_holiday" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Jewish holiday">Jewish holidays</a><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-JewishEncyclopedia_1-1" style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel#cite_note-JewishEncyclopedia-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-dundes_2-1" style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel#cite_note-dundes-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-zeitlin_6-0" style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel#cite_note-zeitlin-6" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[6]</a></sup><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> Historically, these claims – alongside those of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well_poisoning" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Well poisoning">well poisoning</a><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> and </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_desecration" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Host desecration">host desecration</a><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> – have been a major theme of the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="History of the Jews in Europe">persecution of Jews in Europe</a><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Chanes2004pp34-35_4-1" style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel#cite_note-Chanes2004pp34-35-4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[4]</a></sup></h2>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">Blood libels typically say that Jews require human blood for the baking of</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matzo" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Matzo">matzos</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> for </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passover" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Passover">Passover</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">, although this element was allegedly absent in the earliest cases which claimed that (contemporary) Jews reenacted the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">crucifixion</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">. The accusations often assert that the blood of the children of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Christian">Christians</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> is especially coveted, and, historically, blood libel claims have been made in order to account for the otherwise unexplained deaths of children. In some cases, the alleged victim of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_sacrifice" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Human sacrifice">human sacrifice</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> has become venerated as a </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_martyr" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Christian martyr">martyr</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">, a holy figure around whom a martyr cult might arise. Three of these – </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Norwich" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="William of Norwich">William of Norwich</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Saint_Hugh_of_Lincoln" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln">Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">, and </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_of_Trent" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Simon of Trent">Simon of Trent</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> – became objects of local cults and veneration, and in some cases they were added to the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="General Roman Calendar">General Roman Calendar</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">. One,</span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavriil_Belostoksky" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Gavriil Belostoksky">Gavriil Belostoksky</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">, was canonized by the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">.</span><br />
<h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-weight: normal; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "linux libertine" , "georgia" , "times" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 31.2px;">I</span></span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">n Jewish lore, blood libels were the impetus for the creation of the</span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golem#The_classic_narrative:_The_Golem_of_Prague" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Golem">Golem of Prague</a><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">by Rabbi</span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_Loew_ben_Bezalel" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Judah Loew ben Bezalel">Judah Loew ben Bezalel</a><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">in the 16th century.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel#cite_note-7" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[7]</a></sup><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">According to</span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">:</span></h2>
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Altogether, there have been about 150 recorded cases of blood libel (not to mention thousands of rumors) that resulted in the arrest and killing of Jews throughout history, most of them in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. In almost every case, Jews were murdered, sometimes by a mob, sometimes following torture and a trial.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel#cite_note-8" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[8]</a></sup></div>
</blockquote>
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The term 'blood libel' can also refer to any unpleasant and damaging false accusation, and has taken on a broader metaphorical meaning. However, this usage remains controversial and has been protested by Jewish groups.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel#cite_note-9" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[9]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel#cite_note-10" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[10]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel#cite_note-11" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[11]</a></sup></div>
<b><u><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">I </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">t is the story of a </span></span></u></b><br />
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<span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood_libel&action=edit&section=2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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The earliest versions of the accusation involved Jews crucifying Christian children at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Easter">Easter</a>/<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passover" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Passover">Passover</a> because of a prophecy. There is no reference to the use of blood in unleavened matzo bread, which evolves later as a major motivation for the crime.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel#cite_note-14" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[14]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Possible_precursors">Possible precursors</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood_libel&action=edit&section=3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Possible precursors">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">Though otherwise very different from the medieval myth, there are two records of ancient stories about Jewish acts of sacrifice that have been linked to the later blood libel stories of the medieval era. The first is in the writings of the Graeco-Egyptian author</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apion" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Apion">Apion</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">, who claimed that Jews sacrificed Greek victims in</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Temple" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Second Temple">their temple</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">. This accusation is known from</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Josephus">Josephus</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">' rebuttal of it in</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><i style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Against_Apion" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Against Apion">Against Apion</a></i><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">. Apion states that when</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus Epiphanes</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">entered the temple in Jerusalem, he discovered a Greek captive who told him he was being fattened for sacrifice. Every year, Apion claimed, the Jews would sacrifice a Greek and consume his flesh, at the same time swearing eternal hatred to Greeks.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel#cite_note-15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[15]</a></sup><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">Apion's claim probably repeats ideas already in circulation as similar claims are made by</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posidonius" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Posidonius">Posidonius</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">and</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonius_Molon" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Apollonius Molon">Apollonius Molon</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">in the 1st century BC.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Feldmanp1996p293_16-0" style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel#cite_note-Feldmanp1996p293-16" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[16]</a></sup><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">The second story concerns the murder of a Christian boy by a group of Jewish youths.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates_Scholasticus" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Socrates Scholasticus">Socrates Scholasticus</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">(fl. 5th Century) reported that some Jews in a drunken frolic bound a Christian child on a cross in mockery of the death of Christ and scourged him until he died.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel#cite_note-17" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; font-size: 11.2px; text-decoration: none;">[</a><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><b>A</b></span></sup><b><u><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">man named </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">Yakov Bok, a</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;" title="Jew">Jew</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">living in the</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">, who was unjustly imprisoned based on prejudice and the</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel_against_Jews" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;" title="Blood libel against Jews">blood libel</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">. It was based on the incidents of the</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beilis_Trial" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;" title="Beilis Trial">Beilis Trial</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">in 1913, in which</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;" title="Menahem Mendel Beilis">Menahem Mendel Beilis</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">was wrongly accused of having murdered a</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainians" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainian</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">boy named</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Yushchinsky" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;" title="Andrei Yushchinsky">Andrei Yushchinsky</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">, with blood libel being presented as the alleged motivation.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">ars </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Bates" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;" title="Alan Bates">Alan Bates</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">. </span></span></u></b><br />
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">Professor Israel Jacob Yuval of the</span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_University" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Hebrew University">Hebrew University</a><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">of Jerusalem published an article in 1993 that argues that blood libel may have originated in the 12th century from Christian views of Jewish behavior during the</span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Crusade" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">. Some Jews committed suicide and killed their own children rather than be subjected to forced conversions. Yuval investigated Christian reports of these events and found that they were greatly distorted with claims that if Jews could kill their own children they could also kill the children of Christians. Yuval rejects the blood libel story as a fantasy of some Christians which could not contain any elements of truth because of the precarious nature of the Jewish minority's existence in Christian Europe.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel#cite_note-18" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[18]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_19-0" style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel#cite_note-ReferenceA-19" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[19]</a></sup></h2>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Origins_in_England">Origins in England</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood_libel&action=edit&section=4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Origins in England">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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Main articles: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Norwich" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="William of Norwich">William of Norwich</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_of_Oberwesel" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Werner of Oberwesel">Werner of Oberwesel</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Saint_Hugh_of_Lincoln" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln">Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Oxner" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Andreas Oxner">Andreas Oxner</a></div>
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The crucifixion of William of Norwich depicted on a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rood_screen" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rood screen">rood screen</a> in Holy Trinity church, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loddon,_Norfolk" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Loddon, Norfolk">Loddon, Norfolk</a></div>
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In England in 1144, Jews of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Norwich">Norwich</a> were accused of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_sacrifice" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Human sacrifice">ritual murder</a> after a boy,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Norwich" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="William of Norwich">William of Norwich</a>, was found dead with stab wounds in the woods. William's hagiographer, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_of_Monmouth" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thomas of Monmouth">Thomas of Monmouth</a>, claimed that every year there is an international council of Jews at which they choose the country in which a child will be killed during Easter, because, he claimed, of a Jewish prophecy that states that the killing of a Christian child each year will ensure that the Jews will be restored to the Holy Land. In 1144, England was chosen, and the leaders of the Jewish community delegated the Jews of Norwich to perform the killing. They then abducted and crucified William.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-soc_20-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel#cite_note-soc-20" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[20]</a></sup> The legend was turned into a cult, with William acquiring the status of a martyr and pilgrims bringing offerings to the local church.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel#cite_note-21" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[21]</a></sup></div>
<span style="color: #252525; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22.4px;">This was followed by similar accusations in </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_of_Gloucester" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Harold of Gloucester">Gloucester (1168)</a><span style="color: #252525; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22.4px;">, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_of_Bury" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Robert of Bury">Bury St Edmunds (1181)</a><span style="color: #252525; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22.4px;"> and Bristol (1183). In 1189, the Jewish deputation attending the coronation of</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Richard I of England">Richard the Lionheart</a><span style="color: #252525; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22.4px;"> was attacked by the crowd. </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_England#Massacres_at_London_and_York_.281189.E2.80.9390.29" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="History of the Jews in England">Massacres of Jews at London and York</a><span style="color: #252525; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22.4px;"> soon followed. In 1190 on March 16, 150 Jews were attacked in York and then massacred when they took refuge in the royal castle, where Clifford's Tower now stands, with some committing suicide rather than being taken by the mob.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="color: #252525; font-size: 11.2px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel#cite_note-22" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[22]</a></sup><span style="color: #252525; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22.4px;"> The remains of 17 bodies thrown in a well in Norwich between the 12th and 13th century (five that were shown by DNA testing to likely be members of a single Jewish family) were very possibly killed as part of one of these pogroms.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23" style="color: #252525; font-size: 11.2px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel#cite_note-23" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[23]</a></sup></h3>
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">After the death of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Saint_Hugh_of_Lincoln" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln">Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln</a><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">, there were a series of trials and executions of Jews.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24" style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel#cite_note-24" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[24]</a></sup><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> The case is mentioned by </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaucer" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;" title="Chaucer">Chaucer</a><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">, and thus has become well-known. The eight-year-old Hugh disappeared at </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln,_Lincolnshire" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Lincoln, Lincolnshire">Lincoln</a><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> on 31 July 1255. His body was discovered on 29 August, covered with filth, in a pit or well belonging to a Jewish man named Copin or Koppin. On being promised by John of Lexington, a judge, who happened to be present, that his life should be spared, Copin is said to have confessed that the boy had been crucified by the Jews, who had assembled at Lincoln for that purpose. </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Henry III of England">King Henry III</a><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">, on reaching Lincoln at the beginning of October, refused to carry out the promise of John of Lexington, and had Copin executed and 91 of the Jews of Lincoln seized and sent up to London, where 18 of them were executed. The rest were pardoned at the intercession of the Franciscans (Jacobs, </span><i style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">Jewish Ideals</i><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">, pp. 192–224). Within a few decades, Jews would be</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Expulsion" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Edict of Expulsion">expelled from all of England</a><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> in 1290 and not allowed to return until 1657.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_19-0" style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"></sup></h2>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Continental_Europe">Continental Europe</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood_libel&action=edit&section=5" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Continental Europe">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_of_Trent" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Simon of Trent">Simon of Trent</a> blood libel. Illustration in Hartmann Schedel's Weltchronik, 1493</div>
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The first known case outside England was in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blois" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Blois">Blois</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="France">France</a>, in 1171. This was the site of a blood libel accusation against the town's entire Jewish community that led to around 31 Jews<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:0_25-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel#cite_note-:0-25" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[25]</a></sup> being burned to death.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel#cite_note-26" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[26]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-trachtenberg_27-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel#cite_note-trachtenberg-27" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[27]</a></sup> The blood libel revolved around Isaac bar Eleazar, a Jewish resident of Blois, who was accused by a Christian servant of throwing a child into a watering hole. The child's body was never found, and all the Jews who lived in Blois were killed for the alleged ritual murder.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:0_25-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel#cite_note-:0-25" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[25]</a></sup>Thomas of Monmouth's story of the annual Jewish meeting to decide which local community would kill a Christian child also quickly spread to the continent. An early version appears in <i>Bonum Universale de Apibus</i> ii. 29, § 23, by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_of_Cantimpr%C3%A9" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thomas of Cantimpré">Thomas of Cantimpré</a> (a monastery near Cambray). Thomas wrote "It is quite certain that the Jews of every province annually decide by lot which congregation or city is to send Christian blood to the other congregations." Thomas of Cantimpré also believed that since the time when the Jews called out to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a>, "His blood be on us, and on our children" (<a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/bibleversefinder2/?book=Matthew&verse=27:25&src=NIV" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Matthew 27:25</a>), they have been afflicted with hemorrhages:</div>
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<ul style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20version%3D%221.1%22%20width%3D%225%22%20height%3D%2213%22%3E%0A%3Ccircle%20cx%3D%222.5%22%20cy%3D%229.5%22%20r%3D%222.5%22%20fill%3D%22%2300528c%22%2F%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><ul><ul><ul><ul><ul>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span style="line-height: 22.4px;">At </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pforzheim" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Pforzheim">Pforzheim</a><span style="line-height: 22.4px;">, Baden, the corpse of a seven-year-old girl was found in the river by fishermen. The Jews were suspected, and when they were led to the corpse, blood allegedly began to flow from the wounds; led to it a second time, the face of the child became flushed, and both arms were raised. In addition to these miracles, there was the testimony of the daughter of the wicked woman who had sold the child to the Jews. A regular judicial examination did not take place; it is probable that the above-mentioned "wicked woman" was the murderer. That a judicial murder was then and there committed against the Jews in consequence of the accusation is evident from the manner in which the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a><span style="line-height: 22.4px;"> "Memorbuch" and the synagogal poems refer to the incident (</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegmund_Salfeld" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Siegmund Salfeld">Siegmund Salfeld</a><span style="line-height: 22.4px;">, </span><i style="line-height: 22.4px;">Das Martyrologium des Nürnberger Memorbuches</i><span style="line-height: 22.4px;">(1898), pp. 15, 128–130).</span><table class="infobox biography vcard" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-spacing: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; color: black; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 22em;"><tbody>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="font-size: 15.4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span class="fn"><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22.4px;">At Weissenburg, a miracle alone decided the charge against the Jews. According to the accusation, the Jews had suspended a child (whose body was found in the Lauter river) by the feet, and had opened every artery in his body to obtain all the blood. Again, supernatural claims were made: the child's wounds were said to have bled for five days afterward, despite its treatment.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22.4px;">At Oberwesel, "miracles" again constituted the only evidence against the Jews. The corpse of the 11-year-old</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_of_Oberwesel" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none;" title="Werner of Oberwesel">Werner of Oberwesel</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 22.4px;">was said to have floated up the Rhine (against the current) as far as Bacharach, emitting radiance, and being invested with healing powers. In consequence, the Jews of Oberwesel and many other adjacent localities were severely persecuted during the years 1286-89. Emperor Rudolph I, to whom the Jews had appealed for protection, issued a public proclamation to the effect that great wrong had been done to the Jews, and that the corpse of Werner was to be burned and the ashes scattered to the winds.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">Al</span>an Bates<br /><small style="font-size: 13.09px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Order of the British Empire">CBE</a></small></span></th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alan_Bates.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Alan Bates.jpg" data-file-height="561" data-file-width="481" height="257" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Alan_Bates.jpg/220px-Alan_Bates.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Alan_Bates.jpg/330px-Alan_Bates.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Alan_Bates.jpg/440px-Alan_Bates.jpg 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><br />
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Bates in 1975</div>
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<tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Born</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="nickname">Alan Arthur Bates</span><br />
17 February 1934<br />
<span class="birthplace"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allestree" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Allestree">Allestree</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbyshire" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a>, UK</span></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Died</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">27 December 2003 (aged 69)<br />
<span class="deathplace"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Westminster" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="City of Westminster">Westminster</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="London">London</a>, UK</span></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Cause of death</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_cancer" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pancreatic cancer">Pancreatic cancer</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Stroke">stroke</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Nationality</th><td class="category" style="vertical-align: top;">British</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Occupation</th><td class="role" style="vertical-align: top;">Actor</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;">Years active</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">1956–2003</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">Spouse(s)</span></th><td style="vertical-align: top;">Victoria Ward (m. 1970–1992) (her death)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b>Yakov Shepsovitch Bok</b></li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk_Bogarde" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Dirk Bogarde">Dirk Bogarde</a> as Boris Bibikov, investigative magistry</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Brown_(English_singer)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Georgia Brown (English singer)">Georgia Brown</a> as Marfa Golov</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Griffith" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hugh Griffith">Hugh Griffith</a> as Lebedev</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Hartman" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Elizabeth Hartman">Elizabeth Hartman</a> as Zinaida</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Holm" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Ian Holm">Ian Holm</a> as I. N. Grubeshov</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Opatoshu" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="David Opatoshu">David Opatoshu</a> as Latke</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Warner_(actor)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="David Warner (actor)">David Warner</a> as Count Odoevsky</li>
<ul>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_White" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Carol White">Carol White</a> as Raisl Bok</li>
</ul>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Murcell" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="George Murcell">George Murcell</a> as Deputy Warden</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Melvin" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Murray Melvin">Murray Melvin</a> as Priest</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Jeffrey" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Peter Jeffrey">Peter Jeffrey</a> as Berezhinsky</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Goodliffe" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Michael Goodliffe">Michael Goodliffe</a> as Julius Ostrovsky</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Heathcote" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Thomas Heathcote">Thomas Heathcote</a> as Proshko</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Pratt_(actor)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mike Pratt (actor)">Mike Pratt</a> as Father Anastasy</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Meadows" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Stanley Meadows">Stanley Meadows</a> as Gronfein</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_de_Wolff" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Francis de Wolff">Francis de Wolff</a> as Warden</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lodge_(actor)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="David Lodge (actor)">David Lodge</a> as Zhitnyak</li>
</ul>
Edward Yablonskyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10013345997672210570noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6671724644852957271.post-27187344067037962682016-12-06T04:58:00.001-08:002016-12-06T04:58:39.672-08:00 "First Squad"<h3 style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 2px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px; text-transform: uppercase;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small; font-weight: normal;">DESCRIPTION</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , "geneva" , sans-serif; line-height: 13px;">“You need the dead to fight the dead.” It is 1942 and the war has stalled along the Eastern Front. Desperate to advance, Hitler’s forces turn to the Ahnenerbe, the secret occult division of the SS, to raise the spirits of their dead ancestors to fight on their behalf. Should they succeed, it will be all-out slaughter, for how can the Russian army possibly stand against the forces of the undead? Fortunately, the Russians are not without occult resources of their own. Their 6th Division conducts its own experiments with the afterlife, and their one great hope is the gifted teenage psychic Nadya, who they must send into the underworld to recruit the spirits of her dead companions—the departed souls of the First Squad—to stand against the Nazi threat.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 13px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , "geneva" , sans-serif; line-height: 13px;">Loosely based on characters from a hugely popular series of Soviet-era propaganda comics, </span><i style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 13px;">FIRST SQUAD: THE MOMENT OF TRUTH</i><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , "geneva" , sans-serif; line-height: 13px;"> is a totally unique fusion of history and fiction. The battle sequences and secret societies are factual—both the Ahnenerbe and the Russian 6th Division are known to have existed and been active in this period—with a layer of pure speculation and fantasy added to the mix. Using mock-documentary inserts to heighten the experience, the goal is not just to entertain, but to create a believable alternate history of the Russian-German campaigns of World War II. For this first-ever Russian-produced anime feature, the Russian creators of </span><i style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 13px;">FIRST SQUAD</i><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , "geneva" , sans-serif; line-height: 13px;"> have worked closely with hugely acclaimed Japanese animation house Studio 4ºC (</span><i style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 13px;">THE ANIMATRIX</i><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , "geneva" , sans-serif; line-height: 13px;">, </span><i style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 13px;">GENIUS PARTY</i><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , "geneva" , sans-serif; line-height: 13px;">, </span><i style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; line-height: 13px;">TEKKON KINKREET</i><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , "geneva" , sans-serif; line-height: 13px;">) to create something truly unique. The level of detail is remarkable and the vision of war-era Russia convincing, while FIRST SQUAD also packs its speculative history with stacks of hyper-stylized action. With plans already underway for a manga series and further features, we certainly haven’t seen the last of th</span></span><strong style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">Alternative title:</strong><br />
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Pierwszy oddział: Moment prawdy (Polish)</div>
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Primer escuadrón (Spanish)</div>
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Первый отряд (Russian)</div>
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ファースト・スクワッド (Japanese)</div>
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幽冥特工 (Chinese (Taiwan))</div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Genres: <a class="discreet" href="http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/search/genreresults?w=series&a=AA&a=OC&a=TA&a=MA&g=action/A&o=rating" style="text-decoration: none;">action</a>, <a class="discreet" href="http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/search/genreresults?w=series&a=AA&a=OC&a=TA&a=MA&g=supernatural/F&o=rating" style="text-decoration: none;">supernatural</a></span></b></div>
<div class="encyc-info-type same-width-as-main" id="infotype-31" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 20px; min-width: 95%; width: auto;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Themes: <a class="discreet" href="http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/search/genreresults?w=series&a=AA&a=OC&a=TA&a=MA&th=military&o=rating" style="text-decoration: none;">military</a>, <a class="discreet" href="http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/search/genreresults?w=series&a=AA&a=OC&a=TA&a=MA&th=nazis&o=rating" style="text-decoration: none;">nazis</a>, <a class="discreet" href="http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/search/genreresults?w=series&a=AA&a=OC&a=TA&a=MA&th=sorcery&o=rating" style="text-decoration: none;">sorcery</a>, <a class="discreet" href="http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/search/genreresults?w=series&a=AA&a=OC&a=TA&a=MA&th=soviet%20union&o=rating" style="text-decoration: none;">soviet union</a>, <a class="discreet" href="http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/search/genreresults?w=series&a=AA&a=OC&a=TA&a=MA&th=spies&o=rating" style="text-decoration: none;">spies</a>, <a class="discreet" href="http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/search/genreresults?w=series&a=AA&a=OC&a=TA&a=MA&th=superpowers&o=rating" style="text-decoration: none;">superpowers</a>, <a class="discreet" href="http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/search/genreresults?w=series&a=AA&a=OC&a=TA&a=MA&th=undead&o=rating" style="text-decoration: none;">undead</a>, <a class="discreet" href="http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/search/genreresults?w=series&a=AA&a=OC&a=TA&a=MA&th=war&o=rating" style="text-decoration: none;">war</a>, <a class="discreet" href="http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/search/genreresults?w=series&a=AA&a=OC&a=TA&a=MA&th=World%20War%20II&o=rating" style="text-decoration: none;">World War II</a>, <a class="discreet" href="http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/search/genreresults?w=series&a=AA&a=OC&a=TA&a=MA&th=World%20War%20Two&o=rating" style="text-decoration: none;">World War Two</a></span></b></div>
<div class="encyc-info-type same-width-as-main" id="infotype-36" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 20px; min-width: 95%; width: auto;">
<a href="http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/search/genreresults?w=series&movies&g=action/A&g=supernatural/F&th=military&th=nazis&th=sorcery&th=soviet%20union&th=spies&th=superpowers&th=undead&th=war&th=World%20War%20II&th=World%20War%20Two&o=rating" style="color: #553388;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">find similar anime based on genres & themes</span></b></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: 20px;">Plot Summary:</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: 20px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 20px;"><b><span style="color: red;">During the winter of 1941/42, the Second World War comes to a temporary standstill on the Eastern Front yet both Nazi and Soviets are putting everything they got in order to turn the tide in their favour. Meanwhile Ahnenerbe, Nazi occult organization within the SS, calculates that the next "moment of truth" (a rare moment when actions of a single man can determine the outcome of an event, a battle or even the entire war) is approaching on the Eastern Front.</span><span style="color: #333333;"> The man is some anonymous Soviet officer and unless he is eliminated, his actions are going to bring success to some local Soviet offensive. To eliminate him, spiritualists of Ahnenerbe summon the long-dead baron von Wolff from the world of the dead. To counter this plan, special occult branch of the Soviet Intelligence, called 6th Division, deploys it's best agent - 14-year-old esper girl Nadya, the only survivor from the special operations unit of 6th Division - the "First Squad".</span></b></span></span><b style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-large; line-height: 20px;"><span style="color: #333333;">6th Division</span></b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'helvetica neue', arial, helvetica, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: large; font-weight: bold; line-height: 13px;">e First Squad. </span>Edward Yablonskyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10013345997672210570noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6671724644852957271.post-40708212741338693072016-12-04T09:18:00.002-08:002016-12-04T09:18:29.086-08:00Samuel Bak<h1 style="background-color: #eadfdb; color: #5f84a1; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -0.02em; line-height: 1.45; margin: 0.35em 0px 0.3em; padding: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">Samuel Bak</span></h1>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">Speaking About the Unspeakable: A Lecture by Samuel Bak</span></h2>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">International Colloquy about the Holocaust and the Arts, which took place at the European Parliament in Strasbourg, France, October 2002. The Images in the gallery were works that Bak used in his presentation.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">Allow me to introduce myself: my name is Samuel Bak, I am a painter. <a href="http://vimeo.com/10801402" style="color: #2f5471;">"Speaking About the Unspeakable"</a> is the title of a documentary film on my art that was recently produced in the US. I have rightly given today's talk the same name. It will concern a number of paintings that I have selected from a large body of my work. All are a response to the miracle of my survival. More precisely, these paintings are a visual statement born of an ever-growing need to deal with my experience of having come through the horrors of the Holocaust, and of having done it by age eleven. The images that you will see have matured over a long span of time. Was this indelible experience the sole inspiration for these canvases? I can't say. The creative process is a matter of such complexity that conscious intentions often eclipse subconscious needs. This question must remain open.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">Speaking About the Unspeakable: A Lecture by Samuel Bak</span></h2>
<div style="background-color: #eadfdb; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding: 0px 0px 6px;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">International Colloquy about the Holocaust and the Arts, which took place at the European Parliament in Strasbourg, France, October 2002. The Images in the gallery were works that Bak used in his presentation.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: #eadfdb; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding: 0px 0px 6px;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">Allow me to introduce myself: my name is Samuel Bak, I am a painter. <a href="http://vimeo.com/10801402" style="color: #2f5471;">"Speaking About the Unspeakable"</a> is the title of a documentary film on my art that was recently produced in the US. I have rightly given today's talk the same name. It will concern a number of paintings that I have selected from a large body of my work. All are a response to the miracle of my survival. More precisely, these paintings are a visual statement born of an ever-growing need to deal with my experience of having come through the horrors of the Holocaust, and of having done it by age eleven. The images that you will see have matured over a long span of time. Was this indelible experience the sole inspiration for these canvases? I can't say. The creative process is a matter of such complexity that conscious intentions often eclipse subconscious needs. This question must remain open.<span style="line-height: 17.29px;">I was born in Vilna in 1933, in a city that then belonged to Poland. It is now Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania. A place so famous for its institutions of learning that it was called the Jerusalem of Lithuania. The members of my family were mostly secular, but were proud of their Jewish identity. The year 1939 shattered what had been for me a child's happy paradise. Irrevocably, I was marked by traumatizing experiences -- brutal changes of regime, Nazi occupation, ghetto, murderous "aktionen," labor camps, moments of great despair, escapes, and periods of hiding in unthinkable places.</span><span style="line-height: 17.29px;">I lost many of my beloved ones, but my mother and I pulled through. She provided me with a shield of so much love and care that it must have saved my psyche. When in 1944 the Soviets liberated us, we were two among two hundred of Vilna's survivors -- from a community that had counted 70 or 80 thousand. This was not the end of our personal struggle, for there followed a dangerous escape from the Soviets and a long period of waiting in the DP camps in Germany. I was fifteen when we arrived to the newly established state of Israel in 1948, which was then battling for its independence. On and off, I spent there some fifteen years of my life.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">Gallery I</span></h2>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://chgs.umn.edu/museum/responses/bak/images/TheFamily.JPG" style="color: #2f5471;"><img height="191" src="http://chgs.umn.edu/images/TheFamily.JPG" style="border: 0px; margin: 3px;" width="248" /></a><a href="http://chgs.umn.edu/museum/responses/bak/images/TheFamilydetail.JPG" style="color: #2f5471;"><img alt="Detail: The Family" height="179" src="http://chgs.umn.edu/images/TheFamilydetail.JPG" style="border: 0px; margin: 3px;" width="247" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><em>The Family </em>(1974 oil on canvas) is a painting that I have dedicated to the memory of the perished members of my family. An explanation of this work would be beyond the limit of my present time, so let me go on with the outline of my biography.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">During most of my last four decades, I have been indeed a wandering Jew. I have lived and worked in Tel Aviv, Paris, Rome, and Lausanne, and I presently reside in the US, in Boston. I have become a man who is at home everywhere and nowhere, an artist whose real roots are in the ground of his art. As I said earlier, and it may sound trite, I know that what I have been painting comes from a compulsive need to give meaning to the miraculous fact of my survival. It tries to appease a sad sense of bewilderment. It comes from the fear that in a world of unparalleled upheavals, things are never what they seem. My work reveals a reality observed through the eyes of a child who had suddenly aged. Some might call it elaboration of Trauma; I hope that my art is more than that.</span></div>
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<em><span style="font-size: x-large;">To conclude, it is not "Bak" who chose the Holocaust -- it is rather the Holocaust that was put on "Bak's" shoulders a very distinct,almost inescapable need to give testimony.</span></em><span style="line-height: 1.25em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: red;">I feel that we live in a world polluted by triviality. The Holocaust is a portentous subject. Artists who have chosen to deal with matters of importance, who are questioning the existential dimensions of life, death, good and evil, turn to the experience of the Shoah </span>and believe that their images will stir emotions and stimulate reflection. Visual statements can be stronger than words. But the rhetoric of painting has its limitations. Visual Arts are mostly physical, they require places and spaces, and they can bear only so much moral weight. Besides, certain experiences demand verbal expression.</span></span><span style="line-height: 1.25em;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">For that reason I decided to complement my painterly output with a verbal one. The result is a memoir entitled "Painted in Words." Enthusiastically prefaced by Amos Oz it was published in 2001 by Indiana University Press. My book is now part of a tuition program that trains American teachers to bring to their students the lesson of the Holocaust. Its vast array of implications is analyzed via a careful examination of literature, films, and the visual arts. As you can see, the aim of my writing, the desire to bring a decimated world back to life, at times with pain, sometimes with irony, and unmistakably with humor, was very close to what I try to achieve through my paintings.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">The recently published monograph on my art, which covers over fifty years of painting, has this image <em>(Close Up</em>, 2003 oil on canvas )on its jacket. If I had to define my art's language or style, I would situate it in a realm of allegory and metaphor. I tackle a vast array of subjects.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">Devastated landscapes of ancient cities and urban constructions seem to have been made of a child's building blocks.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">Figures are half-alive and half-contrived of bizarre prostheses. Abused angels stand helpless.<img src="http://chgs.umn.edu/images/opponents_000.jpg" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">Huge fruit, mostly pears in various stages of reinvention, pears made of stone, pears in the form of hovering planets, pears giving birth to other pears represent a shattered and bewildering world, a universe that offers no explanations. At times one can see in many of these paintings the traces of a human effort to repair.</span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"><b>But have these efforts managed to transform the world's wreckage into a viable reality? Colors, mostly serene and bright, might hint at an element of hope. I hope they do. Finally, I should mention that my style is often said to border on the surreal. I have no problem with that, though </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">Huge fruit, mostly pears in various stages of reinvention, pears made of stone, pears in the form of hovering planets, pears giving birth to other pears represent a shattered and bewildering world, a universe that offers no explanations. At times one can see in many of these paintings the traces of a human effort to repair.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">But have these efforts managed to transform the world's wreckage into a viable reality? Colors</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">Huge fruit, mostly pears in various stages of reinvention, pears made of stone, pears in the form of hovering planets, pears giving birth to other pears represent a shattered and bewildering world, a universe that offers no explanations. At times one can see in many of these paintings the traces of a human effort to repair.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">But have these efforts managed to transform the world's wreckage into a viable reality? Colors, mostly serene and bright, might hint at an element of hope. I hope they do. Finally, I should mention that my style is often said to border on the surreal. I have no problem with that, though you will surely recognize how deeply my vision is rooted in the facts of modern history.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">I wish now to focus on works that concern the Jewish experience of the 20<span style="vertical-align: text-top;">th</span> century.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">, mostly serene and bright, might hint at an element of hope. I hope they do. Finally, I should mention that my style is often said to border on the surreal. I have no problem with that, though you will surely recognize how deeply my vision is rooted in the facts of modern history.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">I wish now to focus on works that concern the Jewish experience of the 20<span style="vertical-align: text-top;">th</span> century.</span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;"><b>you will surely recognize how deeply my vision is rooted in the facts of modern history.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span style="color: red;">I wish now to foc</span></b>us on works that concern the Jewish experience of the 20<span style="vertical-align: text-top;">th</span> century.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><strong><em>The Ghetto of Jewish History</em></strong>, 1976 oil on canvas.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">The ghetto. Here is an inclined surface with no horizon and no possibility of escape. Indeed, when we were thrown into the ghetto like human garbage, it felt like being in a deep hole. This hole is in the shape of the Star of David, the emblem of the ghetto. Near it lies our badge of identification.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">The texture of the painting tries to evoke the stony indifference of the outer world. After the liberation, when I revisited the ghetto, it stood in ruins similar to the ones in the painting.</span><a href="http://chgs.umn.edu/museum/responses/bak/images/12Alone.jpg" style="color: #2f5471; font-size: 12.35px; line-height: 1.25em;"><img align="middle" src="http://chgs.umn.edu/museum/responses/bak/images/12Alone.jpg" style="border: 0px; margin: 3px;" width="150" /></a><a href="http://chgs.umn.edu/museum/responses/bak/images/13Alone.jpg" style="color: #2f5471; font-size: 12.35px; line-height: 1.25em;"><img align="middle" data-pin-nopin="true" height="122" src="http://chgs.umn.edu/images/13Alone.jpg" style="border: 0px; margin: 3px;" width="173" /></a><a href="http://chgs.umn.edu/museum/responses/bak/images/Destinies.jpg" style="color: #2f5471; font-size: 12.35px; line-height: 1.25em;"><img align="middle" data-pin-nopin="true" height="121" src="http://chgs.umn.edu/images/Destinies.jpg" style="border: 0px; margin: 3px;" width="178" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">Here the title is <em>Alone</em>. It is another structure in the form of a Jewish star, an island surrounded by a menacing sea. The painting's sky sheds an ominous light.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">I have returned to the Star of David over and over again, attracted by the simplicity of its shape and by the clarity of its meaning – an icon of humiliation that has acquired the status of proud identity. At times I depicted it as if it were made of metal, wood, fabric or stone. Here are some examples.</span><span style="background-color: #7b6a56; color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 26px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">The blend of journey and burden is not unique to the biography of artist Samuel Bak. The paradigm of the stories of survivors who embarked on the voyage of life after their encounter with death in all its horror, and the baggage they carry with them is thus both personal and collective – the story of European Jewry during the Shoah. Like his fellow survivors, at first Bak wrapped himself in silence, seeking to forge for himself an Israeli identity after his immigration to the country in 1948. Gradually, as his path took him across countries and continents, he shed the cloak of silence until he felt that he could no longer keep the burden locked inside. Thus began a journey of a different kind, into the recesses of his own identity, which culminated in a direct confrontation with the burden itself, with the realization that the burden was part of his ipseity and therefore bound to be the essence of his art.</span></span></div>
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<tr><td align="left" class="standartFont" dir="ltr"><b><span class="GeneralFontB" style="color: #00184f; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Samuel Bak: 60 Years of Creativity</span></span></b></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" class="standartFont" dir="ltr"><b><span class="GeneralFontB" style="color: #00184f; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Exhibition Curator and Editor: Yehudit Shendar</span></span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td align="left" class="standartFont" dir="ltr"><b><span class="GeneralFontB" style="color: #00184f; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Bilingual English/Hebrew edition</span></span></b></td></tr>
<tr><td align="left" class="standartFont" dir="ltr"><b><span class="GeneralFontB" style="color: #00184f; font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">(2006) ISBN: 0-9764425-6-6, Cat. No. 456<br />104 pp., soft cover, 20X24 cm.</span></span></b></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">Like his fellow survivors, at first Bak wrapped himself in silence, seeking to forge for himself an Israeli identity after his immigration to the country in 1948. Gradually, as his path took him across countries and continents, he shed the cloak of silence until he felt that he could no longer keep the burden locked inside. Thus began a journey of a different kind. Viewers joining the six-decade-long journey of Samuel Bak’s works, as presented in this exhibition, are presented with a multi-faceted experience – an encounter with an artist dealing head-on with the basic question of “how” underlying the language of art, with an artist debating with himself about the abstract, the figurative and the gamut between them. His varying stylistic periods reveal an artist capable of producing fine pencil drawings in the classical tradition, on the one hand, and thick, layered oil brushstrokes of pasticcio color on large canvasses. Every period reveals a little but conceals twice as much about the inner burden. The journey and burden are shaped into a single identity, which, while it may be paradigmatic, is nevertheless unique and private – the arduous road of Samuel Bak spanning sixty years of creativity.<b><u><span style="color: magenta;">Would not copy/transcribe better than this</span></u></b></span></td></tr>
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Edward Yablonskyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10013345997672210570noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6671724644852957271.post-13146251973475556012016-12-03T07:35:00.001-08:002016-12-03T07:35:30.351-08:00letter to God<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span>
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<b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana;"><img border="0" data-pin-nopin="true" height="42" src="http://www.photographs.dk/letter/letterlogo3.gif" width="159" /><br />In 1944 the Nazis decided to exterminate the children of the orphanage </span><i style="color: #999999;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana;">La Maison d'Izieu. </span></i><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><i style="color: #999999;">44 </i><span style="color: #999999;">little children were deported to Auschwitz and murdered immediately upon arrival.</span><br /><span style="color: #eeeeee;"><br />Eleven-year-old Liliane Gerenstein was sent to her death a few days after she wrote this letter to God: </span></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #eeeeee; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-large;"><b>"God? How good You are, how kind and if one had to count the number of goodnesses and kindnesses You have done, one would never finish.<br /><br />God? It is You who command. It is You who are justice, it is You who reward the good and punish the evil.<br /><br />God? It is thanks to You that I had a beautiful life before, that I was spoiled, that I had lovely things that others do not have.<br /><br />God? After that, I ask You one thing only: Make my parents come back, my poor parents protect them (even more than You protect me) so that I can see them again as soon as possible.<br /><br />Make them come back again. Ah! I had such a good mother and such a good father! I have such faith in You and I thank You in advance."</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-large;"><b style="color: #eeeeee;">The letter was found in April 1944 in the abandoned home in Izieu. Liliane's mother had been deported and was already murdered. Her father, Chapse, miraculously survived the horrors of the Holocaust and emigrated to the United States after the war. He died in 1979, never knowing the fate of his children.</b><br /><br /><b><span style="color: red;">The sleepy village of Izieu lay overlooking the Rhone River between Lyon and Chambery in central France. The children, aged between 3 and 18, felt safe and secure, supervised by seven adults. The Children's Home was a perfect idyll and the Jewish children led a happy life with plenty of time for playing, drawing and painting.</span></b><br /><br /><span style="color: red;"><b>However, on the morning of April 6, 1944 - a warm day, no clouds, bright sun - as they all settled down in the refectory to drink hot chocolate, three vehicles, two of which were lorries, pulled up in front of the home. The Gestapo, led by the </b><i style="font-weight: bold;">Butcher of Lyon Klaus Barbie</i><b>, entered the home and forcibly removed the children and their supervisors, throwing the crying and terrified children on to the trucks like sacks of potatoes.</b></span><br /><b style="color: #eeeeee;">Then the SS men ransacked the house and several more children were discovered hiding under a table in the attic classroom. In the confusion one small boy began racing across the courtyard, but the SS men grabbed him and beat him with rifle butts. Blood streamed from his nose as he was thrown into the truck. The last child, a blond boy of 3, too terrified to walk, was carried into the truck.</b><br /><br /><b style="color: #eeeeee;">Following the raid on their home in Izieu, the children were taken directly to the cellar of the Fort Montluc Prison in Lyons. The very next morning Klaus Barbie arranged for the cattle cars that would take the children to the 'collection center' in Drancy. Then they were put on the first available train towards the death camps in the East.</b><br /><br /><b style="color: #eeeeee;">Forty-two children and five adults were gassed in the extermination camp of Auschwitz. Two of the oldest children and Miron Zlatin, the superintendent, ended up in Tallin in Estonia and were put to death by a firing squad.</b><br /><br /><b style="color: #eeeeee;">Of the forty-four children kidnapped by the Nazis in Izieu, not a single one survived. Of the supervisors there was one sole survivor, twenty-seven year old Lea Feldblum. When the children from Izieu arrived in Auschwitz on April 15, 1944, Léa led the column of children to the selection point. When she informed the SS that these children were from a home, she was ruthlessly separated from them and sent to the prisoners' camp.</b><br /><br /><b style="color: #eeeeee;">At the later trial of Klaus Barbie a witness, Edith Klebinder, testified that the children were put to death immediately upon arrival at Auschwitz. She was an Austrian-born Jew and was deported from France to Auschwitz April, 1944, and arrived at the death camp on April 15 aboard the same train as the Izieu children. The Nazi guards ordered Klebinder, who was fluent in French and German, to translate as they ordered children and pregnant women onto trucks and told the other arrivals to walk to the camp.</b><br /><br /><b style="color: #eeeeee;">Edith Klebinder - in a voice choked with emotion - told she at first thought the children and pregnant women were given rides to the camp out of compassion. Later, she said, she asked what had become of the children: </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #eeeeee; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-large;"><b>"I asked myself where were the children who arrived with us? In the camp there wasn't a single child to be seen. Then those who had been there for a while informed us of the reality. "You see that chimney, the one smoke never stops coming out of .. you smell that odor of burned flesh ..."</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #eeeeee; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-large;"><b><i>- Louis Bülow</i></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #eeeeee;"><br />Bibliography/Sources:</span><span style="color: #eeeeee;"><br />Beate and Serge Klarsfeld</span><span style="color: #eeeeee;">Musee Memorial des Enfants d’Izieu (Memorial Museum of the Children of Izieu) </span><a href="http://www.izieu.alma.fr/" style="color: #eeeeee;">www.izieu.alma.fr/</a><br /><i style="color: #eeeeee;">French Children of the Holocaust A Memorial</i><span style="color: #eeeeee;">by Serge Klarsfeld</span><br /><i style="color: #eeeeee;">Children of Izieu: A Human Tragedy</i><span style="color: #eeeeee;">, by Serge Klarsfeld. New York, Abrams 1984</span><br /><span style="color: #eeeeee;">Bolivia Web "The Outsiders"</span><br /><span style="color: #eeeeee;">Philippe Brunet-Lecomte, "Les trois traîtres français d'Izieu," Lyon Figaro 2 June, 1987</span><br /><span style="color: #eeeeee;">Pierre Bois, "D'Izieu à Auschwitz, le martyre de 44 enfants," Le Figaro 28 May, 1987</span><br /><span style="color: #eeeeee;">Letter from Izieu By Raphael Rothstein</span><br /><span style="color: #eeeeee;">The Consortium by Martin A. Lee</span><br /><span style="color: #eeeeee;">The History of Espionage www.theoffice.net/1spy</span><br /><span style="color: #eeeeee;">The Macedonian News Service</span><br /><span style="color: #eeeeee;">The Philadelphia Inquirer</span><br /><span style="color: #eeeeee;">The Simon Wiesenthal Cente</span><span style="color: #f3f3f3;">r </span></span><a href="http://www.wiesenthal.com/"><span style="color: #f3f3f3; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-large;">www.wiesenthal.com/</span><span style="color: #eeeeee; font-family: Verdana; font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></a><span style="color: #eeeeee; font-size: 10px;"> </span></b></div>
Edward Yablonskyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10013345997672210570noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6671724644852957271.post-29446385810192647012016-12-03T07:00:00.000-08:002016-12-03T07:09:55.086-08:00The Life and Times of Klaus Barbie<div data-radium="true" style="color: #222222; font-family: 'source sans pro', 'helvetica neue', helvetica, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px;">
<span style="font-size: large;">The Life and Times of Klaus Barbie</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: "source sans pro" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 20px;">A brilliant and epic Academy Award-winning examination of the Nazi SS officer Klaus Barbie, the infamous "Butcher of Lyon", HOTEL TERMINUS: THE LIFE AND TIMES OF KLAUS BARBIE weaves together for discussion with former ty years of footage and interviews culled from over 120 hours of Nazis, American intelligence officers, South American government officials, victims of Nazi atrocities and witnesses. </span></span></span><b style="font-family: 'source sans pro', 'helvetica neue', helvetica, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 20px;"><u><span style="color: red;">Barbie, while Gestapo chief in Lyon, tortured and murdered resistance fighters, including Jean Moulin, Jewish men, women and children, and had thousands deported to death camps.</span></u></b><b style="font-family: 'source sans pro', 'helvetica neue', helvetica, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 20px;"><span style="color: blue;"> After the war he was protected by and worked with the U.S. Army and American intelligence officers, and then allowed to hide in Bolivia, where he lived peacefully for 30 years as a business man under the moniker Klaus Altmann.</span></b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "source sans pro" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 20px;"> Only in 1987 was he brought to trial in a French courtroom in Lyon for crimes against humanity thanks to the efforts of Serge and Beate </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Klaus Barbie</span></h1>
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<span style="font-size: large;">(1913 - 1991)</span></h2>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "source sans pro" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 20px;"><span style="background-color: #ffffcc; text-align: justify;">Klaus Barbie was born in Bad Godesberg, near Bonn, on October 25, 1913. Barbie was born to a Roman Catholic family. His parents were both teachers. Until 1923 he went to the school where his father taught. Afterward, he attended a boarding school in Trier. In 1925, his whole family moved to Trier. In 1933, Barbie’s father and brother both died. The death of his abusive, alcoholic father derailed plans for young Barbie to study theology or otherwise become an academic, as his peers had expected. While unemployed, Barbie was drafted into the Nazi labor service (Reichsarbeitsdienst); membership was compulsory for all young German men and wom</span></span><span style="background-color: #ffffcc; text-align: justify;">In September </span><a href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/Chronology_1935.html" style="background-color: #ffffcc; text-align: justify;">1935</a><span style="background-color: #ffffcc; text-align: justify;">, he joined the </span><a href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/sd.html" style="background-color: #ffffcc; text-align: justify;">SD</a><span style="background-color: #ffffcc; text-align: justify;"> or Sicherheitsdienst (security service), a special branch of the </span><a href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/sstoc.html" style="background-color: #ffffcc; text-align: justify;">SS</a><span style="background-color: #ffffcc; text-align: justify;"> and the intelligence gathering arm of the </span><a href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/nsdap.html" style="background-color: #ffffcc; text-align: justify;">NSDAP</a><span style="background-color: #ffffcc; text-align: justify;"> (Nazi party). In </span><a href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/Chronology_1940.html" style="background-color: #ffffcc; text-align: justify;">1940</a><span style="background-color: #ffffcc; text-align: justify;">, he was sent to The Hague (Den Haag), where his main task was to arrest Jews and German political refugees who fled to the </span><a href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Nethertoc.html" style="background-color: #ffffcc; text-align: justify;">Netherlands</a><span style="background-color: #ffffcc; text-align: justify;">. In </span><a href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/Chronology_1942.html" style="background-color: #ffffcc; text-align: justify;">1942</a><span style="background-color: #ffffcc; text-align: justify;">, he was sent to Dijon and in November of the same year (after November 11, when German forces took over the unoccupied part of France, the so called “zone libre” or free zone) he was sent to Lyon, where he became the head of the local Gestapo, which included 25 officers who covered an area comprising Lyon as well as the Jura and Hautes-Alpes police departments and Grenoble.</span><span style="background-color: #ffffcc; color: #222222; font-family: "source sans pro" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify;">en.</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "source sans pro" , "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 20px;">.</span><span style="background-color: #ffffcc; text-align: justify;">While in</span><span style="background-color: #ffffcc; text-align: justify;"> </span><a href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Francetoc.html" style="text-align: justify;">France</a><span style="background-color: #ffffcc; text-align: justify;">, his duty was to fight Communists, prevent sabotages and persecutre Jews. He was to penetrate and destroy the resistance in Lyon, and he indeed carried out his task with unmatched brutality.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Simone Lagrange, a soft-spoken <a href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/holo.html">Holocaust</a> survivor whose family was exterminated, later recalled the arrest of her father, mother and herself on June 6, <a href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/Chronology_1944.html">1944</a>. Denounced by a French neighbor as Jews, Simone and her parents were taken to <a href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/Gestapo.html">Gestapo</a> headquarters where a man, dressed in gray and caressing a kitten, said Simone was pretty.</span></div>
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<em><span style="font-size: large;">“He was caressing the cat. And me, a kid 13 years old, I could not imagine that he could be evil because he loved animals. I was tortured by him for eight days.”</span></em></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">During the following week, the man hauled her out of a prison cell each day, he yanked her by her hair, beating and punching at her open wounds in an effort to obtain information.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Another survivor, Lise Lesevre, recalled how Klaus Barbie tortured her for nine days in 1944, beating her, nearly drowning her in a bathtub. She told how she was hung up by hand cuffs with spikes inside them and beaten with a rubber bar. She was ordered to strip naked and get into a tub filled with freezing water. Her legs were tied to a bar across the tub and Barbie yanked a chain attached to the bar to pull her underwater.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">During her last interrogation, Barbie ordered her to lie flat on a chair and struck her on the back with a spiked ball attached to a chain. It broke a vertebrae, and she suffered the rest of her life.Another survivor, Ennat Leger, said Klaus Barbie <i>“had the eyes of a monster. He was savage. My God, he was savage! It was unimaginable. He broke my teeth, he pulled my hair back. He put a bottle in my mouth and pushed it until the lips split from the pressure.”</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">He personally tortured prisoners and is blamed for the deaths of 4,000 people. A dedicated sadist, responsible for many individual atrocities, including the capture and deportation to <a href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/autoc.html">Auschwitz</a> of <b><span style="color: red;">forty-four Jewish children hidden in the village of <a href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/Izieu.html">Izieu</a></span></b>, Klaus Barbie owed his postwar notoriety primarily to one of his “cases”, the arrest and torture unto death of Jean Moulin, one of the highest ranking member of the French Resistance.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Jean Moulin was mercilessly tortured by Klaus Barbie and his men. Hot needles where shoved under his fingernails. His fingers were forced through the narrow space between the hinges of a door and a wall and then the door was repeatedly slammed until the knuckles broke.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Screw-levered handcuffs were placed on Moulin and tightened until they bit through his flesh and broke through the bones of his wrists. He would not talk. He was whipped. He was beaten until his face was an unrecognizable pulp. A fellow prisoner, Christian Pineau, later described the resistance leader as <i>“unconscious, his eyes dug in as though they had been punched through his head. An ugly blue wound scarred his temple. A mute rattle came out of his swollen lips.”</i>Jean Moulin remained in this coma when he was shown to other resistance leaders who were being interrogated at Gestapo headquarters. Barbie had ordered Moulin put on display in an office. His unconscious form sprawled on a chaise lounge. His face was yellow, his breathing heavy, his head swathed in bandages. It was the last time Moulin was seen alive.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">On behalf of his cruel crimes and specially for the Moulin case, Barbie was awarded, by <a href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/hitlertoc.html" target="_top" title="http://www.auschwitz.dk/Hitler.ht">Hitler</a> himself, the “First Class Iron Cross with Swords.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">After the war, Klaus Barbie was recruited by the Western Allies and worked for the British until 1947, then he switched his allegiance to the Americans. He was protected and employed by American intelligence agents because of his “police skills” and anti-Communist zeal - he penetrated communist cells in the German Communist Party.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">With the aid of the Americans, he fled from prosecution in France in 1950 and relocated to South America together with his wife and children.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">He lived in <a href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Bolivia.html">Bolivia</a> as a businessman under the name Klaus Altmann from 1951 onward. Though he was identified in Bolivia at least as early as 1971 by the Nazi hunters Beate and <a href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Klarsfeld.html">Serge Klarsfeld</a>, it was only in February 1983 that the Bolivian government, after long negotiations, extradited him to France to stand trial. This caused the U.S. to offer a formal apology to France in August 1983.Klaus Barbie, nicknamed the “Butcher of Lyon,” responsible for the torture and death of thousands of people. On January 19, 1983, that the newly elected government of Hernán Siles Zuazo arrested and extradited him to France.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In 1984, Barbie was put on trial for crimes committed while he was in charge of the Gestapo in Lyon between 1942 and 1944. At the trial Barbie received support not only from Nazi apologists like François Genoud, but also from leftist lawyer Jacques Vergès. He had a reputation for attacking the French political system, particularly in French colonial territories. Vergès’ strategy at the trial was to use the trial to expose war crimes committed by France since 1945. Indeed, many of the charges against Barbie were dropped, thanks to legislation that had protected people accused of crimes under the <a href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/VichyRegime.html">Vichy regime</a> and in French <a href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Algeriatoc.html">Algeria</a>.<a href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/barbietrial.html">His trial</a> started on May 11, 1987, in Lyon — a jury trial before the Rhône <em>Cour d'assises</em>. In a rare move, the court allowed the trial to be filmed because of its historical value. The lead defense attorney was Ja<b><span style="color: blue;">cques Vergès,</span></b> who argued that Barbie’s actions were no worse than the ordinary actions of colonialists worldwide, and that his trial was selective prosecution. The head prosecutor was Pierre Truche. During his trial, Barbie famously stated that: “When I stand before the throne of God I shall be judged innocent”.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">On July 4, 1987, Barbie was sentenced to life imprisonment for crimes against humanity, and died in prison of leukemia four years later, at the age of 77.</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">On the 12 February 1941, the German authorities used the death of a Dutch Nazi, Hendrik Koot killed in a fight with Dutch dockworkers, as a pretext to seal off the Jewish quarter of Amsterdam.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><img border="2" height="175" src="http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/nazioccupation/images/Asscher%20and%20Cohen%20near%20right.JPG" width="224" /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/nazioccupation/images/Asscher%20and%20Cohen%20near%20right.JPG" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: #333333;">Abraham Asscher & David Cohen on right</span></a></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">On 19 February 1941 an SD raid in Amsterdam entered a tavern called <i>Koco,</i> run by Jewish refugees from Germany, Cahn and Kohn. In the tavern, a protective device which Cahn had installed, an ammonia flash went off by accident, spaying the Germans with ammonia.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">The SD raid was commanded by Klaus Barbie and after some violence everyone inside was arrested and three days later, as a reprisal for his act of “resistance” , the SS raided the Jewish quarter of Amsterdam, seized 425 Jews, most of them young men.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">They were assembled on the <i>Jonas Daniel –Meyer –plein</i> subjected them to beatings and abuse and then on 27 February 1941 deported 389 of them to Buchenwald concentration camp and after two months 361 of them were deported to Mauthausen concentration camp and certain death.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">The arrests were followed by a general strike, Barbie was ordered to execute Cahn and his associates, who had been condemned to death. Barbie was put in charge of the execution squad.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-style: italic; font-weight: 700;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">He recalled:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/nazioccupation/images/terminus.jpg" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-size: x-large;">Hotel Terminus in Lyon</span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">“One of the condemned asked to hear an American hit record and then we shot them.” On the 14 May 1941 a bomb was thrown into a Germans officers club in Amsterdam, and the German authorities decided the Jews should suffer as a reprisal.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Barbie went to the offices of the Jewish Council in Amsterdam met Abraham Asscher and David Cohen and Barbie tricked them into providing a list of 300 Jewish young men, on the basis they could return to the training camp and complete their apprenticeships. Asscher and Cohen were summonsed to see SD Commander Lages room and were told the boys had been arrested as a reprisal for the bomb attack.</span></span></div>
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Edward Yablonskyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10013345997672210570noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6671724644852957271.post-73028793997421638982016-11-29T17:09:00.000-08:002016-11-29T17:13:18.391-08:00Stories from the Great Depression<b style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">Reviewer:</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"> </span><a href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=reviewer:%22ERD.%22" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #428bca; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-decoration: none;">ERD.</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"> - </span><span alt="4.00 out of 5 stars" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;" title="4.00 out of 5 stars"><span aria-hidden="true" class="iconochive-favorite size-75-percent" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Iconochive-Regular; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 1; speak: none;"></span><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(0px 0px 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: auto; width: 1px;">favorite</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="iconochive-favorite size-75-percent" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Iconochive-Regular; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 1; speak: none;"></span><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(0px 0px 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: auto; width: 1px;">favorite</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="iconochive-favorite size-75-percent" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Iconochive-Regular; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 1; speak: none;"></span><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(0px 0px 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: auto; width: 1px;">favorite</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="iconochive-favorite size-75-percent" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Iconochive-Regular; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 1; speak: none;"></span><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(0px 0px 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: auto; width: 1px;">favorite</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"> - January 2, 2010 </span><br />
<b style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">Subject:</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"> Part II of Mr. Besse's film of his town in the late 1930's</span><br />
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This film really captures the time and the atmosphere of Britton, South Dakota in 1938-39. It is like stepping bck in time. I enjoyed watching the various routines and events done during those years: The football team, the band, the 4 H parade, Santa Clause and the children, etc. Even the sheriff and his deputies were shown escourting some chained prisoner into a car. Looks like the place was a nice place to liv<b>e</b><b style="box-sizing: border-box;">Reviewer:</b> <a href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=reviewer:%22chriscraft67%22" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #428bca; text-decoration: none;">chriscraft67</a> - </div>
<span alt="4.00 out of 5 stars" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;" title="4.00 out of 5 stars"><span aria-hidden="true" class="iconochive-favorite size-75-percent" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Iconochive-Regular; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 1; speak: none;"></span><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(0px 0px 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: auto; width: 1px;">favorite</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="iconochive-favorite size-75-percent" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Iconochive-Regular; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 1; speak: none;"></span><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(0px 0px 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: auto; width: 1px;">favorite</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="iconochive-favorite size-75-percent" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Iconochive-Regular; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 1; speak: none;"></span><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(0px 0px 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: auto; width: 1px;">favorite</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="iconochive-favorite size-75-percent" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Iconochive-Regular; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 1; speak: none;"></span><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(0px 0px 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: auto; width: 1px;">favorite</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"> - January 7, 2009 </span><br />
<b style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">Subject:</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"> Just wonderful</span><br />
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I could not have enjoyed this more. America at its best. I had to wonder how many of those youngsters lost their lives in WWII. Mr. Besse was an accomplished photographer. His focus and framing on the street shots must have been very hard to do, given the equipment he had to work with. There are several shots on the football field that would take a crew of 20 to duplicate today. It is wonderful that films like thi<b style="box-sizing: border-box;">Reviewer:</b> <a href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=reviewer:%22Spuzz%22" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #428bca; text-decoration: none;">Spuzz</a> - </div>
<span alt="5.00 out of 5 stars" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;" title="5.00 out of 5 stars"><span aria-hidden="true" class="iconochive-favorite size-75-percent" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Iconochive-Regular; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 1; speak: none;"></span><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(0px 0px 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: auto; width: 1px;">favorite</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="iconochive-favorite size-75-percent" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Iconochive-Regular; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 1; speak: none;"></span><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(0px 0px 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: auto; width: 1px;">favorite</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="iconochive-favorite size-75-percent" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Iconochive-Regular; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 1; speak: none;"></span><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(0px 0px 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: auto; width: 1px;">favorite</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="iconochive-favorite size-75-percent" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Iconochive-Regular; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 1; speak: none;"></span><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(0px 0px 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: auto; width: 1px;">favorite</span><span aria-hidden="true" class="iconochive-favorite size-75-percent" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Iconochive-Regular; font-size: 10.5px; line-height: 1; speak: none;"></span><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip: rect(0px 0px 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: auto; width: 1px;">favorite</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"> - December 10, 2005 </span><br />
<b style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">Subject:</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"> The Christmas Edition!</span><br />
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This is a great one!</div>
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We start out by once again going out on the street.. Man, the kids in those days are so much more well groomed and clean cut, making them unbelievably hansome! Soon, were off to the Sheriffs office, where we see what he really packs in his bag.. Then we see the exterior of the police station.. They have a jail! Before I could ask if they house any prisoners.. they bring one out!!! Hes got a handcuff and chain on.. cool! Then we go the gas station.. More people walking around.. Whoa! Large bundle of Christmas trees arriving! Hey the town is decorated for Christmas! More people.. whoa! Look at those prices for produce! 35 cents for 2 DOZEN oranges! WOW. More people.. more sharp looking guys! Ha ha at the shy window cleaners! Ya, you two Mrs Im ingoring the camera lady! The BEST BEST moment of this whole series comes at 6:21 when a shot of a pretty young lady is ruined by the SCARIEST looking old coot with a bad eye! YIKES!! We then get some unspectacular night shots that demonstrate, well, the town is not so well lit. We go back to daytime shots and more people shots, thank goodness. Then we come across a number of shots of people milling around on the street.. waiting for something hmmm then out of a business comes SANTA CLAUS!!!! Hes a pretty LAME looking santa claus, but no matter, for people just SWARM his truck and the jolly old soul.. Look for the shot of the guy who LOOKS like Santa Claus with the expression of Damn, why wasnt I chosen? After that, more walking around shots! The, in a segment that was sure to amuse and confound the viewing public in 1938.. we have a series of backwards shots! Wooo! After that, a shot of.. a beaver.. hmm.. No idea of what thats about.. More street shots.. We then get an extended glimpse of the mighty Britton Braves football team! After THAT, a 4H club parade!!! Who cares? Noone else does LOL.. Love some of the signs though.. Farmerettes. This is one LAME parade. We finish off with more street shots!! Wee!!<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/TpfY8kh5lUw" width="560"></iframe></div>
Edward Yablonskyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10013345997672210570noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6671724644852957271.post-25341316384998836152016-11-27T08:38:00.000-08:002016-11-27T08:38:57.767-08:00Kalwaria Zebrzydowska<h2 style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">
<span class="mw-headline" id="Overview">Overview</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="-webkit-user-select: none; display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; unicode-bidi: isolate; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalwaria_Zebrzydowska&action=edit&section=1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalwaria_Zebrzydowska_park" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kalwaria Zebrzydowska park">Monastery</a></div>
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With a vision while viewing the neighbouring hills and valleys from the Castle of<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanckorona" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lanckorona">Lanckorona</a>, on 1 December 1602, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_Zebrzydowski" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Mikołaj Zebrzydowski">Mikołaj Zebrzydowski</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voivode" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Voivode">Voivode</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>commissioned the construction of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvary_(sanctuary)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Calvary (sanctuary)">calvary</a>, i.e. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> monastery and the trails of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passion_of_Christ" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Passion of Christ">Passion of Christ</a> modeled on the<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvary" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Calvary">Calvary</a> outside the city walls of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>.</div>
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The town takes its name from the monastery that was constructed on the hills neighbouring <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanckorona" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Lanckorona">Lanckorona</a> and the last name of its founder <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebrzydowski" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Zebrzydowski">Zebrzydowski</a>. The town of Zebrzydów was established in 1617 in order to house the growing number of pilgrims visiting the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> site of worship. The town rights were expanded and the town remapped by <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_Zebrzydowski&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Jan Zebrzydowski (page does not exist)">Jan Zebrzydowski</a> in 1640, gaining the name Nowy Zebrzydów (New Zebrzydów). In 1715, the town suffered the effects of a large fire and was subsequently rebuilt by <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B3zef_Czartoryski&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration: none;" title="Józef Czartoryski (page does not exist)">Józef Czartoryski</a>, its owner. The Czartoryski family Palace was built in 1729–1731. In the 1980s, it was rebuilt and remastered into the current seminary. The <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>annexed the town as part of its invasion of Poland during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Partition_of_Poland" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="First Partition of Poland">First Partition of Poland</a> in 1772.<span style="line-height: 22.4px;">The Austrian administration changed the name to "Kalwaria". In 1887, </span><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_Kanty_Brandys&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #a55858; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Jan Kanty Brandys (page does not exist)">Jan Kanty Brandys</a><span style="line-height: 22.4px;"> became the owner of the town and at around 1890 the name Kalwaria Zebrzydowska was adopted. In 1896, the town lost its town rights due to a decision by the governing Austrian authorities. The construction of </span><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Joseph%27s_Church,_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #a55858; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="St. Joseph's Church, Poland (page does not exist)">St. Joseph's Church</a><span style="line-height: 22.4px;"> began in 1905. The town returned to Poland in 1919 with the end of World War I and the signing of the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a><span style="line-height: 22.4px;"> by </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Roman Dmowski">Roman Dmowski</a><span style="line-height: 22.4px;"> on behalf of the Polish Republic on </span><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=28_June_1919&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #a55858; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="28 June 1919 (page does not exist)">28 June 1919</a><span style="line-height: 22.4px;"> in Paris. The town rights were restored in 1934 by a decision of the Polish government.</span></div>
<table class="infobox geography vcard" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.6px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 23em;"><tbody>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 1.25em; padding: 0.4em 0.6em; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="fn org">Kalwaria Zebrzydowska<br /><br /><small style="font-size: 13.3875px;"><b>UNESCO World Heritage Site</b></small></span></th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding: 0.7em 0.8em; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kalwaria_Zebrzydowska_014.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Monastery in Kalwaria Zebrzydowska is a UNESCO World Heritage Site"><img alt="Monastery in Kalwaria Zebrzydowska is a UNESCO World Heritage Site" data-file-height="1909" data-file-width="2875" height="186" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Kalwaria_Zebrzydowska_014.jpg/280px-Kalwaria_Zebrzydowska_014.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Kalwaria_Zebrzydowska_014.jpg/420px-Kalwaria_Zebrzydowska_014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Kalwaria_Zebrzydowska_014.jpg/560px-Kalwaria_Zebrzydowska_014.jpg 2x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="280" /></a><div>
Monastery in Kalwaria Zebrzydowska is a UNESCO World Heritage Site</div>
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After World War II, the town's economic development largely relied on the expansion of its furniture manufacturing and woodcraft industry, shoemaking, as well as a growing number of pilgrims to its religious complex.</div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> made several visits to Kalwaria Zebrzydowska on the pilgrimages he made to his homeland Poland. It was at the monastery of Kalwaria Zebrzydowska that Pope John Paul II repeated the words of his motto:</div>
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"<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totus_tuus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Totus tuus">Totus tuus</a> ego sum, et omnia mea tua sunt. Accipio te in mea omnia. Praebe mihi cor tuum, Maria." ("I belong entirely to you, and all that I have is yours. I take you for my all. O Mary, give me your heart").<span style="line-height: 22.4px;">According to his</span><span style="line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Letter" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Apostolic Letter">Apostolic Letter</a><span style="line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><i style="line-height: 22.4px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosarium_Virginis_Mariae" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rosarium Virginis Mariae">Rosarium Virginis Mariae</a></i><span style="line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.4px;">he borrowed the motto from the</span><span style="line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consecration_and_entrustment_to_Mary" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Consecration and entrustment to Mary">Marian consecrating prayer</a><span style="line-height: 22.4px;">found in the book</span><span style="line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><i style="line-height: 22.4px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Devotion_to_Mary" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="True Devotion to Mary">True Devotion to Mary</a></i><span style="line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.4px;">by Saint Louis de Montfort.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalwaria_Zebrzydowska#cite_note-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></sup></div>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> once recalled how as a young <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminarian" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Seminarian">seminarian</a> he "read and reread many times and with great spiritual profit" some writings of Saint Louis de Montfort and that:</div>
<dl style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><i>"Then I understood that I could not exclude the Lord's Mother from my life without neglecting the will of God-Trinity"</i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalwaria_Zebrzydowska#cite_note-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[2]</a></sup></dd></dl>
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In 1987, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_G%C3%B3recki" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Henryk Górecki">Henryk Górecki</a> composed a choral piece <i>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totus_Tuus_(G%C3%B3recki)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Totus Tuus (Górecki)">Totus Tuus</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opus_number" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Opus number">Op. 60</a>)</i> to celebrate <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>'s third pilgrimage to his native Poland that summer.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalwaria_Zebrzydowska#cite_note-3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[3]</a></sup> While the motet opens with the same words as the apostolic motto, the piece actually uses a poem by Maria Boguslawska for its text.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div>
Edward Yablonskyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10013345997672210570noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6671724644852957271.post-51397294332674719422016-11-26T14:19:00.002-08:002016-11-29T17:32:06.275-08:00THOMAS OF CELANO FIRST AND SECOND LIVES OF SAINT FRANCIS<br />
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Medieval Sourcebook:<br />THOMAS OF CELANO<br />FIRST AND SECOND LIVES OF SAINT FRANCIS</h1>
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<i><b><span style="color: red;">Francesco Bernardone was born in Assisi in 1181. His father Pietro was a successful merchant and hoped his son would succeed him in that role. Things turned out differently.</span></b></i><br />
<i><b><span style="color: red;">Francis seems to have been a winsome and somewhat feckless young man who threw himself into the social life of his city as enthusiastically as he engaged in its military projects. While taking part in the latter he was captured by the Perugians in 1202 and spent a year in prison. Then, around the age of twenty-three, he underwent a gradual conversion which finally led him to reject his former life and his father's wealth.</span></b></i><br />
<i><b><span style="color: blue;">Of the various sources dealing with Francis' life, the earliest biography is the First Life of Saint Francis written by Thomas of Celano.</span> I<span style="color: #0c343d;">t was commissioned by pope Gregory IX and was completed by 1230, just four years after Francis' death and two years after his canonization. Later, in 1244, the minister general of the Franciscan order asked all the brothers to submit any additional information about Francis they might have. Using this material, Celano produced another work which, although usually called his Second Life of Saint Francis. is really more of a supplement to the first. It was completed by the middle of 1247.</span></b></i><br />
<i>Celano's work has the advantage of having been written by an early member of the Franciscan order who could rely on personal experience and the testimony of Francis' dose companions. Its major disadvantage is that it is the official biography of a saint. Thus much of what it says, although not necessarily false, is probably something less than the whole truth.</i><br />
<i>We join Celano at a critical point in Francis' life. The year is 1205. Since returning the previous year from an abortive attempt to win military glory in southern Italy, Francis has been aware that something important is going on within him.</i><br />
<b><u><span style="color: magenta;">Now perfectly changed in heart and soon to be changed in body, Francis was strolling one day near the old church of St. Damian, which was nearly destroyed and abandoned by all. The spirit led him to enter the church and pray. Devoutly lying prostrate before the crucifix, stirred by unusual visitations, he found he was different than when he had entered.</span></u></b><br />
<b><u><span style="color: #4c1130;">While he was in this affected state, something absolutely unheard-of occurred. The crucifix moved its lips and began to speak. "Francis," it said, calling him by name, "go and repair my house, which, as you see, is completely destroyed." Francis was stupefied and nearly deranged by this speech. He prepared to obey, surrendering himself completely to the project. But since he considered the change in him to be beyond description, it is best for us to be silent about what he himself could not describe. From then on compassion for the crucified one was imprinted in his holy soul and, one may devoutly suspect, the stigmata of the holy passion were deeply imprinted in his heart, though not yet in his flesh.</span></u></b><br />
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<i><b>Shortly thereafter, Francis took the fateful step that led to a break with his father.</b></i><br />
<b>Behold, the blessed servant of the most high was so disposed and strengthened by the holy spirit that the time had corn e for him to follow the blessed impulse of his soul, progressing to higher things and trampling worldly interests underfoot. It was unwise to delay any longer, for a deadly illness was spreading everywhere. It seized the joints and, if the physician delayed even for a bit, it shut off the vital spirit and snatched away life.</b><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Francis rose, fortifying himself with the sign of the cross, and when his horse was ready he mounted. Taking some fine cloth with him, he rode to the city of Foligno. There, being a successful merchant, he sold all his cloth as usual and even left behind the horse he was riding, having received a good price for it. Then, having left all his baggage behind. he started back, wondering as he traveled what he should do with the money.</span><br />
<span style="color: blue;">Soon, converted to God's work in a marvelous way, he felt it would be burdensome to carry the money for even an hour and, treating it as if it were sand, he decided to get rid of it as fast as possible. As he approached the city of Assisi, he passed the church built in honor of St. Damian long ago, but now about to collapse with age.</span><br />
<span style="color: lime;">When the new soldier of Christ arrived at the church, he was stirred with pity for its condition and entered with fear and reverence. Finding a poor priest inside, Francis kissed his sacred hands and offered him the money he was carrying, telling the priest what he intended to do. The priest was stunned. Astonished by such an incredibly sudden conversion, he refused to believe what he heard. Since he thought he was being deceived, he refused to keep the money that had been offered him. He had seen Francis just the other day, so to speak, living riotously among his relations and acquaintances, acting even more stupidly than the rest.</span><br />
<span style="color: #351c75;">Francis, stubbornly insistent, tried to prove he was sincere. He begged the priest to let him stay there for the sake of the lord. Finally the priest agreed that he could stay but, fearing Francis' parents, he would not accept the money. Francis, genuinely contemptuous of money, threw it on a window sill, treating it as if it were dust. He wanted to possess wisdom, which is better than gold, and prudence, which is more precious than silver.</span><br />
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<i>Francis' father reacted predictably. He locked his son up at home, but Francis' mother let him out while Pietro was away on a business trip. Finally, despairing of private solutions, early in 1206 Pietro brought his son before the bishop of Assisi. Francis again proved equal to the occasion.</i><br />
When he had been led before the bishop, Francis neither delayed nor explained himself, but simply stripped off his clothes and threw them aside, giving them back to his father. He did not even keep his trousers, but stood there in front of everyone completely naked. The bishop, sensing his intention and admiring his constancy, rose and wrapped his arms around Francis, covering him with his own robe. He saw clearly that Francis was divinely inspired and that his action contained a mystery. Thus he became Francis' helper, cherishing and comforting him.<br />
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<i><b><span style="color: #0b5394;">Celano now portrays Francis traveling around Umbria, living among lepers, and rebuilding the church of St. Damian. The chronology is vague, but a general life-style is suggested. Francis' sense of his 4 own vocation was still in the process of formation, however.</span></b></i><br />
<b><span style="color: #0b5394;">Meanwhile this holy man, having changed his attire and repaired the aforesaid church, went to another place near Assisi and began to rebuild a certain dilapidated and nearly ruined church, ceasing only when the task was finished. Then he went to still another place called the Portiuncula, the site of a church dedicated to the blessed virgin, the mother of God. This church, built long ago, was now deserted and cared for by no one. When the holy man of God saw how destroyed the church was, he was moved with pity and began to spend a great deal of time there, for he burned with devotion toward the mother of all good. It was in the third year of his conversion that he began to repair this church. At that time he wore a sort of hermit's attire, a leather belt around his waist and a staff in his hands, and he went about wearing shoes.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #274e13;">One day, however, when the gospel story of Christ sending his disciples to preach was read in the church, the holy man of God was present and more or less understood the words of the gospel. After mass he humbly asked the priest to explain the gospel to him. He heard that Christ's disciples were supposed to possess neither gold, nor silver, nor money; were to have neither bread nor staff; were to have neither shoes nor two tunics; but were to preach the kingdom of God and penance. When the priest had finished, Francis, rejoicing in the spirit of God, said, "This is what I want! This is what I'm looking for! This is what I want to do from the bottom of my heart!" Thus the holy father, overflowing with joy, hurried to fulfill those healing words, nor did he suffer any delay in carrying out what he had heard. He took off his shoes, tossed away his staff, was satisfied with a single tunic, and exchanged his leather belt for a cord. He made himself a tunic that looked like the cross so that he could beat off the temptations of the devil. It was rough in order to crucify the vices and sins of the flesh. It was poor and mean so that the world would not covet it. With the greatest diligence and reverence he tried to do everything else that he had heard, for he was not a deaf hearer of the gospel but, laudably committing all that he had heard to memory, he diligent 1y attempted to fulfill them to the letter.</span></b><br />
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<i>Gradually a small group began to form around Francis. In 1209, when it numbered twelve including Francis, the Franciscan order was born.</i><br />
Seeing that the Lord God daily increased their number, Francis wrote simply and in a few words a form of life and rule for himself and his brothers bath present and to come. It mainly used the words of the gospel, for the perfection of which alone he yearned. Nevertheless, he did insert a few other things necessary for the pursuit of a holy life.<br />
<b><u><span style="color: magenta;">He came to Rome with all his brothers, hoping that Pope Innocent I II would confirm what he had writ ten. At that time the venerable bishop of Assisi, Guido, who honored Francis and the brothers and prized them with a special love, also happened to be in Rome. When he saw Francis and his brothers there and did not know the cause, he was very upset, since he feared they were planning to desert their native city, in which God was now doing great things through his servants. He was pleased to have such men in his diocese and relied greatly on their life and manners. Having heard the cause of their visit and understood their plan, he was relieved and promised to give them advice and aid.</span></u></b><br />
Saint Francis also went to the bishop of Sabina, John of Saint Paul, one of the great members of the Roman court who seemed to despise earthly things and love heavenly ones. Receiving Francis with kindness and love, the bishop praised him highly for his request and intent ion.<br />
Since he was a prudent and discreet man, the bishop began to question Francis about many things and tried to convince him that he should try the life of a monk or hermit. Saint Francis humbly refused his advice as well as he could, not because he despised what the bishop suggested but because, impelled by a higher desire, he devoutly wished for something else. The lord bishop marveled at his fervor and, fearing that he might eventually slip back from such high intentions, tried to show him a path that would be easier to follow . Finally, won over by Francis' constancy, the bishop agreed to his petition and attempted to further his plan before the pope.<br />
<b><span style="color: magenta;">At that time the church was led by Innocent III, who was famous, very learned, gifted in speech, and burning with zeal for what ever would further the cause of the Christian faith. When he had discovered what these men of God wanted and thought the matter over, he assented to their request and did what had to be done. Exhorting and admonishing them about m any things, he blessed Saint Francis and his brothers, saying to them, "Go with the Lord, brothers, and preach penance to all as the Lord will inspire you. Then, when the Lord increases you in number and in grace, return joyously to me. At that time I will concede more to you and commit greater things to you more confidently."</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: magenta;">Like other holy men of the time, Francis and his followers practiced mortification of the flesh, not because the body was considered evil -it, too, was created by God - but because in a fallen world it could distract one from higher pursuits. In Francis' case, such mortification was related not only to the cultivation of spiritual experience, or what was known as the contemplative life, but also to the Franciscan emphasis on humility and the equally Franciscan desire to imitate Christ</span></b><br />
The virtue of patience so enfolded them that they sought to be where they could suffer bodily persecution rather than where, their sanctity being known and praised, they might be exalted by the world. Many times when they were insulted, ridiculed, stripped naked, beaten, bound or imprisoned, they trusted in no one's patronage but rather bore all so manfully that only praise and thanksgiving echoed in their mouths. Scarcely or never did they cease their prayers and praise of God. Instead, continually discussing what they had done, they thanked God for what they had done well and shed tears over what they had neglected to do or done carelessly. They thought themselves abandoned by God if in their worship they did not find themselves constantly visited by their accustomed fervor. When they wanted to throw themselves into prayer, they developed certain techniques to keep from being snatched off by sleep. Some held themselves up by suspended ropes in order to make sure their worship would not be disturbed by sleep creeping up on them. Others encased their bodies in iron instrument s. Still others encased themselves in wooden girdles. If, as usually occurs, their sobriety was disturbed by abundance of food or drink, or if they exceeded the limits of necessity by even a little because they were tired from a journey, they harshly tormented themselves by abstinence for many days. <b><u><span style="color: red;">They tried to repress the promptings of the flesh by such great mortification that they did not hesitate to strip naked in the coldest ice or inundate their bodies with a flow of blood by piercing themselves all over with thorns.</span></u></b><br />
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<i>Francis would have liked to suffer martyrdom at the hand of the Moslems. He attempted a voyage to Morocco, but became ill in Spain and had to turn back. In 1219 he went to Syria where a crusade was in progress, and enjoyed the following experience, according to Celano.</i><br />
<b><span style="color: magenta;">In the thirteenth year of his conversion, Francis proceeded to Syria, for great and deadly bat ties between Christians and pagans were going on there every day. Francis, who was traveling with a companion, was not afraid to present himself before the sultan of the Saracens.</span></b> But who can say with what constancy of mind he stood before him, with what strength of spirit he spoke, with what eloquence and assurance he answered those who insulted the Christian law? Before he was brought before the sultan he was captured by soldiers, insulted, and beaten with a lash; yet he was not afraid, was not terrified by the threats of torture, and did not grow pale when threatened with death. <b><u><span style="color: #134f5c;">And though he was reproached by many who were opposed in mind and hostile in spirit, he was very honorably received by the sultan. Trying to bend Francis' spirit toward the wealth of this w arid, he honored him as much as he could and gave him many presents; yet when he saw that Francis despised such thing s as if they were dung, he was filled with the greatest admiration and regarded Francis as different from all others. He was moved by Francis' words and listened to him willingly. In all these things the Lord did not fulfill Francis' desire for martyrdom, since he was reserving for him the prerogative of a singular grace.</span></u></b><br />
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<i><b><u><span style="color: #4c1130;">Francis' striking rapport with animals is certainly the best- known and perhaps the most attractive aspect of his legend. It has encouraged a recent pope to proclaim him patron saint of the ecological movement. Here are some examples.</span></u></b></i><br />
<b><span style="color: #7f6000;">Meanwhile, at a time when many were joining the brothers, most blessed father Francis was passing through the valley of Spoleto. He came to a certain place near Bevagna, in which a great many birds of various types had congregated, including doves, crows and some others commonly called daws. When he saw them Francis, that most blessed servant of God, being a man of great fervor and very sympathetic toward the lower, irrational creatures, quickly left 8 his companions on the road and ran over to them. </span></b>When he got there, he saw that they were waiting expectantly and saluted them. Surprised that the birds had not flow n away as they normally do, he was filled with joy and humbly begged them to listen to the word of God. Among the things he told them, he said the following: "My brothers the birds, you should love your creator deeply and praise him always. He has given you feathers to w ear, wings to fly with, and w hat ever else you need. He has made you noble among his creatures and given you a dwelling in the pure air. You neither sow nor reap, yet he nevertheless protects and governs you without any anxiety on your part."<br />
<b><span style="color: blue;">Both Francis and his companions agree in reporting that, when he had spoken thus, the birds exulted marvelously in their own fashion, stretching their necks, extending their wings, opening their mouths, and gazing at him. Francis walked into their midst, touching their heads and bodies with his tunic. Finally he blessed them and, making the sign of the cross, gave them permission to fly off to some other place.</span></b><br />
<span style="color: #274e13;"><b>Rejoicing, the blessed father went off with his companions, giving thanks to God whom all creatures worship. Since he had now been made simple by grace and not by nature, he began to accuse himself of negligence for not having preached to the birds before, since they listened to the word of God with such reverence. And thus it came about that, from that day on, he exhorted all birds, all animals, all reptiles, and even nonexistent creatures to praise and love the creator, for every day, when the name of the savior was announced, he himself saw their obedience.</b></span><br />
<span style="color: #3d85c6;"><b>One day he came to a town called Alviano to preach the word of God. Ascending to w here he could be seen by all, he asked for silence. The people became quiet and waited reverently, but a flock of swallows building nests in that place continued to chatter away, making it impossible for the people to hear. Francis spoke to them, "My sisters the swallows, it's my turn to speak now, because you've already said enough. Listen to the word of God. Stay still and be quiet until it 's over." To the people's amazement, the little birds immediately stopped chattering and did not move until Francis had finished preaching.</b></span><b><span style="color: #783f04;"> Those who witnessed this sign were filled with wonder and said, "truly this man is holy and a friend of the Most High." Praising and blessing God, they devoutly hurried at least to touch his clothing. And it is marvelous how those irrational creatures recognized his affection for them and sensed his love.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #7f6000;">Once, when he was staying in the town of Greccio, a hare was caught in a trap and brought live to Francis by a brother. Seeing the hare, the blessed m an was moved to pity and said, "Brother hare, come here. Why did you let yourself be fooled in this w ay?" As soon as the hare was released by the brother. he dashed over to Francis and, without being forced to do so, set tied into his lap as the safest place available. When he had rested there a while, the holy father, stroking him with maternal affection, let him go so that he could return to the wild. Each time he was placed on the ground, the hare ran back to Francis' lap. Finally Francis asked that the brothers carry him to a nearby forest. Something similar occurred with a rabbit, a very undomesticated creature, on an island in the lake of Perugia.</span></b><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><b>Francis was moved by similar pity toward fish. When they had been caught and he had the chance, he threw them back into the water warning them to be careful not to get caught again. Once, as he was sitting in a boat near a harbor on the lake of Rieti, a certain fisherman caught a big fish commonly called a tench and brought it to Francis. He received it joyfully and kindly, took to calling it "brother," and, having placed it in the water next to his boat, began to bless the name of the Lord. For some time, while Francis tended to his prayer, the fish played in the water near the boat, nor did he leave the area until the holy man of God, his prayer completed, gave him permission to go. For glorious father Francis, walking the path of obedience and donning perfectly the yoke of obedience, received from God the great honor of having creatures obey him. </b></span><b><span style="color: blue;">For even water was turned into wine for him when he was seriously ill at the hermitage of Saint Urban. When he tasted it he became w ell so quickly that all believed it to be a miracle, as indeed it was. And he w ham creatures obey in this way, at whose nod the elements change themselves to other uses, is certainly a holy man.</span></b><br />
<span style="color: red;"><b>During the time when, as we have seen, the venerable father Francis preached to the birds, he went about through cities and towns scattering the seeds of his blessing everywhere. Coming to the city of Ascoli, he preached the word of God fervently as usual. Through a change wrought by the right hand of the Most high, the people were filled with so much love and devotion that they trampled one another hurrying to see and hear him. And thirty men, clerics and laymen, received the habit at that time. recognized his affection for them and sensed his love.</b></span><br />
<b><span style="color: blue;">Once, when he was staying in the town of Greccio, a hare was caught in a trap and brought live to Francis by a brother. Seeing the hare, the blessed man was moved to pity and said, "Brother hare, come here. Why did you let yourself be fooled in this way?" As soon as the hare was released by the brother. he dashed over to Francis and, without being forced to do so, set tied into his lap as the safest place available. When he had rested there a while, the holy father, stroking him with maternal affection, let him go so that he could return to the wild. Each time he was placed on the ground, the hare ran back to Francis' lap. Finally Francis asked that the brothers carry him to a nearby forest. Something similar occurred with a rabbit, a very undomesticated creature, on an island in the lake of Perugia.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #7f6000;">Francis was moved by similar pity toward fish. When they had been caught and he had the chance, he threw them back into the water warning them to be careful not to get caught again. Once, as he was sitting in a boat near a harbor on the lake of Riet i, a certain fisherman caught a big fish commonly called a tench and brought it to Francis. He received it joyfully and kindly, took to calling it "brother," and, having placed it in the water next to his boat, began to bless the name of the Lord. For some time, while Francis tended to his prayer, the fish played in the water near the boat, nor did he leave the area until the holy man of God, his prayer completed, gave him permission to go. For glorious father Francis, walking the path of obedience and donning perfectly the yoke of obedience, received from God the great honor of having creatures obey him. For even water was turned into wine for him when he was seriously ill at the hermitage of Saint Urban. When he tasted it he became w ell so quickly that all believed it to be a miracle, as indeed it was. And he whom creatures obey in this way, at whose nod the elements change themselves to other uses, is certainly a holy man.</span></b><br />
During the time when, as w e have seen, the venerable father Francis preached to the birds, he went about through cities and towns scattering the seeds of his blessing everywhere. Coming to the city of Ascoli, he preached the word of God fervently as usual. Through a change wrought by the right hand of the Most high, the people were filled with so much love and devotion that they trampled one another hurrying to see and hear him. And thirty men, clerics and laymen, received the habit at that time. So great was the faith of men and w omen, and so great was their devotion to the holy man of God, that they considered fortunate anyone who could at least touch his clothes. When he entered a city, the clergy rejoiced, the bells rang, men exulted, w omen cheered, children applauded, and often, taking branches from the trees, they went to meet him singing. Heretical depravity was confounded, the faith of the church was extolled, and while the faithful engaged in jubilation heretics went into hiding. For so many signs of sanctity appeared in him that no one dared to oppose his words.<b><u> Indeed, the attention of the crowd was directed at him alone. He felt that the faith of the Holy Roman Church should be observed, honored and imitated above all things, since in it alone lies the salvation of those who are to be saved. He felt great affection for priests and every ecclesiastical order.</u></b><br />
<b><u><span style="color: lime;">The people offered him bread to bless, stored it away for a long time, then were cured of various illnesses when they ate it. In their overwhelming faith they often cut off parts of his clothes, so much that he was often left nearly naked. And w hat is even more marvelous, if the holy father touched some object, it in turn became the m cans by which health was restored to others.</span></u></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #20124d;">Thus a certain woman from a little town near Arezzo was pregnant, and when it was time for her to deliver she remained in labor for several days in incredible pain, hanging between life and death. Her neighbors and family heard that Saint Francis was to pass that way as he journeyed to a certain hermitage. They waited, but he went by another route.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #20124d;">He had gone on horseback because he was ill. When he arrived at his destination, he entrusted the horse to a brother named Peter, who was to bring it back to the man who had loaned it. On his way, Peter passed through the village w here the woman lay suffering. When the men of the village saw him, they hurried up to him thinking he was Francis, but they soon learned the truth and were deeply disappoint ed.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: #20124d;">Finally they began to ask one another if same thing might be found which Francis had touched with his hand. After searching for a long time, they came upon the reigns of the bridle, which he had held while riding. Removing the bridle from the horse's mouth, they placed the reigns on the w oman. Immediately the danger passed. She bore the child safely and joyfully.</span></b><br />
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His highest intention, greatest desire, and supreme purpose was to observe the holy gospel in and through all things. He w anted to follow the doctrine and walk in the footsteps of our Lord Jesus Christ, and to do so perfectly, with all vigilance, all zeal, complete desire of the mind, complete fervor of the heart. He remembered Christ's words through constant meditation and recalled his actions through wise consideration. The humility of the incarnation and the love of the passion so occupied his memory that he scarcely wished to think of anything else. Hence what he did in the third year before the day of his glorious death, in the town called Greccio, on the birthday of our Lord Jesus Christ, should be reverently remembered.<br />
There was in that place a certain man named John, of good reputation and even better life, w ham the blessed Francis particularly loved. Noble and honorable in his own land, he had trodden on nobility of the flesh and pursued that of the mind. Around fifteen days before the birthday of Christ Francis sent for this man, as he often did, and said to him, "If you wish to celebrate the approaching feast of the Lord at Greccio, hurry and do w hat I tell you. I w ant to do something that w ill recall the memory of that child who was born in Bethlehem, to see with bodily eyes the inconveniences of his infancy, how he lay in the manger, and how the ox and ass stood by." Upon hearing this, the good and faithful man hurried to prepare all that the holy man had request ed.<br />
The day of joy drew near, the time of exult at ion approached. The brothers were called from their various places. With glad hearts, the men and w omen of that place prepared, according to their means, candles and torches to light up that night which has illuminated all the days and years with its glittering star. Finally the holy man of God arrived and, finding everything prepared, saw it and rejoiced.<br />
The manger is ready, hay is brought, the ox and ass are led in. Simplicity is honored there, poverty is exalted, humility is commended and a new Bethlehem, as it were, is made from Greccio. Night is illuminated like the day, delighting men and beasts. The people come and joyfully celebrate the new mystery. The forest resounds with voices and the rocks respond to their rejoicing. The brothers sing, discharging their debt of praise to the Lord, and the whole night echoes with jubilation. The holy man of God stands before the m anger 12 full of sighs, consumed by devotion and filled with a marvelous joy. The solemnities of the mass are performed over the manger and the priest experiences a new consolation.<br />
The holy man of God w ears a deacon's vestments, for he was indeed a deacon, and he sings the holy gospel with a sonorous voice. And his voice, a sweet voice, a vehement voice, a clear voice, a sonorous voice, invites all to the highest rewards. Then he preaches mellifluously to the people standing about, telling them about the birth of the poor king and the little city of Bethlehem. Often, too, when he wished to mention Jesus Christ, burning with love he called him "the child of Bethlehem," and speaking the word "Bethlehem" or "Jesus," he licked his lips with his tongue, seeming to taste the sweetness of these words.<br />
The gifts of the Almighty are multiplied here and a marvelous vision is seen by a certain virtuous man. For he saw a little child lying lifeless in the manger, and he saw the holy man of God approach and arouse the child as if from a deep sleep. Nor was this an unfitting vision, for in the hearts of many the child Jesus really had been forgotten, but now, by his grace and through his servant Francis, he had been brought back to life and impressed here by loving recollect ion. Finally the celebrat ion ended and each returned joyfully home.<br />
The hay placed in the manger was kept so that the Lord, multiplying his holy mercy, might bring health to the beasts of burden and other animals. And indeed it happened that many animals throughout the surrounding area were cured of their illnesses by eating this hay. Moreover, w omen undergoing a long and difficult labor gave birth safely when some of this hay was placed upon them. And a large number of people, male and female alike, with various illnesses, all received the health they desired there. At last a temple of the Lord was consecrated w here the manger stood, and over the manger an altar was constructed and a church dedicated in honor of the blessed father Francis, so that, w here animals once had eaten hay, henceforth men could gain health in soul and body by eating the flesh of the Lamb without spot or blemish, Jesus Christ our Lord, who through great and indescribable love gave him self to us, living and reigning with the Father and Holy Spirit, God eternally glorious forever and ever, Amen. Alleluia! Alleluia!<br />
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<i>Two years before Francis gave his soul back to heaven, while he was staying in a hermitage called "Alverna" after the place w here it was located, he saw in a vision from God a man with six wings like a seraph, standing above him with hands extended and feet together, affixed to a cross. Two wings were raised over his head, two were extended in flight, and two hid his entire body.</i><br />
When the blessed servant of God saw these things he was filled with wonder, but he did not know w hat the vision meant. He rejoiced greatly in the benign and gracious expression with which he saw himself regarded by the seraph, whose beauty was indescribable; yet he was alarmed by the fact that the seraph was affixed to the cross and was suffering terribly. Thus Francis rose, one might say, sad and happy, joy and grief alternating in him. He wondered anxiously w hat this vision could mean, and his soul was uneasy as it searched for understanding. And as his understanding sought in vain for an explanation and his heart was filled with perplex it y at the great novelty of this vision, the marks of nails began to appear in his hands and feet, just as he had seen them slightly earlier in the crucified man above him.<br />
His hands and feet seemed to be pierced by nails, with the heads of the nails appearing in the palms of his hands and on the upper sides of his feet, the points appearing on the other side. The marks were round on the palm of each hand but elongated on the other side, and small pieces of flesh jutting out from the rest took on the appearance of the nail-ends, bent and driven back. In the same way the marks of nails were impressed on his feet and projected beyond the rest of the flesh. Moreover, his right side had a large wound as if it had been pierced with a spear, and it often bled so that his tunic and trousers were soaked with his sacred blood.<br />
Alas, how few were worthy of viewing the wound I n the side of this crucified servant of the crucified Lord I How fortunate was Elias, who was worthy of seeing it while the holy man lived, but no less fortunate was Rufinus, who touched the wound with his own hands. For once, when the aforesaid brother Rufinus put his hand on the holy man's chest in order to rub him, his hand fell to his right side, as often occurs, and he happened to touch that precious wound. The holy man of God suffered great anguish from that touch and, pushing the hand away, he cried out to the Lord to forgive him. He carefully hid the wound from outsiders and cautiously concealed it from those near him, so that even his most devoted followers and those who were constantly at his side knew nothing of it for a long time. And although the servant and friend of the most high saw himself adorned with many costly pearls as if with precious gems, and marvelously decked out beyond the glory and honor of other men, he did not become vain or seek to please anyone through desire for personal glory, but, lest human favor should steal away the grace given to him, he attempted to hide it in every way possible.<br />
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During this period Francis' body began to be beset by more serious illnesses than previously. He suffered frequent illnesses because for many years he had castigated his body perfectly, reducing it to servitude. For during the preceding eighteen years his flesh had scarcely or never found rest, but traveled constantly throughout various wide areas so that the prompt, devout and fervent spirit within him could scatter God's word everywhere.Edward Yablonskyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10013345997672210570noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6671724644852957271.post-29411131171316099542016-11-26T12:33:00.002-08:002016-11-26T14:10:18.563-08:00<h1 class="text-align-center" style="background-color: white; color: #1c1c1c; font-family: brandon-grotesque; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em; text-align: center;">
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Blackfish tells the story of Tilikum, a performing killer whale that killed several people while in captivity. Along the way, director-producer Gabriela Cowperthwaite compiles shocking footage and emotional interviews to explore the creature’s extraordinary nature, the species’ cruel treatment in captivity, the lives and losses of the trainers and the pressures brought to bear by the multi-billion dollar sea-park i</div>
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<span style="color: #363636; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px;">This emotionally wrenching, tautly structured story challenges us to consider our relationship to nature and reveals how little we humans have learned from these highly intelligent and enormously sentient fellow mammals.</span><br />
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<a href="http://www.blackfishmovie.com/news/2016/3/10/x0y5ws7b4fl7d9jwfa3yntiz8xn74m" id="yui_3_17_2_1_1480192212037_1209" style="color: #1c1c1c; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Tilikum is seriously ill - says SeaWorld</a></h1>
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Tilikum was captured from the wild in 1983 when he was 2 years old. His captivity began at Sealand until they closed and he was bought by SeaWorld. He has remained at SeaWorld ever since, despite the captivity stress he is clearly under.</div>
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Sadly, we must now report that Tilikum is very sick and there are concerns for his life. SeaWorld veterinary and animal care teams are worried that his health is deteriorating due to a possible bacterial infection which is very strong and resisting treatment. </div>
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The news broke earlier this week when SeaWorld shared a video in which veterinarian Scott Gearhart reported on his health:</div>
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I wish I could say I was tremendously optimistic about Tilikum and his future, but he has a disease which is chronic and progressive and at some point might cause his death</blockquote>
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<a href="http://www.blackfishmovie.com/news/2016/3/10/x0y5ws7b4fl7d9jwfa3yntiz8xn74m" id="yui_3_17_2_1_1480192212037_1209" style="color: rgb(28, 28, 28); text-decoration: none; outline: 0px;">Tilikum is seriously ill - says SeaWorld</a></h1>
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<time class="published" datetime="2016-03-10">March 10, 2016</time></p>
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Tilikum was captured from the wild in 1983 when he was 2 years old. His captivity began at Sealand until they closed and he was bought by SeaWorld. He has remained at SeaWorld ever since, despite the captivity stress he is clearly under.</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 1em;">
Sadly, we must now report that Tilikum is very sick and there are concerns for his life. SeaWorld veterinary and animal care teams are worried that his health is deteriorating due to a possible bacterial infection which is very strong and resisting treatment. </p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 1em;">
The news broke earlier this week when SeaWorld shared a video in which veterinarian Scott Gearhart reported on his health:</p>
<blockquote style="margin-bottom: 0px;">
I wish I could say I was tremendously optimistic about Tilikum and his future, but he has a disease which is chronic and progressive and at some point might cause his death</blockquote>
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<article class="entry cf hentry author-anna-godas post-type-text article-index-2" data-item-id="56e17e5d62cd947beadd4001" id="article-56e17e5d62cd947beadd4001" style="color: #363636; font-family: ff-meta-serif-web-pro; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; margin: 0px 0px 120px;"><div class="entry-title-wrapper" id="yui_3_17_2_1_1480192212037_1211" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: none; margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; width: auto;">
<h1 class="entry-title" data-content-field="title" id="yui_3_17_2_1_1480192212037_1210" style="color: #1c1c1c; font-family: brandon-grotesque; font-size: 32px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1em; margin: 0px 0px 0.5em;">
<a href="http://www.blackfishmovie.com/news/2016/3/10/x0y5ws7b4fl7d9jwfa3yntiz8xn74m" id="yui_3_17_2_1_1480192212037_1209" style="color: #1c1c1c; outline: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Tilikum is seriously ill - says SeaWorld</a></h1>
<div class="date">
<time class="published" datetime="2016-03-10">March 10, 2016</time><span style="line-height: 25.6px;">A mesmerising psychological thriller with a killer whale at its centre, Blackfish is the first film since Grizzly Man to show how nature can get revenge on man when pushed to its limits. Blackfish tells the story of Tilikum, a performing killer whale that killed several people while in captivity. Along the way, director-producer Gabriela Cowperthwaite compiles shocking footage and emotional interviews to explore the creature’s extraordinary nature, the species’ cruel treatment in captivity, the lives and losses of the trainers and the pressures brought to bear by the mulit-billion dollar sea-park industry.</span></div>
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REPORT: SEAWORLD TO END KILLER WHALE SHOWS IN SAN DIEGO</h1>
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BY <span class="author" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px;"><span itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px;"><a class="author-name" href="http://www.newsweek.com/authors/michele-richinick" itemprop="url" rel="author" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #ff0500; font-weight: 700; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"><span itemprop="name" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px;">MICHELE GORMAN</span></a></span> </span><time datetime="2015-11-09T13:16:49-05:00" itemprop="datePublished" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px;">ON 11/9/15 AT 1:16 PM</time><time datetime="2016-04-30T13:16:01-04:00" itemprop="dateModified" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px;"></time></div>
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SeaWorld plans to phase out its controversial killer whale show at its San Diego location starting next year, amid ongoing criticism about its treatment of the animals, according to <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/2015/nov/09/seaworld-san-diego-phase-out-killer-whale-show/" rel="nofollow" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 5, 0); border-style: none none solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0.0625rem; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c3c3c; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">The San Diego Union-Tribune</a>.</em></div>
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The <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px;">Tribune </em>reported that the company announced its plan in an online document, which since has been removed from the company's website. The paper<i style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px;"> </i>also reported that the new orca experience will debut in San Diego in 2017 to replace the "Shamu" show.</div>
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<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.newsweek.com/was-blackfish-wrong-animals-captivity-good-conservation-374755" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 5, 0); border-style: none none solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0.0625rem; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c3c3c; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">Related: How Aquariums Can Actually Save Animals in the Wild</a></strong></div>
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The company, which operates 11 theme parks, instead will focus on inspiring guests to focus on conservation, Joel Manby, chief executive of SeaWorld Entertainment Inc., said Monday in a webcast. The company will work with public schools to educate 50 million students on conservation in the next five years.</div>
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Manby didn't mention the end of the shows at the company's other locations.</div>
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The decision comes amid efforts at both the state and federal levels to ban live performances and captive breeding of killer whales.</div>
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The marine life park has been under fire since the 2013 documentary<em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px; outline: none 0px; padding: 0px;">Blackfish</em> examined how the living conditions of whales might cause them to lash out violently against their trainers. The film attempted to find an explanation for three deaths caused by an aggressive killer whale. In the wake of the documentary, protesters called on SeaWorld to end the practice of using whales for entertainment.</div>
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The move also comes eight months after Feld Entertainment, the parent company of Ringling Brothers, announced that the circus<a href="http://www.newsweek.com/ringling-bros-retire-circus-elephants-not-just-yet-311902" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 5, 0); border-style: none none solid; border-width: 0px 0px 0.0625rem; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c3c3c; list-style: none outside none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">will be retiring</a> all of its performing elephants by 2018.</div>
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</article><article class="entry cf hentry author-anna-godas post-type-text article-index-3" data-item-id="5641bd50e4b0ed76e52230ae" id="article-5641bd50e4b0ed76e52230ae" style="margin: 0px 0px 120px;"><div class="entry-title-wrapper" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #363636; float: none; font-family: ff-meta-serif-web-pro; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; width: auto;">
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<a href="http://www.blackfishmovie.com/news/2015/11/10/seaworld-san-diego-to-end-orca-shows-not-quite" style="color: #1c1c1c; text-decoration: none;">SeaWorld San Diego to end Orca shows? not quite.</a></h1>
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<time class="published" datetime="2015-11-10">November 10, 2015</time></div>
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The internet was flooded yesterday with news that SeaWorld San Diego planned to end its live Orca performances.</div>
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<a href="http://www.newsweek.com/report-seaworld-end-killer-whale-shows-392187" style="color: #6598b8; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Report: SeaWorld to End Killer Whale Shows in San Diego - Newsweek</a></div>
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Turns out most reports were not completely accurate as SeaWorld San Diego is only phasing out the current version of the show. The Orcas will remain at SeaWorld San Diego and a new killer whale experience will be introduced.</div>
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<a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/11/10/us-california-seaworld-idUSKCN0SY27Q20151110#X7HpmgpltiX0ySMw.97" style="color: #6598b8; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">SeaWorld to replace 'Shamu' killer whale show in San Diego - Reuters</a></div>
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The new show will 'include conservation messaging and tips guests can take home to make a difference for orcas in the wild,' said CEO Joel Manby.</div>
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Slate gives a good analysis on what this announcement actually means:</div>
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<a href="http://www.slate.com/blogs/moneybox/2015/11/09/seaworld_isn_t_really_ending_its_killer_whale_show.html" style="color: #6598b8; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Bad News, Animal Lovers: SeaWorld Isn’t Really Ending Its Killer Whale Show - Slate</a></div>
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This change has only been announced for its San Diego park, leaving no planned changes at the Florida or Texas parks.</div>
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<a href="http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/2015/nov/09/gabriela-copwerthwaite-seaworld-blackfish-whales/" style="color: #6598b8; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">The San Diego Union-Tribune </a>interviewed Director Gabriela Cowperthwaite:</div>
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“I’m cautiously optimistic,” Cowperthwaite said in a phone interview from Spain, where she’s working on her latest documentary.</div>
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“My understanding is that SeaWorld may not be stopping the orca show at all. They may simply be repackaging it so that orcas will perform more natural-looking tricks in new choreographed acts,” she added. </div>
<b><u><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><i>Blackfish</i> is a 2013 American </span></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_film" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;" title="Documentary film">documentary film</a><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> directed by Gabriela Cowperthwaite. It concerns </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilikum_(orca)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;" title="Tilikum (orca)">Tilikum</a><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">, an </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orca" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;" title="Orca">orca</a><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> held by </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SeaWorld_Orlando" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;" title="SeaWorld Orlando">SeaWorld</a><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> and the controversy over </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captive_killer_whales" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;" title="Captive killer whales">captive killer whales</a><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">. The film premiered at the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Sundance_Film_Festival" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;" title="2013 Sundance Film Festival">2013 Sundance Film Festival</a><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> on January 19, 2013, and was picked up by </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnolia_Pictures" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;" title="Magnolia Pictures">Magnolia Pictures</a><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> and </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN_Films" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;" title="CNN Films">CNN Films</a><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> for wider release. It was nominated for the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Documentary" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;" title="BAFTA Award for Best Documentary">BAFTA Award for Best Documentary</a><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">.</span></span></u></b><br />
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The documentary concerns the captivity of Tilikum, an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killer_whale" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Killer whale">orca</a> involved in the deaths of three individuals, and the consequences of keeping orcas in captivity.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_note-4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[4]</a></sup> The coverage of Tilikum includes his capture in 1983 off the coast of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, and purported harassment by fellow <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captive_orcas" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Captive orcas">captive orcas</a> at<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealand_of_the_Pacific" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Sealand of the Pacific">Sealand of the Pacific</a>, incidents that Cowperthwaite argues contributed to the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orca%27s_aggression" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Orca's aggression">orca's aggression</a> and includes testimonial from Lori Marino, Director of Science with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonhuman_Rights_Project" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Nonhuman Rights Project">Nonhuman Rights Project</a>. Cowperthwaite also focuses on<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SeaWorld" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="SeaWorld">SeaWorld</a>'s claims that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_expectancy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Life expectancy">lifespans</a> of orcas in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captivity_(animal)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Captivity (animal)">captivity</a> are comparable to those in the wild,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-seaworldletter_5-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_note-seaworldletter-5" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[5]</a></sup> typically 30 years for males and 50 years for females,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-noaa_6-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_note-noaa-6" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[6]</a></sup> a claim the film argues is false.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-LAT1_7-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_note-LAT1-7" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[7]</a></sup> Interview subjects also include former SeaWorld trainers, such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Hargrove" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="John J. Hargrove">John Hargrove</a>, who describe their experiences with Tilikum and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_captive_orcas" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="List of captive orcas">other captive whales</a>.</div>
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The documentary reports that the whales have experienced extreme stress when their offspring were captured in the wild or when separated after breeding at water parks. The film features footage of attacks on trainers by Tilikum and other captive whales, and interviews with witnesses.</div>
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Response_from_SeaWorld">Response from SeaWorld</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blackfish_(film)&action=edit&section=7" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Response from SeaWorld">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3>
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<a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tilikum_(orca)_(Shamu).jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="688" data-file-width="1024" height="148" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Tilikum_%28orca%29_%28Shamu%29.jpg/220px-Tilikum_%28orca%29_%28Shamu%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Tilikum_%28orca%29_%28Shamu%29.jpg/330px-Tilikum_%28orca%29_%28Shamu%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Tilikum_%28orca%29_%28Shamu%29.jpg/440px-Tilikum_%28orca%29_%28Shamu%29.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><br />
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<a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tilikum_(orca)_(Shamu).jpg" style="-webkit-user-select: none; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent), url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%0A%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%2011%2015%22%20width%3D%2215%22%20height%3D%2211%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3Cg%20id%3D%22magnify-clip%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%23000%22%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cpath%20id%3D%22bigbox%22%20d%3D%22M1.509%201.865h10.99v7.919h-10.99z%22%2F%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%3Cpath%20id%3D%22smallbox%22%20d%3D%22M-1.499%206.868h5.943v4.904h-5.943z%22%2F%3E%0A%20%20%20%20%3C%2Fg%3E%0A%3C%2Fsvg%3E%0A"); color: #0b0080; display: block; height: 11px; overflow: hidden; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 15px; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Tilikum at SeaWorld Orlando in 2009.</div>
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<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SeaWorld_Entertainment" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="SeaWorld Entertainment">SeaWorld Entertainment</a> refused to take part in the production of <i>Blackfish</i>, and later claimed the film was inaccurate,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-variety_18-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_note-variety-18" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[18]</a></sup> saying in a statement:</div>
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<i>Blackfish</i> ... is inaccurate and misleading and, regrettably, exploits a tragedy .... [T]he film paints a distorted picture that withholds ...key facts about SeaWorld—among them...that SeaWorld rescues, rehabilitates and returns to the wild hundreds of wild animals every year, and that SeaWorld commits millions of dollars annually to conservation and scientific research.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CNN_SW_response_1_19-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_note-CNN_SW_response_1-19" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[19]</a></sup></div>
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SeaWorld responded further with an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_letter" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Open letter">open letter</a> rebutting the claims.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-seaworldletter_5-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_note-seaworldletter-5" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[5]</a></sup> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_Preservation_Society" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Oceanic Preservation Society">Oceanic Preservation Society</a> and The Orca Project, a non-profit focusing on orca in captivity, responded with open letters criticizing SeaWorld's claims.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-OPS_20-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_note-OPS-20" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[20]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-_21-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_note--21" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[21]</a></sup> Marine researcher Debbie Giles also offered rebuttals to SeaWorld, finding its assertions inaccurate.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-marineresearch_22-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_note-marineresearch-22" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[22]</a></sup></div>
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On December 31, 2013, the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Business_Journal" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Orlando Business Journal">Orlando Business Journal</a></i> posted a poll asking if <i>Blackfish</i> had changed readers' opinions on SeaWorld. The majority of votes stated that the film had not. It was later found that 180 out of 328 votes (55%) originated from a single SeaWorld-hosted IP address.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_note-23" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[23]</a></sup> SeaWorld defended the voting, stating that "each of the votes that came from a SeaWorld domain were cast by team members who are passionate about the incredible work SeaWorld does and the experiences our parks provide."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_note-24" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[24]</a></sup></div>
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SeaWorld also created a section of its website titled "Truth About Blackfish," addressing the claims stated above and highlighting what it considered other problems with the film.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_note-25" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[25]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_note-26" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[26]</a></sup></div>
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On February 27, 2014, SeaWorld filed a complaint with the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Labor" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="U.S. Department of Labor">U.S. Department of Labor</a>, claiming the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a> investigator who investigated Brancheau's death had behaved unethically by aiding the filmmakers. Cowperthwaite denied claims of improper collaboration.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-michael_27-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_note-michael-27" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[27]</a></sup></div>
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In March 2014, Cowperthwaite rebutted a number of claims on SeaWorld's website and challenged SeaWorld officials to a public debate.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CowperChallenge_28-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_note-CowperChallenge-28" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[28]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="Impact">Impact</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blackfish_(film)&action=edit&section=8" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: Impact">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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Reaction to the documentary prompted the bands and singers <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_(band)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Heart (band)">Heart</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barenaked_Ladies" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Barenaked Ladies">Barenaked Ladies</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Nelson" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Willie Nelson">Willie Nelson</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martina_McBride" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Martina McBride">Martina McBride</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.38_Special_(band)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title=".38 Special (band)">.38 Special</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheap_Trick" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Cheap Trick">Cheap Trick</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REO_Speedwagon" style="background: none; color: #0b0080;" title="REO Speedwagon">REO Speedwagon</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Benatar" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pat Benatar">Pat Benatar</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beach_Boys" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The Beach Boys">The Beach Boys</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace_Adkins" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Trace Adkins">Trace Adkins</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trisha_Yearwood" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Trisha Yearwood">Trisha Yearwood</a> to cancel their concerts at the "Bands, Brew & BBQ" event at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SeaWorld_Orlando" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="SeaWorld Orlando">SeaWorld Orlando</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busch_Gardens_Tampa" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Busch Gardens Tampa">Busch Gardens Tampa</a> in 2014.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ahmed_CNN_29-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_note-Ahmed_CNN-29" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[29]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Duke_CNN_30-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_note-Duke_CNN-30" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[30]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ap-benatar_31-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_note-ap-benatar-31" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[31]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Gibson_32-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_note-Gibson-32" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[32]</a></sup></div>
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SeaWorld announced afterward it had suffered a $15.9 million loss, which CEO James Atchison attributed in part to high ticket prices and poor weather.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_note-33" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[33]</a></sup></div>
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Overall attendance at SeaWorld parks and Busch Gardens declined by 5% in the first nine months of 2013, though it was unclear if the drop in attendance was due to the influence of the film.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-michael_27-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_note-michael-27" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[27]</a></sup> SeaWorld claimed attendance figures for its three marine parks — Orlando, San Diego and San Antonio — in the last three months of 2013 were at record levels for that quarter.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_note-34" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[34]</a></sup></div>
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In response to the film, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Senator" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="New York State Senator">New York State Senator</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Ball_(politician)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Greg Ball (politician)">Greg Ball</a> proposed legislation in New York that bans keeping orcas in captivity.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-gregball_35-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_note-gregball-35" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[35]</a></sup> In March 2014, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Assemblyman" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="California State Assemblyman">California State Assemblyman</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bloom" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Richard Bloom">Richard Bloom</a> introduced the Orca Welfare and Safety Act, a bill in California that would ban entertainment-driven orca captivity and retire all current whales.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BAN_CNN_36-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_note-BAN_CNN-36" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[36]</a></sup> In June 2014, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="United States">U.S.</a>Congressmen <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Schiff" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Adam Schiff">Adam Schiff</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Huffman" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jared Huffman">Jared Huffman</a> attached an amendment to the Agriculture Appropriations Act, requiring the<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USDA" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="USDA">USDA</a> to update the Animal Welfare Act in regards to cetacean captivity. It passed with "unanimous bipartisan support."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_note-37" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[37]</a></sup>The bill allocates 1 million USD to studying the impacts of captivity on marine mammals. Schiff cited <i>Blackfish</i> as raising public concern.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_note-38" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[38]</a></sup></div>
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<span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="display: inline-block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1em; margin-left: 1em; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blackfish_(film)&action=edit&section=11" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #555555; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2>
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<li id="cite_note-1" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/blackfish-2013" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"BLACKFISH"</a>. <i>bbfc.co.uk</i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="British Board of Film Classification">British Board of Film Classification</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">August 29,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackfish+%28film%29&rft.atitle=BLACKFISH&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbfc.co.uk%2Freleases%2Fblackfish-2013&rft.jtitle=bbfc.co.uk&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=blackfish.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Blackfish (2013) - Box Office Mojo"</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackfish+%28film%29&rft.btitle=Blackfish+%282013%29+-+Box+Office+Mojo&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boxofficemojo.com%2Fmovies%2F%3Fid%3Dblackfish.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-3" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&id=blackfish.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Blackfish (2013) - International Box Office Results - Box Office Mojo"</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackfish+%28film%29&rft.btitle=Blackfish+%282013%29+-+International+Box+Office+Results+-+Box+Office+Mojo&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boxofficemojo.com%2Fmovies%2F%3Fpage%3Dintl%26id%3Dblackfish.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-4" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">French, Philip (July 27, 2013). <a class="external text" href="http://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/jul/28/blackfish-review" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"<i>Blackfish</i> – review"</a>.<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The Observer">The Observer</a></i>. UK<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">March 9,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackfish+%28film%29&rft.atitle=Blackfish+%93+review&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.aulast=French&rft.date=2013-07-27&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffilm%2F2013%2Fjul%2F28%2Fblackfish-review&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-seaworldletter-5" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-seaworldletter_5-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-seaworldletter_5-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://seaworld.com/en/~/link.aspx?_id=9D0C956E74134E4AA34626AD43CC1F79&_z=z" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"SeaWorld: The Truth Is in Our Parks and People. An Open Letter from SeaWorld's Animal Advocates"</a>. SeaWorld. n.d. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131227051903/http://seaworld.com/en/~/link.aspx?_id=9D0C956E74134E4AA34626AD43CC1F79&_z=z" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Archived</a> from the original on December 27, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">December 26,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackfish+%28film%29&rft.btitle=SeaWorld%3A+The+Truth+Is+in+Our+Parks+and+People.+An+Open+Letter+from+SeaWorld%27s+Animal+Advocates&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseaworld.com%2Fen%2F~%2Flink.aspx%3F_id%3D9D0C956E74134E4AA34626AD43CC1F79%26_z%3Dz&rft.pub=SeaWorld&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-noaa-6" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-noaa_6-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/mammals/cetaceans/killerwhale.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Killer Whale (Orcinus orca)"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> Office of Protected Fisheries.<a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140210151801/http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/mammals/cetaceans/killerwhale.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Archived</a> from the original on February 10, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">December 26,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackfish+%28film%29&rft.btitle=Killer+Whale+%28Orcinus+orca%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nmfs.noaa.gov%2Fpr%2Fspecies%2Fmammals%2Fcetaceans%2Fkillerwhale.htm&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration+Office+of+Protected+Fisheries&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-LAT1-7" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-LAT1_7-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-LAT1_7-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Kaufman, Amy (January 25, 2013). <a class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-sundance-blackfish-20130125,0,2675298.story" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"<span style="padding-left: 0.2em;">'</span>Blackfish' has SeaWorld in hot water"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">February 13,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackfish+%28film%29&rft.atitle=%27Blackfish%27+has+SeaWorld+in+hot+water&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.date=2013-01-25&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fentertainment%2Fmovies%2Fmoviesnow%2Fla-et-mn-sundance-blackfish-20130125%2C0%2C2675298.story&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-IWI-8" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-IWI_8-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-IWI_8-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Kohn, Eric (January 26, 2013). <a class="external text" href="http://www.indiewire.com/article/sundance-interview-blackfish-director-gabriela-cowperthwaite-discusses-suffering-orcas-trainer-death-and-why-seaworld-hasnt-seen-the-movie" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Sundance Interview: 'Blackfish' Director Gabriela Cowperthwaite Discusses Suffering Orcas, Trainer Death, and Why SeaWorld Hasn't Seen the Movie"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IndieWire" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="IndieWire">IndieWire</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191859/http://www.indiewire.com/article/sundance-interview-blackfish-director-gabriela-cowperthwaite-discusses-suffering-orcas-trainer-death-and-why-seaworld-hasnt-seen-the-movie" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Archived</a> from the original on October 29, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">February 13,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackfish+%28film%29&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.aulast=Kohn&rft.btitle=Sundance+Interview%3A+%27Blackfish%27+Director+Gabriela+Cowperthwaite+Discusses+Suffering+Orcas%2C+Trainer+Death%2C+and+Why+SeaWorld+Hasn%27t+Seen+the+Movie&rft.date=2013-01-26&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiewire.com%2Farticle%2Fsundance-interview-blackfish-director-gabriela-cowperthwaite-discusses-suffering-orcas-trainer-death-and-why-seaworld-hasnt-seen-the-movie&rft.pub=IndieWire&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-RT_review_1-9" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-RT_review_1_9-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/blackfish_2013" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Blackfish"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">November 23,</span>2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackfish+%28film%29&rft.btitle=Blackfish&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rottentomatoes.com%2Fm%2Fblackfish_2013&rft.pub=Rotten+Tomatoes&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-10" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-10" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.metacritic.com/movie/blackfish" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>Blackfish</i></a> at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Metacritic">Metacritic</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-DN_review_1-11" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-DN_review_1_11-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Peterson, Jeff (January 24, 2013). <a class="external text" href="http://www.deseretnews.com/article/865571400/Sundance-review-Blackfish-is-an-alarming-film.html?pg=all" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Sundance review: 'Blackfish' is an alarming film"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deseret_News" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Deseret News">Deseret News</a></i>. Salt Lake City, Utah. <a class="external text" href="http://www.webcitation.org/6WcR9gbmh?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deseretnews.com%2Farticle%2F865571400%2FSundance-review-Blackfish-is-an-alarming-film.html%3Fpg%3Dall" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Archived</a> from the original on February 25, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">February 13,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackfish+%28film%29&rft.atitle=Sundance+review%3A+%27Blackfish%27+is+an+alarming+film&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.date=2013-01-24&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deseretnews.com%2Farticle%2F865571400%2FSundance-review-Blackfish-is-an-alarming-film.html%3Fpg%3Dall&rft.jtitle=Deseret+News&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-mojo-12" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-mojo_12-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=blackfish.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Blackfish (2013)"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Box Office Mojo">Box Office Mojo</a>. October 24, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">November 23,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackfish+%28film%29&rft.btitle=Blackfish+%282013%29&rft.date=2013-10-24&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fboxofficemojo.com%2Fmovies%2F%3Fid%3Dblackfish.htm&rft.pub=Box+Office+Mojo&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-blackfishexposed-13" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-blackfishexposed_13-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Davis, Eric (January 9, 2014). <a class="external text" href="http://micechat.com/53915-blackfish-exposed/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Blackfish Exposed by Former SeaWorld Trainer"</a>. MiceChat.com. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141109231445/http://micechat.com/53915-blackfish-exposed/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Archived</a>from the original on November 9, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">January 13,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackfish+%28film%29&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.btitle=Blackfish+Exposed+by+Former+SeaWorld+Trainer&rft.date=2014-01-09&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmicechat.com%2F53915-blackfish-exposed%2F&rft.pub=MiceChat.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-pirtinter-14" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-pirtinter_14-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Batt, Elizabeth (April 9, 2014). <a class="external text" href="http://www.digitaljournal.com/news/politics/op-ed-sean-hannity-s-debate-on-orca-bill-evolves-into-full-on-bashing/article/380187" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Op-Ed: Sean Hannity's 'debate' on orca bill evolves into full-on bashing"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Journal" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital Journal">Digital Journal</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141109231536/http://www.digitaljournal.com/news/politics/op-ed-sean-hannity-s-debate-on-orca-bill-evolves-into-full-on-bashing/article/380187" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Archived</a> from the original on November 9, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">August 20,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackfish+%28film%29&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft.aulast=Batt&rft.btitle=Op-Ed%3A+Sean+Hannity%27s+%27debate%27+on+orca+bill+evolves+into+full-on+bashing&rft.date=2014-04-09&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitaljournal.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fop-ed-sean-hannity-s-debate-on-orca-bill-evolves-into-full-on-bashing%2Farticle%2F380187&rft.pub=Digital+Journal&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-moreblackfishbacklash-15" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-moreblackfishbacklash_15-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Davis, Eric (January 13, 2014). <a class="external text" href="http://micechat.com/54370-blackfish-backlash/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"More Blackfish Backlash – Tilikum's Trainer Dives In"</a>. MiceChat.com. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141110000311/http://micechat.com/54370-blackfish-backlash/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Archived</a>from the original on November 10, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">January 13,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackfish+%28film%29&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.btitle=More+Blackfish+Backlash+%93+Tilikum%27s+Trainer+Dives+In&rft.date=2014-01-13&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmicechat.com%2F54370-blackfish-backlash%2F&rft.pub=MiceChat.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-16" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-16" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Scarpuzzi, Michael (October 28, 2013). <a class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/23/opinion/seaworld-blackfish-controversy/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Blackfish film ignores SeaWorld's benefits to conservation, research"</a>. CNN.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">December 5,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackfish+%28film%29&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=Scarpuzzi&rft.btitle=Blackfish+film+ignores+SeaWorld%27s+benefits+to+conservation%2C+research&rft.date=2013-10-28&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2013%2F10%2F23%2Fopinion%2Fseaworld-blackfish-controversy%2F&rft.pub=CNN.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-17" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-17" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Garcia, Jason (January 21, 2014). <a class="external text" href="http://www.orlandosentinel.com/business/os-dawn-brancheau-blackfish-statement-20140121,0,4328894.story" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Family of Dawn Brancheau chastises 'Blackfish<span style="padding-right: 0.2em;">'</span>"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Orlando Sentinel">Orlando Sentinel</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">January 23,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackfish+%28film%29&rft.atitle=Family+of+Dawn+Brancheau+chastises+%27Blackfish%27&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft.aulast=Garcia&rft.date=2014-01-21&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orlandosentinel.com%2Fbusiness%2Fos-dawn-brancheau-blackfish-statement-20140121%2C0%2C4328894.story&rft.jtitle=Orlando+Sentinel&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-variety-18" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-variety_18-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Pat Saperstein (July 18, 2013). <a class="external text" href="http://variety.com/2013/film/news/seaworld-blackfish-documentary-1200565013/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"SeaWorld: Killer Whale Doc 'Blackfish' Is 'Inaccurate<span style="padding-right: 0.2em;">'</span>"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">November 30,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackfish+%28film%29&rft.atitle=SeaWorld%3A+Killer+Whale+Doc+%27Blackfish%27+Is+%27Inaccurate%27&rft.au=Pat+Saperstein&rft.date=2013-07-18&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2013%2Ffilm%2Fnews%2Fseaworld-blackfish-documentary-1200565013%2F&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-CNN_SW_response_1-19" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-CNN_SW_response_1_19-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/21/us/seaworld-blackfish-qa" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"SeaWorld responds to questions about captive orcas, 'Blackfish' film"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="CNN">CNN</a>. October 21, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">October 23,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackfish+%28film%29&rft.atitle=SeaWorld+responds+to+questions+about+captive+orcas%2C+%27Blackfish%27+film&rft.date=2013-10-21&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2013%2F10%2F21%2Fus%2Fseaworld-blackfish-qa&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-OPS-20" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-OPS_20-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.opsociety.org/PressReleases/SeaWorldOpenLetterRebuttal-OPS.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif") 100% 50% no-repeat; color: #663366; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">"Marine Mammal Captivity: The Truth Is in the Facts An Open Letter from the Informed American Public"</a> <span style="font-size: 10.71px;">(PDF)</span>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_Preservation_Society" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Oceanic Preservation Society">Oceanic Preservation Society</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">January 13,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackfish+%28film%29&rft.btitle=Marine+Mammal+Captivity%3A+The+Truth+Is+in+the+Facts+An+Open+Letter+from+the+Informed+American+Public&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opsociety.org%2FPressReleases%2FSeaWorldOpenLetterRebuttal-OPS.pdf&rft.pub=Oceanic+Preservation+Society&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note--21" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-_21-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Costanzo, Amy. <a class="external text" href="http://theorcaproject.wordpress.com/2013/12/20/open-letter-seaworld/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"An Open Letter BACK to SeaWorld"</a>. The Orca Project<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">January 13,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackfish+%28film%29&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft.aulast=Costanzo&rft.btitle=An+Open+Letter+BACK+to+SeaWorld&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheorcaproject.wordpress.com%2F2013%2F12%2F20%2Fopen-letter-seaworld%2F&rft.pub=The+Orca+Project&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-marineresearch-22" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-marineresearch_22-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140112210009/http://gawker.com/seaworld-is-so-pissed-over-the-blackfish-documentary-840955452" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"SeaWorld Is So Pissed Over the Blackfish Documentary"</a>. Gawker.com. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://gawker.com/seaworld-is-so-pissed-over-the-blackfish-documentary-840955452" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">the original</a>on January 12, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">January 13,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackfish+%28film%29&rft.btitle=SeaWorld+Is+So+Pissed+Over+the+Blackfish+Documentary&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgawker.com%2Fseaworld-is-so-pissed-over-the-blackfish-documentary-840955452&rft.pub=Gawker.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-23" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-23" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.bizjournals.com/orlando/blog/2014/01/somethings-fishy-with-this.html?ana=twt&r=full" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Something's fishy with this SeaWorld/'Blackfish' poll"</a>.<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Business_Journal" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Orlando Business Journal">Orlando Business Journal</a></i>. January 2, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">August 20,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackfish+%28film%29&rft.atitle=Something%27s+fishy+with+this+SeaWorld%2F%27Blackfish%27+poll&rft.date=2014-01-02&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bizjournals.com%2Forlando%2Fblog%2F2014%2F01%2Fsomethings-fishy-with-this.html%3Fana%3Dtwt%26r%3Dfull&rft.jtitle=Orlando+Business+Journal&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-24" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-24" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/01/03/seaworld-blackfish-poll-rigged-ip-address_n_4537254.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"SeaWorld-Owned IP Address Linked To Majority Of Votes In Newspaper's 'Blackfish' Poll: Report"</a>. Huffington Post. January 3, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">August 20,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackfish+%28film%29&rft.btitle=SeaWorld-Owned+IP+Address+Linked+To+Majority+Of+Votes+In+Newspaper%27s+%27Blackfish%27+Poll%3A+Report&rft.date=2014-01-03&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2014%2F01%2F03%2Fseaworld-blackfish-poll-rigged-ip-address_n_4537254.html&rft.pub=Huffington+Post&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-25" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-25" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Parker, Kolten (February 17, 2014). <a class="external text" href="http://www.mysanantonio.com/news/local/article/SeaWorld-posts-videos-in-response-to-Blackfish-5242426.php" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"SeaWorld posts videos in response to 'Blackfish' documentary"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio_Express-News" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="San Antonio Express-News">San Antonio Express-News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">February 19,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackfish+%28film%29&rft.atitle=SeaWorld+posts+videos+in+response+to+%27Blackfish%27+documentary&rft.aufirst=Kolten&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.date=2014-02-17&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mysanantonio.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Farticle%2FSeaWorld-posts-videos-in-response-to-Blackfish-5242426.php&rft.jtitle=San+Antonio+Express-News&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-26" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-26" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://seaworldcares.com/the-facts/truth-about-blackfish/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Truth About Blackfish"</a>. SeaWorld. n.d.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackfish+%28film%29&rft.btitle=Truth+About+Blackfish&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseaworldcares.com%2Fthe-facts%2Ftruth-about-blackfish%2F&rft.pub=SeaWorld&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-michael-27" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-michael_27-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-michael_27-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cieply, Michael (February 27, 2014). <a class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/28/business/media/seaworld-questions-ethics-of-blackfish-investigator.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"SeaWorld Questions Ethics of 'Blackfish' Investigator"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">March 7,</span> 2014</span>.</i><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackfish+%28film%29&rft.atitle=SeaWorld+Questions+Ethics+of+%27Blackfish%27+Investigator&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=Cieply&rft.date=2014-02-27&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F02%2F28%2Fbusiness%2Fmedia%2Fseaworld-questions-ethics-of-blackfish-investigator.html&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times%27%27&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-CowperChallenge-28" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-CowperChallenge_28-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://ecowatch.com/2014/01/24/blackfish-director-challenges-seaworld-debate/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Blackfish Director Challenges SeaWorld to Debate"</a>. EcoWatch<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">March 7,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackfish+%28film%29&rft.btitle=Blackfish+Director+Challenges+SeaWorld+to+Debate&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecowatch.com%2F2014%2F01%2F24%2Fblackfish-director-challenges-seaworld-debate%2F&rft.pub=EcoWatch&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Ahmed_CNN-29" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-Ahmed_CNN_29-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Ahmed, Saeed (December 9, 2013). <a class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2013/12/08/showbiz/seaworld-heart-blackfish/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Heart cancels SeaWorld show amid 'Blackfish' controversy"</a>. <i>CNN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">December 27,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackfish+%28film%29&rft.atitle=Heart+cancels+SeaWorld+show+amid+%27Blackfish%27+controversy&rft.aufirst=Saeed&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.date=2013-12-09&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2013%2F12%2F08%2Fshowbiz%2Fseaworld-heart-blackfish%2F&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Duke_CNN-30" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-Duke_CNN_30-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Duke, Alan (December 16, 2013). <a class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2013/12/16/showbiz/seaworld-martina-mcbride-cancels/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Martina McBride, 38 Special, cancel SeaWorld gig over 'Blackfish' backlash"</a>. CNN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">December 27,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackfish+%28film%29&rft.atitle=Martina+McBride%2C+38+Special%2C+cancel+SeaWorld+gig+over+%27Blackfish%27+backlash&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.aulast=Duke&rft.date=2013-12-16&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2013%2F12%2F16%2Fshowbiz%2Fseaworld-martina-mcbride-cancels%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-ap-benatar-31" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-ap-benatar_31-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2014/01/16/us/ap-us-travel-brief-seaworld-entertainers-canceling.html?hp" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Beach Boys, Benatar Cancel at Busch Gardens"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. January 16, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">January 20,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackfish+%28film%29&rft.atitle=Beach+Boys%2C+Benatar+Cancel+at+Busch+Gardens&rft.date=2014-01-16&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Faponline%2F2014%2F01%2F16%2Fus%2Fap-us-travel-brief-seaworld-entertainers-canceling.html%3Fhp&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Gibson-32" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-Gibson_32-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Gibson, Megan (December 11, 2013). "The Documentary Blackfish Is Still Creating Waves at SeaWorld". <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackfish+%28film%29&rft.atitle=The+Documentary+Blackfish+Is+Still+Creating+Waves+at+SeaWorld&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.date=2013-12-11&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-33" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-33" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Stock, Kyle (August 29, 2013). <a class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-08-29/seaworld-slump-raises-a-question-is-shamu-too-sad-or-too-expensive" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"SeaWorld's Slump Raises a Question: Is Shamu Too Sad, or Too Expensive?"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_Businessweek" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bloomberg Businessweek">Bloomberg Businessweek</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131005053217/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-08-29/seaworld-slump-raises-a-question-is-shamu-too-sad-or-too-expensive" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Archived</a> from the original on October 5, 2013.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackfish+%28film%29&rft.atitle=SeaWorld%27s+Slump+Raises++a+Question%3A+Is+Shamu+Too+Sad%2C+or+Too+Expensive%3F&rft.aufirst=Kyle&rft.aulast=Stock&rft.date=2013-08-29&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Farticles%2F2013-08-29%2Fseaworld-slump-raises-a-question-is-shamu-too-sad-or-too-expensive&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-34" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-34" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Garcia, Jason (January 13, 2014). <a class="external text" href="http://www.orlandosentinel.com/business/blog/tourism-central/os-amid-blackfish-controversy-seaworld-sets-attendance-record-20140113,0,642857.post" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Amid 'Blackfish' controversy, SeaWorld sets attendance record"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Orlando Sentinel">Orlando Sentinel</a></i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140402091013/http://www.orlandosentinel.com/business/blog/tourism-central/os-amid-blackfish-controversy-seaworld-sets-attendance-record-20140113,0,642857.post" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Archived</a> from the original on April 2, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">April 8,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackfish+%28film%29&rft.atitle=Amid+%27Blackfish%27+controversy%2C+SeaWorld+sets+attendance+record&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft.aulast=Garcia&rft.date=2014-01-13&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orlandosentinel.com%2Fbusiness%2Fblog%2Ftourism-central%2Fos-amid-blackfish-controversy-seaworld-sets-attendance-record-20140113%2C0%2C642857.post&rft.jtitle=Orlando+Sentinel&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-gregball-35" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-gregball_35-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.webcitation.org/6NuWhv25M?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nysenate.gov%2Fwebform%2Fsign-petition-end-torture" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Sign The Petition To End The Torture"</a>. Nysenate.gov. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.nysenate.gov/webform/sign-petition-end-torture" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">the original</a> on March 7, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">March 7,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackfish+%28film%29&rft.btitle=Sign+The+Petition+To+End+The+Torture&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nysenate.gov%2Fwebform%2Fsign-petition-end-torture&rft.pub=Nysenate.gov&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-BAN_CNN-36" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-BAN_CNN_36-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Michael, Martinez (December 16, 2013). <a class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2014/03/07/us/california-bill-orca-killer-whale-seaworld/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"California bill would ban orca shows at SeaWorld"</a>. CNN. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140309033158/http://www.cnn.com/2014/03/07/us/california-bill-orca-killer-whale-seaworld/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Archived</a>from the original on March 9, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">March 7,</span>2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackfish+%28film%29&rft.atitle=California+bill+would+ban+orca+shows+at+SeaWorld&rft.aufirst=Martinez&rft.aulast=Michael&rft.date=2013-12-16&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2014%2F03%2F07%2Fus%2Fcalifornia-bill-orca-killer-whale-seaworld%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-37" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-37" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://schiff.house.gov/press-releases/reps-schiff-and-huffman-pass-amendment-directing-usda-to-update-rules-protecting-captive-orcas-and-other-marine-mammals/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Reps. Schiff and Huffman Pass Amendment Directing USDA to Update Rules Protecting Captive Orcas and Other Marine Mammals"</a>. <i>Congressman Adam Shiff</i>. June 11, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">August 20,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackfish+%28film%29&rft.atitle=Reps.+Schiff+and+Huffman+Pass+Amendment+Directing+USDA+to+Update+Rules+Protecting+Captive+Orcas+and+Other+Marine+Mammals&rft.date=2014-06-11&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fschiff.house.gov%2Fpress-releases%2Freps-schiff-and-huffman-pass-amendment-directing-usda-to-update-rules-protecting-captive-orcas-and-other-marine-mammals%2F&rft.jtitle=Congressman+Adam+Shiff&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-38" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-38" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/in-the-loop/wp/2014/08/19/after-blackfish-seaworld-hurt-financially-but-keeps-up-political-spending/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"After 'Blackfish,' SeaWorld hurt financially but keeps up political spending"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. August 19, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">August 20,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackfish+%28film%29&rft.atitle=After+%27Blackfish%2C%27+SeaWorld+hurt+financially+but+keeps+up+political+spending&rft.date=2014-08-19&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fblogs%2Fin-the-loop%2Fwp%2F2014%2F08%2F19%2Fafter-blackfish-seaworld-hurt-financially-but-keeps-up-political-spending%2F&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-timeend-39" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-timeend_39-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-timeend_39-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Stout, David (August 1, 2014). <a class="external text" href="http://time.com/3069051/so-long-shamu-southwest-seaworld-end-ties/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"So Long, Shamu: Southwest, SeaWorld End Ties"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">August 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackfish+%28film%29&rft.atitle=So+Long%2C+Shamu%3A+Southwest%2C+SeaWorld+End+Ties&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Stout&rft.date=2014-08-01&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F3069051%2Fso-long-shamu-southwest-seaworld-end-ties%2F&rft.jtitle=Time&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-40" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-40" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">McInnis, Marilee (January 8, 2014). <a class="external text" href="http://www.blogsouthwest.com/update-on-seaworld-partnership/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Update on SeaWorld Partnership"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Airlines" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Southwest Airlines">Southwest Airlines</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">August 14,</span>2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackfish+%28film%29&rft.atitle=Update+on+SeaWorld+Partnership&rft.aufirst=Marilee&rft.aulast=McInnis&rft.date=2014-01-08&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blogsouthwest.com%2Fupdate-on-seaworld-partnership%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-41" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-41" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Marlow, Ian (August 13, 2014). <a class="external text" href="http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/seaworld-shares-dive-as-documentary-spurs-attendance-drop/article20053631/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"SeaWorld shares dive as documentary spurs attendance drop"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">August 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackfish+%28film%29&rft.atitle=SeaWorld+shares+dive+as+documentary+spurs+attendance+drop&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.aulast=Marlow&rft.date=2014-08-13&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Freport-on-business%2Fseaworld-shares-dive-as-documentary-spurs-attendance-drop%2Farticle20053631%2F&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-42" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-42" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Solomon, Jesse (August 13, 2014). <a class="external text" href="http://money.cnn.com/2014/08/13/investing/seaworld-earnings/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"SeaWorld stock gets soaked, plunges 33%"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="CNN">CNN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">August 14,</span>2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackfish+%28film%29&rft.atitle=SeaWorld+stock+gets+soaked%2C+plunges+33%25&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft.aulast=Solomon&rft.date=2014-08-13&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2F2014%2F08%2F13%2Finvesting%2Fseaworld-earnings%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-43" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-43" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pedicini, Sandra, "<a class="external text" href="http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2014-08-13/business/os-sea-world-earnings-20140813_1_seaworld-parks-seaworld-entertainment-inc-whales" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">SeaWorld stock tanks after low earnings</a>", <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Orlando Sentinel">Orlando Sentinel</a></i>, August 13, 2014</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-44" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-44" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roose, Kevin, "<a class="external text" href="http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2014/08/seaworld-admits-allegations-of-cruelty-have-hurt.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">SeaWorld: Remember When We Said That Blackfish Movie Didn't Hurt Us? Well, Never Mind</a>",<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(magazine)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="New York (magazine)">New York</a></i>, August 13, 2014</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-45" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-45" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Omberg, Emily, "<a class="external text" href="http://orlando.suntimes.com/orl-news/7/135/24242/seaworlds-financial-struggles-blackfish-affecting-busch-gardens/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">SeaWorld's financial struggles from 'Blackfish' affecting Busch Gardens</a>", <i>Orlando Sun Times</i>, November 18, 2014</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-46" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-46" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Omberg, Emily, "<a class="external text" href="http://orlando.suntimes.com/orl-news/7/135/20940/seaworld-losing-revenue-attendance-profit-blackfish/" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">SeaWorld losing revenue, attendance and profit because of "Blackfish"</a>", <i>Orlando Sun Times</i>, November 12, 2014</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-47" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-47" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trigaux, Robert, "<a class="external text" href="http://www.tampabay.com/news/business/tourism/as-seaworld-suffers-blackfish-impact-busch-gardens-suffers-too/2206864" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">As SeaWorld suffers 'Blackfish' impact, Busch Gardens suffers, too</a>", <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Times" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tampa Bay Times">Tampa Bay Times</a></i>, November 17, 2014</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-rosenpressrelease-48" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-rosenpressrelease_48-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-rosenpressrelease_48-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.marketwatch.com/story/equity-alert-the-rosen-law-firm-files-securities-class-action-against-seaworld-entertainment-inc-seas-2014-09-09?reflink=MW_news_stmp" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Equity Alert: The Rosen Law Firm Files Securities Class Action Against SeaWorld Entertainment, Inc. -- SEAS"</a> (Press release). Rosen Law Firm via MarketWatch.com. September 9, 2014. <a class="external text" href="http://www.webcitation.org/6WcRItYi6?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marketwatch.com%2Fstory%2Fequity-alert-the-rosen-law-firm-files-securities-class-action-against-seaworld-entertainment-inc-seas-2014-09-09%3Freflink%3DMW_news_stmp" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Archived</a> from the original on February 25, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">September 10,</span>2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackfish+%28film%29&rft.btitle=Equity+Alert%3A+The+Rosen+Law+Firm+Files+Securities+Class+Action+Against+SeaWorld+Entertainment%2C+Inc.+--+SEAS&rft.date=2014-09-09&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marketwatch.com%2Fstory%2Fequity-alert-the-rosen-law-firm-files-securities-class-action-against-seaworld-entertainment-inc-seas-2014-09-09%3Freflink%3DMW_news_stmp&rft.pub=Rosen+Law+Firm+via+MarketWatch.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span> (archive requires scrolldown)</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-49" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-49" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.bizjournals.com/orlando/blog/2014/08/ny-law-firm-explores-class-action-suit-against.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"NY law firm explores class-action suit against SeaWorld"</a>. <i>Orlando Business Journal</i>. August 19, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">August 20,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackfish+%28film%29&rft.atitle=NY+law+firm+explores+class-action+suit+against+SeaWorld&rft.date=2014-08-19&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bizjournals.com%2Forlando%2Fblog%2F2014%2F08%2Fny-law-firm-explores-class-action-suit-against.html&rft.jtitle=Orlando+Business+Journal&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-resign-50" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-resign_50-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-resign_50-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-30438924" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"SeaWorld boss steps down after film hurts attendance"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. December 11, 2014. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141213043711/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-30438924" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Archived</a>from the original on December 13, 2014.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackfish+%28film%29&rft.atitle=SeaWorld+boss+steps+down+after+film+hurts+attendance&rft.date=2014-12-11&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-30438924&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-51" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-51" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.seaworldinvestors.com/news-releases/news-release-details/2014/SeaWorld-Entertainment-Inc-Announces-David-DAlessandro-Named-Interim-CEO/default.aspx" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"SeaWorld Entertainment, Inc. Announces David D'Alessandro Named Interim CEO"</a> (Press release). SeaWorld Entertainment. December 11, 2014. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141214184707/http://www.seaworldinvestors.com/news-releases/news-release-details/2014/SeaWorld-Entertainment-Inc-Announces-David-DAlessandro-Named-Interim-CEO/default.aspx" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Archived</a>from the original on December 14, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">December 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackfish+%28film%29&rft.btitle=SeaWorld+Entertainment%2C+Inc.+Announces+David+D%27Alessandro+Named+Interim+CEO&rft.date=2014-12-11&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seaworldinvestors.com%2Fnews-releases%2Fnews-release-details%2F2014%2FSeaWorld-Entertainment-Inc-Announces-David-DAlessandro-Named-Interim-CEO%2Fdefault.aspx&rft.pub=SeaWorld+Entertainment&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-52" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-52" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weisman, Aly, "<a class="external text" href="http://finance.yahoo.com/news/jackass-star-steve-o-arrested-151232581.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">'Jackass' star Steve-O arrested after an epic stunt including a 100-foot crane and an inflatable whale in protest of SeaWorld</a>", <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a></i> (<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_News" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Yahoo! News">Yahoo! News</a></i>), 11 August 2015</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-53" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-53" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">SeaWorld Entertainment, "<a class="external text" href="http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/seaworld-entertainment-inc-reports-second-quarter-2015-results-300124561.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">SeaWorld Entertainment, Inc. Reports Second Quarter 2015 Results</a>", <i>PRNewswire</i>, 6 August 2015</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-54" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-54" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Verhoeven, Beatrice, "<a class="external text" href="http://www.thewrap.com/blackfish-effect-seaworld-suffers-disastrous-84-percent-drop-in-profits-in-wake-of-documentary/?utm_term=breaking-news" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">‘Blackfish’ Effect: SeaWorld Suffers Disastrous 84 Percent Drop in Profits in Wake of Documentary</a>", <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheWrap" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="TheWrap">TheWrap</a></i>, 6 August 2015</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-55" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-55" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neate, Rupert, "<a class="external text" href="http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/aug/06/seaworld-profits-plunge-customers" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">SeaWorld sees profits plunge 84% as customers desert controversial park</a>", <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, 6 August 2015</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-latimes-dory-56" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-latimes-dory_56-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-latimes-dory_56-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Kaufman, Amy (August 9, 2013). <a class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-blackfish-seaworld-finding-dory-pixar-20130808,0,7662071.story" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"<span style="padding-left: 0.2em;">'</span>Blackfish' gives Pixar second thoughts on 'Finding Dory' plot"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. <a class="external text" href="http://www.webcitation.org/6WcQxpn5u?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fentertainment%2Fmovies%2Fmoviesnow%2Fla-et-mn-blackfish-seaworld-finding-dory-pixar-20130808-story.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Archived</a> from the original on February 25, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">August 9,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackfish+%28film%29&rft.atitle=%27Blackfish%27+gives+Pixar+second+thoughts+on+%27Finding+Dory%27+plot&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.date=2013-08-09&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fentertainment%2Fmovies%2Fmoviesnow%2Fla-et-mn-blackfish-seaworld-finding-dory-pixar-20130808%2C0%2C7662071.story&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-papertown-57" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-papertown_57-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Ford, Rebecca (January 16, 2015). <a class="external text" href="http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/seaworld-scene-cut-john-greens-763312" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"SeaWorld Scene Cut From John Green's 'Paper Towns' Film"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="The Hollywood Reporter">The Hollywood Reporter</a></i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150123000412/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/seaworld-scene-cut-john-greens-763312" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Archived</a> from the original on January 23, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">January 18,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackfish+%28film%29&rft.atitle=SeaWorld+Scene+Cut+From+John+Green%27s+%27Paper+Towns%27+Film&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.date=2015-01-16&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fnews%2Fseaworld-scene-cut-john-greens-763312&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-58" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-58" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Fais, Scott (November 10, 2015). <a class="external text" href="http://www.baynews9.com/content/news/baynews9/on-the-town/article.html/content/news/articles/cfn/2015/11/9/seaworld_san_diego_killer_whale_shows.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"SeaWorld San Diego ending killer whale shows, Orlando park to expand"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg,_Florida" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="St. Petersburg, Florida">St. Petersburg, Florida</a>: Bay News 9. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151116180016/http://www.baynews9.com/content/news/baynews9/on-the-town/article.html/content/news/articles/cfn/2015/11/9/seaworld_san_diego_killer_whale_shows.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Archived</a> from the original on November 16, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">November 16,</span>2015</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackfish+%28film%29&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft.aulast=Fais&rft.btitle=SeaWorld+San+Diego+ending+killer+whale+shows%2C+Orlando+park+to+expand&rft.date=2015-11-10&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baynews9.com%2Fcontent%2Fnews%2Fbaynews9%2Fon-the-town%2Farticle.html%2Fcontent%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fcfn%2F2015%2F11%2F9%2Fseaworld_san_diego_killer_whale_shows.html&rft.place=St.+Petersburg%2C+Florida&rft.pub=Bay+News+9&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Bloomberg-Jan-2016-59" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-Bloomberg-Jan-2016_59-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;">Kay, Jennifer (March 17, 2016). <a class="external text" href="http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-03-17/urgent-seaworld-says-it-will-end-killer-whale-breeding-program" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"SeaWorld to Stop Breeding Orcas, Making Them Perform Tricks"</a>.<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P." style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Bloomberg L.P.">Bloomberg</a></i>. <a class="external text" href="http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-03-17/urgent-seaworld-says-it-will-end-killer-whale-breeding-program" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Archived</a> from the original on March 17, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">March 17,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlackfish+%28film%29&rft.atitle=SeaWorld+to+Stop+Breeding+Orcas%2C+Making+Them+Perform+Tricks&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft.aulast=Kay&rft.date=2016-03-17&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2016-03-17%2Furgent-seaworld-says-it-will-end-killer-whale-breeding-program&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-BBC_Storyville-60" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid; margin-bottom: 0.1em; page-break-inside: avoid;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="-webkit-user-select: none;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_ref-BBC_Storyville_60-0" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; width: 1px !important;">Jump up</span>^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style: inherit; word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03j49l6" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Storyville: Blackfish - The Whale That Killed"</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="BBC">BBC</a>. November 21, 2013. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140129230452/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03j49l6" rel="nofollow" style="background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) 100% 50% no-repeat, url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml%20version%3D%221.0%22%20encoding%3D%22UTF-8%22%20standalone%3D%22no%22%3F%3E%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%3E%3Cpath%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%20stroke%3D%22%2306c%22%20d%3D%22M1.5%204.518h5.982V10.5H1.5z%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M5.765%201H11v5.39L9.427%207.937l-1.31-1.31L5.393%209.35l-2.69-2.688%202.81-2.808L4.2%202.544z%22%20fill%3D%22%2306f%22%2F%3E%3Cpath%20d%3D%22M9.995%202.004l.022%204.885L8.2%205.07%205.32%207.95%204.09%206.723l2.882-2.88-1.85-1.852z%22%20fill%3D%22%23fff%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E") 100% 50%; color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Archived</a> from the original on January 29, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">November 22,</span> 2013</span>. <q style="quotes: "\"" "\"" "'" "'";">The story of a killer whale who has taken the lives of several people while in captivity</q></cite></span></li>
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<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#mw-head" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#p-search" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;"></a></div>
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<table class="infobox vevent" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-spacing: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-size: 12.6px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 22em;"><tbody>
<tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="font-size: 13.86px; font-style: italic; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">Blackfish</th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BLACKFISH_Film_Poster.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Black-and-white picture of an orca (killer whale) with the title Blackfish and credits underneath"><img alt="Black-and-white picture of an orca (killer whale) with the title Blackfish and credits underneath" data-file-height="383" data-file-width="259" height="325" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bd/BLACKFISH_Film_Poster.jpg/220px-BLACKFISH_Film_Poster.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/bd/BLACKFISH_Film_Poster.jpg 1.5x" style="border: none; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><br />
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Theatrical release poster</div>
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<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.65em; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;">Directed by</th><td style="line-height: 1.3em; vertical-align: top;">Gabriela Cowperthwaite</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.65em; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;">Produced by</th><td style="line-height: 1.3em; vertical-align: top;">Manuel V. Oteyza<br />
Gabriela Cowperthwaite</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.65em; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;">Written by</th><td style="line-height: 1.3em; vertical-align: top;">Gabriela Cowperthwaite<br />
Eli Despres<br />
Tim Zimmermann</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.65em; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;">Music by</th><td style="line-height: 1.3em; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Beal" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Jeff Beal">Jeff Beal</a></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.65em; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;">Cinematography</th><td style="line-height: 1.3em; vertical-align: top;">Jonathan Ingalls<br />
Christopher Towey</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.65em; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;">Edited by</th><td style="line-height: 1.3em; vertical-align: top;">Eli Despres</td></tr>
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Production<br />
company</div>
</th><td style="line-height: 1.3em; vertical-align: top;"><div style="vertical-align: middle;">
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN_Films" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="CNN Films">CNN Films</a><br />
Manny O. Productions</div>
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<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.65em; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;">Distributed by</th><td style="line-height: 1.3em; vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnolia_Pictures" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Magnolia Pictures">Magnolia Pictures</a></td></tr>
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Release dates</div>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;">January 19, 2013<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><small style="font-size: 10.71px;">(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Sundance_Film_Festival" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="2013 Sundance Film Festival">Sundance</a>)</small></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px;">July 19, 2013<span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;"><small style="font-size: 10.71px;">(United States)</small></span></li>
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Running time</div>
</th><td style="line-height: 1.3em; vertical-align: top;">83 minutes<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_note-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a></sup></td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.65em; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;">Country</th><td style="line-height: 1.3em; vertical-align: top;">United States</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.65em; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;">Language</th><td style="line-height: 1.3em; vertical-align: top;">English</td></tr>
<tr><th scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.65em; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;">Box office</th><td style="line-height: 1.3em; vertical-align: top;">$2.3 million<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_note-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfish_(film)#cite_note-3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[3]</a></sup></td></tr>
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Edward Yablonskyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10013345997672210570noreply@blogger.com0