Usurocracy a perversion and subterfuge

http://yamaguchy.netfirms.com/7897401/pound_ezra/present.html

1. Wisdom is the affirmation of ends. Planned subterfuge is the dissemination of public ignorance and is wonderfully efficacious. And it is meticul;ously stage planned and has been so since the time of Aristotle and before.The perversion of justice cannot be stopped in perpetrating perfidious ends.
2. Purposeful obscurantism is always the backdrop behind the curtain, always the perennial whispers in world conspiracies.
3. The false gold standard.
4. the institution of a currency based on “work,” would have one great advantage : work cannot be monopolized. But all the artful dodges of accounting used by the usurers to manipulate the present forms of money would be attempted in the case of any new kind of money.
5. Basis of the fundamental fraud was the creation of the Bank of England in 1694.But the fundamental fraud is monopoly ! It is necessary to understand this. It is necessary to understand how it has been practiced from the year 1694, when the Bank “of England” was founded, until to-day.
6. The usurers' assault is well staged and camouflaged.The usurers’ assault was launched from London and Washington, united in operation. In 1863 the central office was in London, the branch in New York. To-day the position is reversed : the head-quarters across the Atlantic, and the branch in London. The role of France is known. Mussolini was condemned by the international usurocracy from the moment he discovered the connexion between the usurers in New York and their creatures in Moscow. This is all fairly well known throughout Italy. I have tried to piece together a little of the earlier state of affairs behind the scenes.
7. The Bolshevik Revolution betrayed.
8. Bolshevism is an enormous perversion, the destruction of property not capital creating scarcity and the necessity for ward bolstering ,to itrs delight, the usurocracy.Bolshevism proposed to destroy capital, but what it did was to destroy property—particularly peasant property. Stalin’s attack on capitalism in his Foundations of Leninism merits attention. He thoroughly understands the iniquity of the various Roosevelts, Churchills, Blums, and the rest of them. But Bolshevism stooped to the methods of economic warfare, flooding foreign markets with goods and foodstuffs at cut prices; and with the purchase of the Suez Canal shares it has now frankly embarked on a financial war. It is allied up to the hilt with liberalism, for the liberals always get around to talking of the export of manpower—of human beings, that is—in exchange for foodstuffs. Stalin disposes of “forty truckloads of human material” for work on a canal. The only difference is one of economic detail: the enormous perversion is common to each tentacle of the monster.
9. Its three central tenets: (1) Wars are made to create debts. (2) War is the highest form of sabotage, the most atrocious form of sabotage. (3) A nation that will not get itself into debt drives the usurers to fury.
10. Internment in the archives of condemnatory documents is the quiet hush of subterfuge.
11. The state can lend ,and this is now in evil disrepute as in the following quote.The state can lend. The fleet that was victorious at Salamis was built with money lent to the shipbuilders by the state. The practice of state-loans fell into evil repute because the emperors of the Roman decadence allowed money to be lent to unworthy borrowers who did not repay it.
12. The too familiar pattern of usury: but over periods of centuries or half-centuries : and always with the sole object—lucre. And always with the same mechanism, too, namely the creation of debts for the extortion of the interest, of monopolies so that they can keep all prices continually fluctuating, including the prices of the various monetary units, of the various national currencies.
13. SOME SOURCES:
14. Georg OBST, Das Bankgeschäft, C.E. Poeschel Verlag, Stuttgart.ARISTOTLE, Politics.Claudius Salmasius, De Modo Usurarum, Elzevier, Lugd. Bat. (Leyden), 1639.Claudius Salmasius, De Foenore Trapezitico, Joannis Maire, Lugd. Bat., 1640.Histoire Générale de la Chine ou Annales de cet Empire, traduites du Tong-Kien-Kang-Mou, par le feu père Joseph Anne-Marie de Moyriac De Mailla [or de Moyria de Maillac], Paris, 1777-83, 12 volumes [or 1777-85, 13 volumes].T. Louis Camparette, “The Reorganization of the Municipal Administration under the Antonines,” American Journal of Philology, Vol. XXVII, No. 2.The Works of John Adams, Second President of the United States: with A Life of the Author, notes and illustrations, by his Grandson, Charles Francis Adams. Little, Brown & Co., Boston, 1850-56.The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, Memorial Edition, XX volumes, Washington, 1903-4.The Autobiography of Martin Van Buren, written in 1854 and remaining in manuscript until its publication as Vol. II of the “Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the year 1918,” Govt. Print. Off., Washington, 1920.Claude G. BOWERS, Jefferson and Hamilton, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1925.Willis A. OVERHOLSER, A Short Review and Analysis of the History of Money in the United States, published by the author, Libertyville, Ill., 1936.Odon POR, Politica economico-sociale in Italia. Anno XVII-XVIII. Florence, 1940. [English translation by Ezra Pound : Italy’s Policy of Social Economics, 1939-40, Bergamo, 1941.] And for a wider view of the historical process : Brooks Adams, The Law of Civilization and Decay. First New York edition (Macmillan), 1896. [New edition, with an Introduction by Charles A. Beard, Knopf, New York, 1943.]Brooks Adams, The New Empire, Macmillan, New York, 1902.Arthur Kitson, The Bankers’ Conspiracy ! which started the World Crisis, Elliot Stock, London, 1933. THE BELOW CAPTIONED ARE THE THESES OF THIS ESSAY.
15. SYNOPSIS; private individuals, without any responsibility before the American nation, were able to get control of the nation’s money, forcing the people to pay non-official fines and taxes for the sole benefit of this hidden power, the usurocracy. After Lincoln’s death the real power in the United States passed from the hands of the official government into those of the Rothschilds and others of their evil combine
16. establishing a correlation between Fascist economics and the economics of canon law (i.e., Catholic and medieval economics), on the one hand, and, on the other, Major Douglas’s Social Credit proposals together with those of Gesell
17. The democratic system perished. From that time on it has been useless to speak of the United States as an autonomous entity. From what precise moment it became useless and absurd to speak of the British Empire as an autonomous entity still remains to be determined. It’s so much waste of time to speak of this or that “democracy.” The real government was, and is, to be found behind the scenes. The “democratic” system works as follows. Two or more parties, all under orders from the usurocracy, appear before the public. As a matter of form, and to reassure the simpletons, some honest men and one or two independent idealists are allowed to do a little clean work as long as they don’t touch the various rackets. The biggest rackets are those of finance and monopolization, including the monopolization of money itself, both within the nation and in combination with the various foreign currencies.
18. The danger of abundance Anatole France Penguin Island and the creation of commercial wars.When there is a danger of abundance of any, or almost all, commodities, then the usurocracy unleashes a war in order to diminish purchasing-power. Major Douglas had already by 1920 pointed out the fact of potential plenty. The Loeb Survey Report (Report of the National Survey of Potential Product Capacity, New York City Housing Authority, 1935) has demonstrated the accuracy of the Major’s statement. The danger of abundance causes the unleashing of war. Even before the previous war Anatole France, in L’lle des Pingouins, ironically informed his readers of the workings of “commercial” wars :
19. The “democratic” system works as follows. Two or more parties, all under orders from the usurocracy, appear before the public. As a matter of form, and to reassure the simpletons, some honest men and one or two independent idealists are allowed to do a little clean work as long as they don’t touch the various rackets. The biggest rackets are those of finance and monopolization, including the monopolization of money itself, both within the nation and in combination with the various foreign currencies.
20. Our wars must, of necessity, increase in number as our industrial activity increases. When one of our industries fails to find an outlet for its products we must have a war to open up new markets. This year, in fact, we have had a coal war, a copper war, and a cotton war. In Third Zealand we have massacred two thirds of the natives to force the remainder to buy umbrellas and braces.” This book by “France” was immensely popular round about 1908, but the world failed to learn its lesson.
21. F I N I S W.E. Woodward’s New American History, Overholser’s Short History of Money in the United States, and an extract from Claude G. Bower’s Jefferson and Hamilton. The reason for the present publication, at this particular moment,[12] is to indicate the incidence of the present war in the series of wars provoked by the same never-dying agency, namely the world usurocracy, or the congregation of High Finance : Roosevelt being in all this a kind of malignant tumour, not autonomous, not self-created, but an unclean exponent of something less circumscribed than his own evil personal existence; a magistrate with legally limited jurisdiction, a perjurer, not fully aware of what he does, why he does it, or where it leads to. His political life ought to be brought sub judice.

Conclusion
What ! finished already ? No doubt the reader expects
me to explain myself further. But I’m not so sure. I have, I think,
given the facts necessary for an understanding of the problem of war, of wars in
succession. I might go on explaining and heaping up additional facts for
six hundred pages or more.
In 1878 a member got up in Congress and expressed
the hope that he might keep some of the non-interest-bearing National debt in
circulation as currency.
One reader in five hundred will understand this
remark. And I am quite sure that the record of this capricious proposal
survives only in one contemporary newspaper clipping, apart from its interment
in the archives of the American Capitol.
The state can lend. The fleet
that was victorious at Salamis was built with money lent to the shipbuilders by
the state.
The practice of state-loans fell into evil repute because the
emperors of the Roman decadence allowed money to be lent to unworthy borrowers
who did not repay it.
Wisdom resides less in the means than in the
affirmation of ends. If there is the will to attain the end, the means
will be found. If the end is perfidious, no means can have in itself any
inherent virtue capable of preventing the perversion of justice.
Against
this, it may be observed that certain systems, and certain mechanisms of means,
have been purposely invented and set working in order to mislead the public, and
to keep them ignorant of the facts of history and of the best means of creating
and maintaining social justice. The ideological and propagandist battle
should be directed against the practice of this obscurantism.
In recent
centuries gold has been used by the bankers mainly as an instrument for creating
scarcity—a scarcity, in the first instance, of gold itself in a certain
locality, nation, or nations, strategically determinative.
For a long time
now the gold standard has not, in fact, existed. What has existed has been
a false-gold standard.
The abolition of a so-called “gold” currency, or of a
paper currency issued in a variable relationship to a real or supposed quantity
of gold, and the institution of a currency based on “work,” would have one great
advantage : work cannot be monopolized. But all the artful dodges of
accounting used by the usurers to manipulate the present forms of money would be
attempted in the case of any new kind of money.
In this respect the
conservatives who cry “No monkeying about with money!” are quite right.
But
the fundamental fraud is monopoly ! It is necessary to understand
this. It is necessary to understand how it has been practiced from the
year 1694, when the Bank “of England” was founded, until to-day.
It is
necessary to perceive that Napoleon and several other Heads of States have been
struggling against the same snares and pitfalls, the same trickery.
The
history of the last twenty-five years in Europe is unknown to the Italian
people, and especially to the authorities and economists of Italy and
Germany. A summary of the League of Nations infamy is contained in Odon
Por’s Politica economico-sociale in Italia. Anno XVII-XVIII.
The usurers’
assault was launched from London and Washington, united in operation. In
1863 the central office was in London, the branch in New York. To-day the
position is reversed : the head-quarters across the Atlantic, and the
branch in London. The role of France is known. Mussolini was
condemned by the international usurocracy from the moment he discovered the
connexion between the usurers in New York and their creatures in Moscow.
This is all fairly well known throughout Italy. I have tried to piece
together a little of the earlier state of affairs behind the scenes.
The
Bolshevik was a sham and, to a certain extent, a betrayed
revolution.
Bolshevism proposed to destroy capital, but what it did was to
destroy property—particularly peasant property. Stalin’s attack on
capitalism in his Foundations of Leninism merits attention. He thoroughly
understands the iniquity of the various Roosevelts, Churchills, Blums, and the
rest of them. But Bolshevism stooped to the methods of economic warfare,
flooding foreign markets with goods and foodstuffs at cut prices; and with
the purchase of the Suez Canal shares it has now frankly embarked on a financial
war. It is allied up to the hilt with liberalism, for the liberals always
get around to talking of the export of manpower—of human beings, that is—in
exchange for foodstuffs. Stalin disposes of “forty truckloads of human
material” for work on a canal. The only difference is one of economic
detail: the enormous perversion is common to each tentacle of the
monster.
(1) Wars are made to create debts.
(2) War is the highest form of
sabotage, the most atrocious form of sabotage.
(3) A nation that will not get
itself into debt drives the usurers to fury.
Postscriptum
The details of
the Italian and German opposition to the usurocratic conspiracy are
available. What has been lacking in Italy, especially among practical
people, among industrialists, large as well as small, among businessmen, and not
only small businessmen, is a comprehensive survey of the usurocratic mechanism,
an awareness of the relationships between commercial transactions, of the
relationship between the management of a factory or business and the
international monetary system, not on a short-term basis, at three-monthly or
three-yearly intervals, but over periods of centuries or half-centuries :
and always with the sole object—lucre. And always with the same mechanism,
too, namely the creation of debts for the extortion of the interest, of
monopolies so that they can keep all prices continually fluctuating, including
the prices of the various monetary units, of the various national
currencies.
The following are some of the sources at which the student may be
able to slake a little of the curiosity that I hope this pamphlet will have
stimulated.
Georg OBST, Das Bankgeschäft, C.E. Poeschel Verlag,
Stuttgart.ARISTOTLE, Politics.Claudius Salmasius, De Modo Usurarum, Elzevier,
Lugd. Bat. (Leyden), 1639.Claudius Salmasius, De Foenore Trapezitico, Joannis
Maire, Lugd. Bat., 1640.Histoire Générale de la Chine ou Annales de cet Empire,
traduites du Tong-Kien-Kang-Mou, par le feu père Joseph Anne-Marie de Moyriac De
Mailla [or de Moyria de Maillac], Paris, 1777-83, 12 volumes [or 1777-85, 13
volumes].T. Louis Camparette, “The Reorganization of the Municipal
Administration under the Antonines,” American Journal of Philology, Vol. XXVII,
No. 2.The Works of John Adams, Second President of the United States: with
A Life of the Author, notes and illustrations, by his Grandson, Charles Francis
Adams. Little, Brown & Co., Boston, 1850-56.The Writings of Thomas
Jefferson, Memorial Edition, XX volumes, Washington, 1903-4.The Autobiography of
Martin Van Buren, written in 1854 and remaining in manuscript until its
publication as Vol. II of the “Annual Report of the American Historical
Association for the year 1918,” Govt. Print. Off., Washington, 1920.Claude G.
BOWERS, Jefferson and Hamilton, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1925.Willis A.
OVERHOLSER, A Short Review and Analysis of the History of Money in the United
States, published by the author, Libertyville, Ill., 1936.Odon POR, Politica
economico-sociale in Italia. Anno XVII-XVIII. Florence, 1940. [English
translation by Ezra Pound : Italy’s Policy of Social Economics, 1939-40,
Bergamo, 1941.]
And for a wider view of the historical process :
Brooks
Adams, The Law of Civilization and Decay. First New York edition
(Macmillan), 1896. [New edition, with an Introduction by Charles A. Beard,
Knopf, New York, 1943.]Brooks Adams, The New Empire, Macmillan, New York,
1902.Arthur Kitson, The Bankers’ Conspiracy ! which started the World Crisis,
Elliot Stock, London, 1933.
My efforts during the last ten years, in so far
as the historical process and especially the monetary problem are concerned,
have been directed towards establishing a correlation between Fascist economics
and the economics of canon law (i.e., Catholic and medieval economics), on the
one hand, and, on the other, Major Douglas’s Social Credit proposals together
with those of Gesell, known as the “Natural Economic Order,” or sometimes as
“Freiwirtschaft.” With regard to this last, it should be noted that the
mechanism, more or less invented by Gesell, is separable from his more or less
political views; it could function just as well, that is, in a controlled
economic system, as under the regime of unrestricted commerce that Gesell
assumed.
NOTE : In all studies of economics and the historical process
we need a freshly determined and a freshly clarified terminology. Even a
writer like Obst, who is careful to define his words, has failed to establish a
complete terminology, and to make all the distinctions one would have
wished. A clearer distinction between a means of saving and a means of
exchange might throw some light on the various subjective obscurities of several
authors. Meanwhile I welcome with relief Fernando Ritter’s tendency to
speak of money not in “financial” or “economic” terms, but in terms of grain and
fertilizers.
Finale Enfatico
I hope the reader has not “understood it all
straight of.” I should like to invent some kind of typographical dodge
which would force every reader to stop and reflect for five minutes (or for five
hours), to go back to the facts mentioned and think over their significance for
himself. And I should like him to sum the facts up for himself, and to
draw his own conclusions.
In case I should have proved wanting in clarity of
expression, I repeat :
The meaning of the phrase “It will not do to allow the
greenback ... to circulate” is this : private individuals, without any
responsibility before the American nation, were able to get control of the
nation’s money, forcing the people to pay non-official fines and taxes for the
sole benefit of this hidden power, the usurocracy. After Lincoln’s death
the real power in the United States passed from the hands of the official
government into those of the Rothschilds and others of their evil combine.
The democratic system perished. From that time on it has been useless to
speak of the United States as an autonomous entity. From what precise
moment it became useless and absurd to speak of the British Empire as an
autonomous entity still remains to be determined.
It’s so much waste of time
to speak of this or that “democracy.” The real government was, and is, to
be found behind the scenes. The “democratic” system works as
follows. Two or more parties, all under orders from the usurocracy, appear
before the public. As a matter of form, and to reassure the simpletons,
some honest men and one or two independent idealists are allowed to do a little
clean work as long as they don’t touch the various rackets. The biggest
rackets are those of finance and monopolization, including the monopolization of
money itself, both within the nation and in combination with the various foreign
currencies.
When there is a danger of abundance of any, or almost all,
commodities, then the usurocracy unleashes a war in order to diminish
purchasing-power.
Major Douglas had already by 1920 pointed out the fact of
potential plenty. The Loeb Survey Report (Report of the National Survey of
Potential Product Capacity, New York City Housing Authority, 1935) has
demonstrated the accuracy of the Major’s statement.
The danger of abundance
causes the unleashing of war. Even before the previous war Anatole France,
in L’lle des Pingouins, ironically informed his readers of the workings of
“commercial” wars :
“Certainly,” replied the interpreter, “there are
industrial wars. Nations without commerce and industry have no reason to
go to war, but commercial nations are forced to adopt a policy of
conquest. Our wars must, of necessity, increase in number as our
industrial activity increases. When one of our industries fails to find an
outlet for its products we must have a war to open up new markets. This
year, in fact, we have had a coal war, a copper war, and a cotton war. In
Third Zealand we have massacred two thirds of the natives to force the remainder
to buy umbrellas and braces.”
This book by “France” was immensely popular
round about 1908, but the world failed to learn its lesson.
The history of
the United States cannot be given in sixteen pages. I have brought
together a few facts which have been overlooked in the weightier tomes, and
which the reader must know if he is not to remain in the dark and in ignorance
of the bellifacient process. Nevertheless, a history of the United States,
in summary form but adequate for the needs of all save specialists, could be
composed by putting together this pamphlet, W.E. Woodward’s New American
History, Overholser’s Short History of Money in the United States, and an
extract from Claude G. Bower’s Jefferson and Hamilton.
The reason for the
present publication, at this particular moment,[12]
is to indicate the incidence of the present war in the series of wars provoked
by the same never-dying agency, namely the world usurocracy, or the congregation
of High Finance : Roosevelt being in all this a kind of malignant tumour,
not autonomous, not self-created, but an unclean exponent of something less
circumscribed than his own evil personal existence; a magistrate with
legally limited jurisdiction, a perjurer, not fully aware of what he does, why
he does it, or where it leads to. His political life ought to be brought
sub judice.

The Lost City of Z

• David Grann stumbles on a hidden trove of diaries and the greatest exploration mystery of the 20th century. Explorers are engulfed in a mystique, a grand obsession in its own right. The wanderlust to explore new lands and terrains, and the magnificent obsession to solve the unsolvable in the exploration mysteries themselves. It has much in common with the unquenchable desire to travel inot psychedelic and mystery worlds of parallel universes. (see posts in Psychedelic culture.)


• The summary of the expedition to find El Dorado and the seeming inimical posture of the Amazonian jungles to civilized human endeavor is brought out.Thousands (not referred to) had died looking for the golden city. How did this quest orignate in his mind after discovering the troves of diaries?(Conan Doyle’s The Lost World).


• The greater mystery that Grann was drawn into,namely the Green Hell. He did not find a conclusive end to Fawcett's story,and came home with what he had. The two narratives are seamlessly interwoven by Grann and the stories complement one another.Grann prods beyond the surface of the larger than Fawcett and presents the real Fawcett beneath.Fawcett is a rarity in his thirst for adventure.
• Most obsessions such as Grann's are "unavoidable as being drawn irresistably. The incredible mystery is doing the drawing . We learn about the the beginnings of the Royal Geographical Society and about the fragility and danger of their world, and these features, out of the ordinary, could be part of the allurement. "...these accounts made me aware of how much of the discovery of the world was based on failure rather than on success - on tactical errors and pipte dreams.
  
  
  

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My current read: The Lost City of Z: A Tale of Deadly Obsession in the Amazon by David Grann. You can read my first post about this book here, and my second post here. Synopsis from publisher:
After stumbling upon a hidden trove of diaries, acclaimed New Yorker writer David Grann set out to solve "the greatest exploration mystery of the twentieth century": What happened to the British explorer Percy Fawcett and his quest for the Lost City of Z?
In 1925 Fawcett ventured into the Amazon to find an ancient civilization, hoping to make one of the most important discoveries in history. For centuries Europeans believed the world’s largest jungle concealed the glittering kingdom of El Dorado. Thousands had died looking for it, leaving many scientists convinced that the Amazon was truly inimical to humankind. But Fawcett, whose daring expeditions helped inspire Conan Doyle’s The Lost World, had spent years building his scientific case. Captivating the imagination of millions around the globe, Fawcett embarked with his twenty-one-year-old son, determined to prove that this ancient civilization—which he dubbed “Z”—existed. Then he and his expedition vanished.
Fawcett’s fate—and the tantalizing clues he left behind about “Z”—became an obsession for hundreds who followed him into the uncharted wilderness. For decades scientists and adventurers have searched for evidence of Fawcett’s party and the lost City of Z. Countless have perished, been captured by tribes, or gone mad. As David Grann delved ever deeper into the mystery surrounding Fawcett’s quest, and the greater mystery of what lies within the Amazon, he found himself, like the generations who preceded him, being irresistibly drawn into the jungle’s “green hell.” His quest for the truth and his stunning discoveries about Fawcett’s fate and “Z” form the heart of this complex, enthralling narrative.My final thoughts:This third and final portion of the book really felt like it became the author's story. Fawcett and his son have started out on their great mission to find the Lost City - and disappear. Fawcett's wife basically devotes the remainder of her life to talking people into searching for him, which eventually becomes quite sad. Not only does she refuse to consider that he might be dead, she lures a number of other explorers to their deaths in the jungle, searching for her lost husband. I said last week that I don't think I could have endured being the wife of an explorer like Fawcett - this just reinforced that in my mind. She literally spent her entire life trying to support her family on a pittance, and talking people - including herself - into believing he wasn't dead. She was consigned to wait for him for their whole marriage. Her own aspirations were never taken into account. I found her story much more tragic that Fawcett's - at least he got to live out his grand adventures. She was only allowed to imagine them.The author himself finally makes it to the jungle, only to have everyone who hears about his journey basically call him crazy. He does find a guide to take him to the place where Fawcett was last seen, and talks to several members of the Kalapalo tribe, including one who was alive when Fawcett was last seen. All the stories seem to agree that Fawcett and his small party ventured into territory that the Kalapalo's warned him against entering, and was never seen again. Ironically, it appears Fawcett was nearly at the place he was searching - a vast civilization is being uncovered near the location Fawcett was trying to reach, that may be just exactly what he was looking for.Grann's own journey was dangerous, although modern technology made it quite a bit less impossible than when Fawcett attempted the same travel. I admit to being a little disappointed that he was not able to find a conclusive end to Fawcett's story, but his decision to accept what he had learned and return home was, honestly, the only logical decision either one of these men made, as far as I am concerned.I found this book to be completely compelling from start to finish. Grann weaves his dual narratives seamlessly together, and each story beautifully compliments the other. Fawcett is such a larger-than-life persona, almost mythological in nature, and yet Grann is able to prod beyond the surface to give readers a glimpse of the real man behind the myths. There are not many people in the world today with the same spirit of adventure and thirst for knowledge that Fawcett embodied, and reading about him was a fascinating experience.I definitely recommend this book - it will appeal to a wide range of readers, and a little escape into the jungle might be just what you need to warm your chilly winter night!

Percy Fawcett had a troubled upbringing, with each of his parents unable to provide any real affection. Fawcett later states that perhaps this lack of emotional support was good for him, as it forced him to turn inside himself for strength. A member of the British Artillary, it was at his post in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) that Fawcett met the love of his life, his wife Nina, and discovered an obsession with discovery that would last the rest of his life.Grann alternates Fawcett's story with his own tale, and each story is equally fascinating. Grann's wife is, understandably, skeptical when he proposes finding an explorer who disappeared 80 years before, but as he uncovers more details, he is unavoidably drawn into this incredible mystery.In this section of the book, we see the beginnings of Fawcett's life as an explorer in the Amazon jungle, and the start of Grann's search to find an explanation for Fawcett's disappearance. We also learn about the beginnings of the Royal Geographical Society, which had as its goal to map the entire surface of the world. I think this is the first book I've ever read about explorers, and I am struck by just exactly how fragile and dangerous their world was. Setting off into the unknown, many times with not much more than the clothes on their backs and what little food they could stuff into a pack, these men and women set out to see what the world held. Many - maybe most - never came back. Grann says, "...these accounts made me aware of how much of the discovery of the world was based on failure rather than on success - on tactical errors and pipte dreams. The Society may have conquered the world, but not before the world had conquered its members."

The Lost City of Z is the name given by Col. Percy Harrison Fawcett, a British surveyor, to a city that he thought existed in the jungle of the Mato Grosso region of Brazil. This mysterious city is referenced in a document known as Manuscript 512, housed at the National Library of Rio De Janeiro by a Portuguese explorer (Bandeirante) who wrote that he visited the city in 1753. The city is described in great detail without providing a specific location. Fawcett allegedly heard about this city in the early 1900s and went to Rio De Janeiro to learn more, and came across the earlier report. He was about to go in search of the city when World War I intervened. In 1925, Fawcett and his son Jack disappeared in the Mato Grosso.

Lost City found?
David Grann's The New Yorker article "The Lost City of Z" (2005) was expanded into a book The Lost City of Z (2009) and a forthcoming movie. It was reported that an archaeologist, Michael Heckenberger, might have found the city at the site known as Kuhikugu.[1] He had discovered clusters of settlements (20 settlements in all) with each cluster containing up to 5000 people and said "All these settlements were laid out with a complicated plan, with a sense of engineering and mathematics that rivalled anything that was happening in much of Europe at the time."[2]

Sources
Fawcett, Percy and Brian Fawcett. - Lost Trails, Lost Cities Funk & Wagnalls (1953)
Furneaux, Rupert. The World's Strangest Mysteries. Ace Books. New York. 1961.
The Guardian: Veil lifts on jungle mystery of the colonel who vanished. 21 March 2004, URL accessed 19 May 2007.
Smith, Warren. Lost Cities of the Ancients-Unearthed!. Zebra Books. New York. 1976.
Time: Fawcett of the Mato Grosso. 25 May 1953, URL accessed 18 May 2007.

Wisdom of Savages. Colonel Percy Fawcett first came to South America as a surveyor for the Bolivian government. Even then, at age 39, he was a stern, solitary man with childlike eyes and a mystical longing for primitive things. He found them: crocodiles everywhere, spiders that can catch birds, anacondas more than 60 ft. long that wail disturbingly in the jungle night, bloodsucking cockroaches, 2-in. biting ants, hordes of vampire bats, rivers full of stingrays, electric eels and shoals of tiny, man-eating piranha.
What the visible enemies left of a man, the invisible ones were ready to attack. Influenza, tertian fever, leprosy were all endemic, along with tapeworm and a mysterious intestinal infestation that made its victim long to eat earth. Read more:

Fawcett arrived in 1906, toward the end of the great rubber boom, when "every ton of rubber gathered cost a human life." One economical German farmer personally murdered more than 40 Indian slaves in a batch, simply because they were too sick to work. When the Indians murdered a white man, his brother set out some tins of poisoned alcohol in a jungle clearing for bait, and the next day surveyed his catch: 80 dead Indians. Fawcett knew of a sick Englishman who, because he lay still, was assumed by the Indians to be dead; having got this idea in their heads, they decided that his groans were those of his spirit, and buried him alive.
To the Indians, death seemed to be a laughing matter. They would roar with glee when their best friends came down with beriberi or were snapped out of dugouts by the giant anacondas. Everybody, Indian or white, drank incredible quantities of cachaça, the local cane liquor, ate maggoty rice and dried meat, and sank deeper into debt. Read more:

Only the "savages." the forest Indians, remained human. Fawcett came to love their primeval sweetness and wisdom. They track their game by scent. Fawcett recorded, as an animal does, and call it to be killed with strange, alluring cries that the creature cannot resist. They fish by lacing the water with a caustic sap called solimán, that stuns the fish but does not poison their flesh. Fawcett also solemnly accepted the story that the Indians know of a plant whose juices dissolve metal, and even make stone soft and workable.
The Jungle Grail. Fawcett rarely fell sick, never caught a serious disease. He had a close brush with a jaguar, but never, so far as he records, was bitten by a snake. Though often shot at, Fawcett was never hit by the 6-ft. poisoned arrows of the forest people; and once, when he and his mule fell off a log bridge into a rushing stream, he escaped, almost miraculously, without a scratchRead more:

From 1909, when he quit the British army, until his disappearance. Fawcett was eyelocked to a visionary goal: the discovery of the legendary city he called "Z." Stories of such a city are cherished by many Indian tribes, and there are also a few old travelers' tales which have some claim to be taken seriously. Most interesting to Fawcett was the account of a Portuguese (his name has been lost) who said that in 1753, after ten years of travels in the Amazonian wilds, he discovered a massive stone city of the sort built in Peru before the Spaniards came. Fawcett himself claimed that, on his next-to-last expedition, he had discovered an outpost of the city. Read more:

The man at the centre of the puzzle was born in Torquay in 1867 and first fell in love with South America when he helped the Bolivian government to survey its frontier with Brazil.
He served with distinction in the First World War, but today his real fame stems from the moment when, at the age of 58, he set out with his eldest son and his son's friend, Raleigh Rimmell, to look for a hidden 'city of gold', known in mythology as Z.
The last word was heard from the group as they crossed the Upper Xingu, a south-eastern tributary of the Amazon. Repeated rescue missions followed, as did rival theories about Fawcett's demise. Either he had been eaten by jaguars, was still living alone as a native, had starved or been killed by the indigenous people, the Kalapalo. Bones unearthed in 1951 proved on examination not to belong to Fawcett and the mystery grew.
'This is one of the great adventure stories of the past century,' said Williams, 'and at last we are finding out what really happened. Fawcett was a kind of Indiana Jones figure and his children have fought hard to keep his good name, in spite of interest from Hollywood and countless books.
'His secret plans for a new and unconventional way of life have only just emerged from the letters he wrote to friends.'

http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,890619-2,00.html#ixzz0afFUkgOC

http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,890619-2,00.html#ixzz0afEb0XRY

http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,890619,00.html?promoid=googlep#ixzz0afDggLN8

http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,890619,00.html?promoid=googlep#ixzz0afCUKiQB

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_City_of_Z

http://needmoreshelves.blogspot.com/2009/12/nonfiction-files_09.html

The AMIA affair

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_AMIA_bombing

http://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/19/international/americas/19arge.html

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6085768.stm

http://blog.z-word.com/2009/12/amia-suspect-to-be-retried/

1. Narrative of the bombing, Due to an investigation subsequently employing subterfuge . nmo one responsible was ever apprehended or located.
2. Over the years, the case has been marked by incompetence and accusations of cover-ups. All suspects in the "local connection" (among them, many members of the Buenos Aires Provincial Police) were found to be not guilty in September 2004. In August 2005, federal judge Juan José Galeano, in charge of the case, was impeached and removed from his post on charge of "serious" irregularities and of mishandling of the investigation.[3]
3. On October 25, 2006, Argentine prosecutors Alberto Nisman and Marcelo Martínez Burgos [2] formally accused the government of Iran of directing the bombing, and the Hezbollah militia of carrying it out.[4][5] According to the prosecution's claims in 2006, Argentina had been targeted by Iran after Buenos Aires' decision to suspend a nuclear technology transfer contract to Tehran.[6] The indictment of Iran was politically charged and reflects the US attempts to further isolate Iran as inciting international terrorism.
4. This however, has been disputed, because this contract was never terminated, and Iran and Argentina were negotiating on restoration of full cooperation on all agreements from early 1992 till 1994, when the bombing occurred.[7] In addition, many observers see this indictment of Iran as politically charged and spearheaded by the Clinton and Bush administration to further "isolate the regime in Tehran." Many observers[who?] also see the charge of Iran on the Interpol list being heavily influenced by the US and Israel to link Iran further with international terrorism.[8] As with any internatiional hate crime, the complications and interweavings of plot become unnecessarily complicated.
5. Cliams of responsibilities called "hoaxes" suddenly appear to throw misleading elements in finding the simple truths of responsibility. The day after the AMIA attack, a suicide bombing on a Panamanian commuter plane killed 12 Jews and nine others. A communique was released in Beirut in the name of an unknown group called "Partisans of God" (Ansar Allah), which claimed responsibility for the AMIA blast as well as for the Panamanian airliner bombing. After investigations in at least four countries, the claim was discounted and the communique called a hoax.[11]
6. These investigations were marred by incompetence;[citation needed] former President Nestor Kirchner called them a "national disgrace" in 2005. In 1999 an arrest warrant was issued against Hezbollah member Imad Mugniyah .... Subterfuge ,the national disgrace is always planned carefully and convincingly.
7. Ibrahim Hussein Berro Israeli diplomatic sources who read the "final" report by SIDE on the attack said in 2003 that the attack was a suicide bombing carried out by Ibrahim Hussein Berro, a 29-year-old Muslim who has been honored with a plaque in southern Lebanon for his martyrdom on July 18, 1994, the date of the bombing. SIDE and the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation confirmed this in November 2005.[13] Berro's two brothers, however, had denied this version in April 2005 before a US prosecutor, stating that Berro had died on September 9, 1994 during combat in Lebanon. No proper autopsies or DNA tests were done. The police dumped in a bin a head, thought to be that of the bomber.[6][14] On what basis was the confirming of these otherwise dubious facts made?
8. Juan José Galeano's investigations Federal judge Juan José Galeano followed investigations concerning the "local connection", which included members of the Policía Bonaerense (Buenos Aires Provincial Police). He quickly arrested Carlos Telleldín, alleged to have provided the van used in the bombing, and some 20 officers from the Bonaerense. But a video broadcast on Argentine TV showed him offering Telleldín $400,000, in return for evidence, which led to Galeano's removal from the case in 2003, and his impeachment in August 2005.[15][16] Judge Galeano had also issued warrants for the arrests of 12 Iranians, including Hade Soleimanpour, Iran's ambassador to Argentina in 1994. The latter was arrested in the UK on August 21, 2003, at the request of the Argentinian authorities. He was later released because, according to the Home Office, there was not even enough evidence presented to make a prima facie case for the extradition to proceed.[17][18] The plot thickens ,as is often the caswe, with the passage of time from the original happenings.Could Galeano's ompeachmenty have been devised because he came upon or stumbled upon the real perpetrators in this tragedy? Is that possibility possible?
9. Judge Galeano had also issued warrants for the arrests of 12 Iranians, including Hade Soleimanpour, Iran's ambassador to Argentina in 1994. The latter was arrested in the UK on August 21, 2003, at the request of the Argentinian authorities. He was later released because, according to the Home Office, there was not even enough evidence presented to make a prima facie case for the extradition to proceed.[17][18] Was the failure othe UK extradition genuine?
10. Is witness C credible or stup for greater and planned obfuscation? Judge Galeano also interviewed Abolghasem Mesbahi, aka "Witness C", an alleged former Iranian intelligence officer who reportedly said a former Argentine president accepted a $10 million payment from Tehran to block the investigation. Former President Carlos Menem denied the claims, but admitted he had a secret Swiss bank account following a report in the New York Times.[18] Menem claimed in 2004 that the attack had been related to his support to the US during the First Gulf War and to his visit to Israel during his mandate.[6] Abolghasem Mesbahi claimed to the Argentine court that Iran had planned the bombing, thinking the centre was a base for the Israeli secret service.[19]
11. Whe the admission of the Swiss bank account,and does this impugn Menem's credibility?
12. The reopenin g of the case and tracing the Swiss bank accounts make for interesting possibilities. In March 2005, Swiss judge Jacques Antenen, in charge of investigations concerning the murder of an Iranian dissident, re-opened the case concerning Iranian intelligence service bank accounts in Switzerland. The same account would have been used both for this assassination and for the alleged payment of ex-President Carlos Menem. Swiss Justice had already been notified of the existence of an account owned by the Red Spark Foundation (based in Liechtenstein), in which Ramón Hernández, former secretary of Carlos Menem, had authority to sign documents. Six millions dollars would have been deposited in this account, although in some moment the exact amount was said to be of $10 millions.[21] In 2006, the Court of Cassation declared that the previous court had made a false version of the investigated acts in order to cover responsibilities.[22]
    
13. Néstor Kirchner's government issued a decree in July 2005 formally accepting a share of the blame for the failure of investigations into the attack. He called the unresolved investigations a "national disgrace."[14]. President Kirchner said governments had covered up facts, and that the decree established a mechanism for victims to receive compensation.[15] Shortly after assuming his functions in spring 2003, he opened up Argentine intelligence files on the case, and lifted a decree preventing SIDE agents from testifying in the case.[18] Argentina's justice, Israel, and the United States[23] suspected in 2005 that Hezbollah was behind the attack, with backing from Iran. Hezbollah has denied responsibility.[24] The Iranian government maintains its innocence, condemning the terrorist attack and calling for urgent punishment of those responsible.[25]
14. On October 25, 2006, prosecutors in Buenos Aires formally charged Iran and Shi'a militia Hezbollah with the bombing, accusing the Iranian authorities of directing Hezbollah to carry out the attack and calling for the arrest of former President of Iran Ayatollah Rafsanjani and seven others, including some who still hold official positions in Iran.[4] Speaking on state radio, Iranian foreign ministry spokesman Mohammad Ali Hoseyni described the accusations against the country as "a Zionist plot." Both Hezbollah and Iran deny any involvement in the bombing.[26] According to Hoseyni, the accusations were intended to divert "world attention from the perpetration of crimes by the Zionists against women and children in Palestine". Iran's responses are predictable and patterned,and have been used before but contain not the why's of refusing to claim responsibility for the c harges.
15. On March 6, 2007, former Congressman Mario Cafiero and former government official Luis D'Elia provided evidence at a press conference that Abolghasem Mesbahi, along with two other Iranians that gave alleged evidence implicating Iran in the bombing, were members of the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK), which is designated as a terrorist organization by the US. They also said that there were arrest warrants issued by Interpol for the other two Iranians, Hadi Roshanravani and Hamid Reza Eshagi.[27] How credible was their evidence ?
16. Ahmad Vahidi, is on Interpol's wanted list over the 1994 AMIA bombing. Interpol had issued a red notice for Vahidi since November 2007. Vahidi led a unit of Iran's Revolutionary Guard called Quds Force at the time of the attack, and has been accused of planning the bombings. Iran dismissed this development as a "Zionist plot". Why was the red list so long in the issuing?
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    The AMIA bombing was an attack on the Asociación Mutual Israelita Argentina (AMIA; Argentine Israelite [i.e., Jewish] Mutual Association) building in Buenos Aires on July 18, 1994, that killed 85 people and injured hundreds.[1] It was Argentina's deadliest bombing. Argentina is home to a Jewish community of 200,000, the largest in Latin America (see Demographics of Argentina).[2]
    Over the years, the case has been marked by incompetence and accusations of cover-ups. All suspects in the "local connection" (among them, many members of the Buenos Aires Provincial Police) were found to be not guilty in September 2004. In August 2005, federal judge Juan José Galeano, in charge of the case, was impeached and removed from his post on charge of "serious" irregularities and of mishandling of the investigation.[3]
    On October 25, 2006, Argentine prosecutors Alberto Nisman and Marcelo Martínez Burgos [2] formally accused the government of Iran of directing the bombing, and the Hezbollah militia of carrying it out.[4][5] According to the prosecution's claims in 2006, Argentina had been targeted by Iran after Buenos Aires' decision to suspend a nuclear technology transfer contract to Tehran.[6] This however, has been disputed, because this contract was never terminated, and Iran and Argentina were negotiating on restoration of full cooperation on all agreements from early 1992 till 1994, when the bombing occurred.[7] In addition, many observers see this indictment of Iran as politically charged and spearheaded by the Clinton and Bush administration to further "isolate the regime in Tehran." Many observers[who?] also see the charge of Iran on the Interpol list being heavily influenced by the US and Israel to link Iran further with international terrorism.[8]
    The thirteenth anniversary of the bombing was commemorated on July 18, 2007. In addition to nationwide exhibitions and ceremonies, radio and television stations and police cars all across Argentina sounded sirens at 9:53 am, the time of the bombing.[1]
    
    
    Bombing
    On July 18, 1994, a Renault Trafic van bomb loaded with about 275 kg of ammonium nitrate fertilizer and fuel oil explosive mixture[9], was detonated in front of the Jewish Community Center located in a densely constructed area of Buenos Aires. The explosive is thought to have been arranged to focus the blast on the building 3 to 5 meters away, exhibiting a shaped charge or explosively formed penetrator effect. The exterior walls of this five story building were of brick masonry construction, which supported the floor slabs. The air blast from the bomb totally destroyed the exposed load-bearing walls which, in turn, led to progressive failure of the floor slabs and virtually total collapse of the building. Such wall-bearing buildings are notable for their tendency to be brought down in this manner by localized damage.[10]
    Eighty-five people died, most of them Jewish. More than 300 others were wounded. The attack came two years after the 1992 Israeli Embassy Attack in Buenos Aires that killed 29. To date, authorities have been unable to locate those responsible for either bombing.
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    

Other bombings
The day after the AMIA attack, a suicide bombing on a Panamanian commuter plane killed 12 Jews and nine others. A communique was released in Beirut in the name of an unknown group called "Partisans of God" (Ansar Allah), which claimed responsibility for the AMIA blast as well as for the Panamanian airliner bombing. After investigations in at least four countries, the claim was discounted and the communique called a hoax.[11]
Eight days after the AMIA attack, the Israeli Embassy in London was car-bombed. No links between any of these bombings have been proved by investigations, and the motive behind such attacks have not been disclosed (including by those alleging[who?] that Iran and the Hezbollah were in fact behind these three bombings, carried out in various countries and far from Hezbollah's theater of operations).

Investigation and responsibility
No suspects have been convicted of the bombing and there have been many allegations made, including those blaming the government of Iran.[citation needed] These investigations were marred by incompetence;[citation needed] former President Nestor Kirchner called them a "national disgrace" in 2005. In 1999 an arrest warrant was issued against Hezbollah member Imad Mugniyah in connection with the attack.[12] Argentine justice accused Tehran in 2006 of being behind the attacks, allegedly because of Buenos Aires' decision to suspend a nuclear material delivery and technology transfer.[citation needed]

Ibrahim Hussein Berro
Israeli diplomatic sources who read the "final" report by SIDE on the attack said in 2003 that the attack was a suicide bombing carried out by Ibrahim Hussein Berro, a 29-year-old Muslim who has been honored with a plaque in southern Lebanon for his martyrdom on July 18, 1994, the date of the bombing. SIDE and the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation confirmed this in November 2005.[13]
Berro's two brothers, however, had denied this version in April 2005 before a US prosecutor, stating that Berro had died on September 9, 1994 during combat in Lebanon. No proper autopsies or DNA tests were done. The police dumped in a bin a head, thought to be that of the bomber.[6][14]

[edit] Juan José Galeano's investigations
Federal judge Juan José Galeano followed investigations concerning the "local connection", which included members of the Policía Bonaerense (Buenos Aires Provincial Police). He quickly arrested Carlos Telleldín, alleged to have provided the van used in the bombing, and some 20 officers from the Bonaerense. But a video broadcast on Argentine TV showed him offering Telleldín $400,000, in return for evidence, which led to Galeano's removal from the case in 2003, and his impeachment in August 2005.[15][16]
Judge Galeano had also issued warrants for the arrests of 12 Iranians, including Hade Soleimanpour, Iran's ambassador to Argentina in 1994. The latter was arrested in the UK on August 21, 2003, at the request of the Argentinian authorities. He was later released because, according to the Home Office, there was not even enough evidence presented to make a prima facie case for the extradition to proceed.[17][18]
Judge Galeano also interviewed Abolghasem Mesbahi, aka "Witness C", an alleged former Iranian intelligence officer who reportedly said a former Argentine president accepted a $10 million payment from Tehran to block the investigation. Former President Carlos Menem denied the claims, but admitted he had a secret Swiss bank account following a report in the New York Times.[18] Menem claimed in 2004 that the attack had been related to his support to the US during the First Gulf War and to his visit to Israel during his mandate.[6] Abolghasem Mesbahi claimed to the Argentine court that Iran had planned the bombing, thinking the centre was a base for the Israeli secret service.[19]

On September 2, 2004, all suspects in the "local connection" (among whom members of the Buenos Aires police) of AMIA case were found to be not guilty.[20] Five persons, including four policemen, were therefore acquitted because of lack of evidence.
On August 3, 2005, Judge Galeano's impeachment was successful, and he was formally removed from his post as a federal judge for "serious" irregularities and his mishandling of the investigation. Argentine newspaper Clarín reports that charges will be pressed against him shortly.[3] Judge Galeano has denied these allegations.[15]
In March 2005, Swiss judge Jacques Antenen, in charge of investigations concerning the murder of an Iranian dissident, re-opened the case concerning Iranian intelligence service bank accounts in Switzerland. The same account would have been used both for this assassination and for the alleged payment of ex-President Carlos Menem. Swiss Justice had already been notified of the existence of an account owned by the Red Spark Foundation (based in Liechtenstein), in which Ramón Hernández, former secretary of Carlos Menem, had authority to sign documents. Six millions dollars would have been deposited in this account, although in some moment the exact amount was said to be of $10 millions.[21]
In 2006, the Court of Cassation declared that the previous court had made a false version of the investigated acts in order to cover responsibilities.[22]

Investigations under Néstor Kirchner's government
Néstor Kirchner's government issued a decree in July 2005 formally accepting a share of the blame for the failure of investigations into the attack. He called the unresolved investigations a "national disgrace."[14]. President Kirchner said governments had covered up facts, and that the decree established a mechanism for victims to receive compensation.[15] Shortly after assuming his functions in spring 2003, he opened up Argentine intelligence files on the case, and lifted a decree preventing SIDE agents from testifying in the case.[18]
Argentina's justice, Israel, and the United States[23] suspected in 2005 that Hezbollah was behind the attack, with backing from Iran. Hezbollah has denied responsibility.[24] The Iranian government maintains its innocence, condemning the terrorist attack and calling for urgent punishment of those responsible.[25]
On October 25, 2006, prosecutors in Buenos Aires formally charged Iran and Shi'a militia Hezbollah with the bombing, accusing the Iranian authorities of directing Hezbollah to carry out the attack and calling for the arrest of former President of Iran Ayatollah Rafsanjani and seven others, including some who still hold official positions in Iran.[4]
Speaking on state radio, Iranian foreign ministry spokesman Mohammad Ali Hoseyni described the accusations against the country as "a Zionist plot." Both Hezbollah and Iran deny any involvement in the bombing.[26] According to Hoseyni, the accusations were intended to divert "world attention from the perpetration of crimes by the Zionists against women and children in Palestine".
On March 6, 2007, former Congressman Mario Cafiero and former government official Luis D'Elia provided evidence at a press conference that Abolghasem Mesbahi, along with two other Iranians that gave alleged evidence implicating Iran in the bombing, were members of the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK), which is designated as a terrorist organization by the US. They also said that there were arrest warrants issued by Interpol for the other two Iranians, Hadi Roshanravani and Hamid Reza Eshagi.[27]

Recent developments
In November 2008, Carlos Menem was called to testify in an upcoming trial over the AMIA case.[28]
In March 2009, a former investigator in the case, Claudio Lifschitz, claimed he was abducted and tortured by men who told him not to investigate SIDE's involvement in the case.[29]
In August 2009, BBC News reported[30] that Iran's defense minister-designate under the 2009 Mahmoud Ahmedinejad administration, Ahmad Vahidi, is on Interpol's wanted list over the 1994 AMIA bombing. Interpol had issued a red notice for Vahidi since November 2007. Vahidi led a unit of Iran's Revolutionary Guard called Quds Force at the time of the attack, and has been accused of planning the bombings. Iran dismissed this development as a "Zionist plot".
[edit] Cultural depictions
Ten years after the terrorist attack, a group of 10 Argentine directors, each financed by a different production company, filmed a collection of 10 shorts in tribute to the victims of the attack. The shorts were collected in the film 18-j, dubbed thus in reference to the date of the attack. The directors were Daniel Burman, Israel Adrián Caetano, Lucía Cedrón, Alejandro Doria, Alberto Lecchi, Sergio Renán, Marcelo Schapces, Carlos Sorín, Juan Bautista Stagnaro, Adrián Suar and Mauricio Wainrot; a small introduction was narrated by actress Norma Aleandro. Each short showed a different scene in the lives of those who witnessed the attack first-hand. The film premiered August 19, 2004.

References
^ a b "AMIA Bombing Commemorated", Dateline World Jewry, World Jewish Congress, September, 2007
^ Argentina marks 1994 bomb attacks, BBC News, July 18, 2006
^ a b "AMIA: destituyeron a Galeano" (in Spanish). Clarín. 2005-08-03. http://www.clarin.com/diario/2005/08/03/um/m-1026385.htm. Retrieved 2006-07-18.
^ a b "Iran, Hezbollah charged in 1994 Argentine bombing". Daily Jang. 2006-10-25. http://www.thenews.com.pk/update_detail.asp?id=11864. Retrieved 2006-10-25.
^ "Iran charged over Argentina bomb". BBC news. 25 October 2006, 22:47 GMT 23:47 UK. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/6085768.stm. Retrieved 2006-10-25.
^ a b c Acusan a Irán por el ataque a la AMIA, La Nación, October 26, 2006
^ Argentina's Iranian nuke connection, Gareth Porter, Nov 15, 2006
^ "Bush's Iran/Argentina Terror Frame-Up". Archived from the original on 2009-09-04. http://www.webcitation.org/5jXQEKURG. Retrieved 2009-09-01.
^ http://www.oas.org/speeches/speech.asp?sCodigo=05-0282
^ Protecting Buildings From Bomb Damage: Transfer of Blast-Effects Mitigation Technologies from Military to Civilian Applications
^ Acquittals in Argentine terror case cast a shadow across Panama, The Panama News, September-November 2004, issue 18
^ Norton, Augustus Richard, Hezbollah: A Short History, Princeton University Press, 2007, p.79
^ Cormier, Bill. "Hezbollah Militant Identified in '94 Blast". AP, 2005-11-09.
^ a b Buenos Aires bomber 'identified', BBC News, November 10, 2005
^ a b c Argentine bomb probe judge sacked, BBC News, August 3, 2005
^ Argentina removes bomb case judge, BBC News, December 3, 2003
^ "UK refuses to extradite Iranian". BBC News. 2003-11-13. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3266011.stm. Retrieved 2006-07-18.
^ a b c Flashback: Argentina Bomb, BBC News, August 25, 2003
^ Iran blamed for Argentina bomb, BBC News, November 6, 2003
^ CRS Report for Congress, RS 21113, March 31, 2005 Argentina: Political Conditions and U.S. Relations Accessed August 17, 2006
^ Reabren investigación sobre Carlos Menem, Nueva Sion, March 23, 2005, news-article published on-line by Memoria Activa memorial site
^ La Cámara de Casación confirma las gravísimas irregularidades cometidas en la investigación del atentado a la AMIA, May 19, 2006, on Memoria Activa website
^ United States Department of State, April 2005.
^ Hezbollah again denies involvement in deadly Buenos Aires bombing BEIRUT, March 19 (AFP)
^ [1] latest condemnation July 19, 2007 by Iran's foreign ministry spokesman.
^ Iran denies Argentina bomb charge, BBC News, 26 October 2006.
^ D’Elía dice que dos testigos de la AMIA son "disidentes terroristas", Pagina 12, March 7, 2007
^ "Argentine judge links ex-president Menem to AMIA bombing NowPublic News Coverage". Archived from the original on 2009-05-11. http://www.webcitation.org/5ghh04wUP. Retrieved 2009-04-12.
^ http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/americas/03/09/argentina.probe/
^ Iran 'minister' on Interpol list

External links
Bush's Iran/Argentina Terror Frame-Up 18 January 2008; The Nation
Amia Case - Assessment of Argentine explosions, developments on AMIA dossier Iran's view from IRNA
BBC: Pressure on Iran over Argentina blasts
Video by Argentinian journalist Jorge Lanata (in Spanish, Internet Explorer only)
[3]
AMIA website
Sentence of the local connection trial
Galeano ousted from post; 3 August 2005 (in Spanish)
"Argentina: Absolvieron a todos los imputados del atentado a la AMIA"; 2 September 2004
"Argentines criticize investigation of '94 attack" 19 July 2004; New York Times
"Argentine bomb police 'to testify'"; 17 September 2003; BBC News
"Flashback: Argentina bomb"; 25 August 2003; BBC News
"Iran denies Argentina blast role"; 9 March 2003; BBC News
The Bombing of the Jewish Community Center in Argentina
Pictures from the tenth anniversary commemoration
Memorial site (Spanish)
Memoria Activa, memorial site, (Spanish) (including official documents