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Sorbonne
Skłodowska studied during the day, and she tutored evenings,
barely earning her keep. In 1893 she obtained a degree in physics and began work
in an industrial laboratory at Lippman's. Meanwhile she continued studying at
the Sorbonne and in 1894 earned a degree in mathematics.
The Solvay Institutes for physics and chemistry located in Brussels was founded by Ernest Solvay in 1912 following the historic only 1911 Conseil Solvay the first world physics conference. Conferences, workshops, seminars and colloquia were given. The young Einstein attended this as well as Marie Curie. In the 1st conference two approaches were recognized, classical and quantum physics. Henri Poincare was present. During the 5th conference newly formulated quantum theory was discussed and Einstein debunked Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle. "God does not play dice" he stated. Niels Bohr replied "Stop telling God what to do." Seventeen of the 29 attendees would be Nobel Prize winners.The 7th conference ended in 1933. Paul Langevin chairecd #6. These topics seemed to be "in embryo" later to experience a burgeoning understanding,especially quantum mechanics.
During the 24 conferences an array of topics were discussed as referenced.
quantum theory
magnetism
evolution of galaxies
solid state physics
atomic nucleus
conductivity of metals
particle physics
Pierre
Curie
In the same year Pierre Curie entered her
life. He was an instructor in the School of Physics and Chemistry, the École
Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris
(ESPCI). Skłodowska had begun her scientific career in Paris with an
investigation of the magnetic properties of various steels; it was their mutual
interest in magnetism that drew Skłodowska
and Curie together.[13].
Her
departure for the summer to Warsaw only enhanced their mutual feelings for each
other. She was still laboring under the illusion that she would be able to
return to Poland and work in her chosen field of study. When, however, she was
denied a place at Kraków
University merely because she was a woman,[14] she
returned to Paris. Almost a year later, in July 1895, she and Pierre Curie
married, and thereafter the two physicists hardly ever left their laboratory.
Their shared hobbies were only long bicycle trips and journeys abroad, which
brought them even closer. Maria had found a new love, a partner and scientific
collaborator that she could depend on.[15]
In 1903, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded Pierre Curie, Marie Curie, and Henri Becquerel the Nobel Prize in Physics, "in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel."
Maria and Pierre were unable to go to Stockholm to receive the prize in person, but they shared its financial proceeds with needy acquaintances, including students.[15]
On receiving the Nobel Prize, Marie and Pierre Curie suddenly became very famous. The Sorbonne gave Pierre a professorship and permitted him to establish his own laboratory, in which Marie became director of research.
In 1897 and 1904, respectively, Marie gave birth to their daughters, Irène and Eve Curie. She would later hire Polish governesses to teach them her native language, and send or take them on visits to Poland.[28]
Skłodowska–Curie was the first woman to be awarded a Nobel Prize. Eight years later, she would receive the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, "in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element."
A month after accepting her 1911 Nobel Prize, she was hospitalized with depression and a kidney ailment.
Skłodowska–Curie was the first person to win or share two Nobel Prizes. She is one of only two people who have been awarded a Nobel Prize in two different fields, the other being Linus Pauling (Chemistry, Peace). Nevertheless in 1911 the French Academy of Sciences refused to abandon its prejudice against women and she failed by two votes to be elected to membership, losing to Édouard Branly, an inventor who had helped Guglielmo Marconi develop the wireless telegraph.[29] It would be her doctoral student, Marguerite Perey, who would be the first woman elected to the Academy — in 1962, over half a century later.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvay_Conference
The International Solvay Institutes for Physics and Chemistry, located in Brussels, were founded by the Belgian industrialist Ernest Solvay in 1912, following the historic invitation-only 1911 Conseil Solvay, the first world physics conference. The Institutes coordinate conferences, workshops, seminars, and colloquia.
Following the initial success of 1911, the Solvay Conferences (Conseils Solvay) have been devoted to outstanding preeminent open problems in both physics and chemistry. The usual schedule is every three years, but there have been larger gaps.
Contents[hide]
1 First conference
2 Fifth conference
3 Solvay conferences on Physics
4 Solvay conferences on Chemistry
5 External links
First conference
Hendrik A. Lorentz was chairman of the first Solvay Conference held in Brussels in the autumn of 1911. The subject was Radiation and the Quanta. This conference looked at the problems of having two approaches, namely the classical physics and quantum theory. Albert Einstein was the youngest physicist present. Other members of the Solvay Congress included such luminaries as Marie Skłodowska-Curie and Henri Poincaré. (See image for attendee list.)
Fifth conference
Perhaps the most famous conference was the October 1927 Fifth Solvay International Conference on Electrons and Photons, where the world's most notable physicists met to discuss the newly formulated quantum theory. The leading figures were Albert Einstein and Niels Bohr. Einstein, disenchanted with Heisenberg's "Uncertainty Principle," remarked "God does not play dice." Bohr replied, "Einstein, stop telling God what to do." (See Bohr-Einstein debates.) Seventeen of the twenty-nine attendees were or became Nobel Prize winners, including Marie Curie, who alone among them, had won Nobel Prizes in two separate scientific disciplines.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Solvay Conference
Solvay Conferences on Physics
Solvay Conferences on Chemistry
Institut international de physique Solvay
Irving Langmuir's “home movie” shot of the 1927 Solvay Conference
The Solvay Conference of 1927 Interactive photograph of the Fifth Solvay Conference
A page from the American Institute of Physics A brief overview of the argument of the Fifth Conference.
Footage of the 1927 Solvay conference
Quantum Theory at the Crossroads: Reconsidering the 1927 Solvay Conference A 2009 book giving the first complete translation of the proceedings into English, with extended revisionist commentary.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvay_Conference"
Categories: Physics events | Chemistry events | Academic conferences | Recurring events established in 1912
Solvay conferences on Physics
No
Year
Title
Translation
Chair
1
1911
La théorie du rayonnement et les quanta
The theory of radiation and quanta
Hendrik Lorentz (Leiden)
2
1913
La structure de la matière
The structure of matter
3
1921
Atomes et électrons
Atoms and electrons
4
1924
Conductibilité électrique des métaux et problèmes connexes
Electric conductivity of metals and related problems
5
1927
Electrons et photons
Electrons and photons
6
1930
Le magnétisme
Magnetism
Paul Langevin (Paris)
7
1933
Structure et propriétés des noyaux atomiques
Structure & properties of the atomic nucleus
8
1948
Les particules élémentaires
Elementary particles
Sir Lawrence Bragg (Cambridge)
9
1951
L'état solide
The solid state
10
1954
Les électrons dans les métaux
Electrons in metals
11
1958
La structure et l'évolution de l'univers
The structure and evolution of the universe
12
1961
La théorie quantique des champs
Quantum field theory
13
1964
The Structure and Evolution of Galaxies
J. R. Oppenheimer (Princeton)
14
1967
Fundamental Problems in Elementary Particle Physics
R. Møller (Copenhagen)
15
1970
Symmetry Properties of Nuclei
Edoardo Amaldi (Rome)
16
1973
Astrophysics and Gravitation
17
1978
Order and Fluctuations in Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Statistical Mechanics
Léon van Hove (CERN)
18
1982
Higher Energy Physics
19
1987
Surface Science
F.W. de Wette (Austin)
20
1991
Quantum Optics
Paul Mandel (Brussels)
21
1998
Dynamical Systems and Irreversibility
Ioannis Antoniou (Brussels)
22
2001
The Physics of Communication
23
2005
The Quantum Structure of Space and Time
David Gross (Santa Barbara)
24
2008
Quantum Theory of Condensed Matter
Bertrand Halperin (Harvard)
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