Thursday, April 19, 2012

G-d's self imposed limitations part of His Goodness



http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=4632898487507845235&postID=1030089799459733597&isPopup=true



Here are some of the vital topics you will learn about in this thought-provoking book.


Is the Antichrist alive?


•What is the meaning of 666? Read or download
•When does the Millennium begin?
•Should prophecy be interpreted literally?
•When did God stop His prophetic clock?
•How many "great tribulations" are there?
•What does the Bible predict about Rome?
•Who will be left behind when Jesus returns?
•Does God plan another temple in Jerusalem?
•Has Daniel's 70-weeks prophecy been fulfilled?
•Is the "Left Behind" scenario found in the Bible?


The 334 pages of Nobody Left Behind will help you explore major Bible prophecies in depth in language you can understand. Expect your views to be tested. Extensive Scripture and subject indexes will help you quickly find the verses and topics that interest you most. Fifteen pages of illustrations are included as well as quotations from ancient Jewish and Christian writers. Nobody Left Behind offers you a biblical, historical, and sensible Insight into "End-Time" Prophecies.







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Walk as He walked
The centrality of the covenants and their being kept is a given, but Jesus came into the world for far more to teach the world through what he said and did and through the events stated in scipture:
- Abject humility -washing the feet of the disciples
-"Father forive them for they know not what they do"
-Love one another
-The servant is not greater than His master, nor the slave His grand Master-If they perescuted Me tey will prsecute you also.
-He taught us the way of selfessness to G-d
-These are all important as are the covenants . There are no small sins , yet forgiveness based on true rentance is possible for with G-d ,all things are possible.
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If He did not mean what He said, then why didn't He just say what He means? I think He did. Let God be true and every man a liar! After all, if He did not mean what He said, THEN WHO KNOWS WHAT HE MEANT? Throw the Bible away and do and believe whatever you want to! Satan did, and look what it did to him। It cost him heaven!! And if you do that too, it will cost you the same! Jesus is Lord; we must obey and love Him!”

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Your statement is commonsense when the context is plain and yet we have over 2000 denominations, many of them sincere with sincere believers. Holy communion is plain context. Yet we have ellipsis passages such as the one in John which states: If all of the books written about Jesus were known (paraphrase) the whole world could not contain them. There is much to learn about our Lord which we cannot bear at present. We see as through a mirror darkly, but in that day face to face.
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Doth this offend you?

I want to remain spiritually alive. I want eternal life. I want to remain in Him. I want Him to remain in me. I also want the remission of my sins. And that’s why I am not offended by the thought of eating my Savior’s precious body and drinking His precious blood, when the fruit of the vine and the unleavened bread are passed to me during Communion. Please answer Jesus as He asks, “Doth this offend you?”

Why do Christians believe what Jesus said in John 3:16, but feel the need to change what He says in chapter 6? The answer has to lie in the fact that they would reply to Jesus, “Yes, this doth offend me.”

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I enjoy your posts throughout as common sense renderings devoid of the superimposition of metaphysical arguments,the source of the interminable sinful argumentations. Continued offence could spell our being taken over by the spirit of Satan, as offence is not G-dly but divisive, but He prohesied as did Simeon in Lk 2 that His appearing occasioned the rising and falling of many in Israel, and so it will be in His second advent.
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THREE BOOKS G-D CARES ABOUT

I would encourage you to think and be aware of what you are reading or listening to during worship. Be aware of what words are coming out of your mouth during the song service. And last but not least, be aware of where your heart is in your giving to the Lord and in worship.

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Our awareness reflects our sensitivity to sin and our intuitive grasp of what Holiness is and is being taught and is impregnated in the music and lyrics in our midst. If we mouth lyrics unreflectively and in a subliminal manner, we ae really committing egregious sinful errors that G-d can forgive upon our repentance which we do daily.

WE ARE WHAT WE EAT
First off, we feed ourselves spiritually by feasting on the word of God, the Bible. In 2Timothy 2:15; we read that “we’re to study to show ourselves approved.”

If you want God’s approval… study His word. Just make sure that you’re a doer and not just a hearer…you’ll have His approval.

If you want a really good spiritual diet, read the words of Jesus written in red. Rest assured that these words are no fad diet that won’t satisfy. When you close the book, you’ll feel full, but you’ll hunger for more, because it’s the kind of diet that makes you look and feel better the more you digest. Jesus says in John 6:63, “that His words are spirit and that they are life.” There you go; spiritual food to keep the spiritual man alive.
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Feasting is the proper word for studying and meditating on the words of the living G-d. They are truly just simply that.Philip stated: "Shew us the Father", and our L-rd stated, "He who has seen me has seen the Father. The Feasting produces more and more a bonding with the eternal and we become like Him as we read aNd trulY absorb His words. We will have an attunement and craving forthem in due time if we feast regularly. A famous man once stated. "Say little and do much, and greet all men with a cheerful countenance."

DRAWING NEAR MY COMMENT
I learned much from your perceptive article. Drawing near to G-d means, to me, bonding with G-d in the spirit of the humility He taught hroughout His earthly and no less His heavenly course as king. He taught as much by His actions as by commentaries later and by His words.He was born in a manger in Bethlehem to teach us a profound lesson.

God's Word

What the Bible says about Covenant by Mont W. Smith

New Testament History by Gareth L. Reese

Nobody Left Behind by David Vaughn Elliott

New Testament Word Studies by Donald A. Nash

Millennial Harbinger (1830-1870) edited by Alexander Campbell

Keeping Covenant with God by Michael Haas

Thank you as I am so grateful for your listing of books which I shall attend to reading.
You made the point tha G-d's does have limitations but they are self imposed by Him. Still He is limitless and must be so in consonance withhi sovereignt and unlimited providence. He designed it that way for His rays of exuberant light otherwise will nullify the creation, fo He is beyond the creation. If He would but blink, all creation's glory would be nullified. Necessarily He cannot be the author of evil or tempt His creation with such. His sovereignty is ipso fato undiminished but for Hisgoodness to manifest, His limitations had to be self and superimposed.
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orig blog
Friday, December 2, 2011







SIX THINGS GOD CANNOT DO




by Stan Butler





God is sovereign. We say and believe that God is sovereign and although the word “sovereign” is not found in the Scriptures we use that word to mean that He is the Supreme Ruler, He’s all knowing, He’s all powerful, simply that He IS. We say as our sovereign God…He can do anything He wants to. He even says in Matthew 19:26; “with God, all things are possible.” Yet as we read the scriptures we see that this statement seems to contradict itself, because we know that there are many things God just cannot do. How can this be, because in 2Timothy 2:13 it says; “that God cannot deny Himself.” Well, that word “deny” in the Greek means “to contradict.” So how can this be that in one scripture we see that God can do anything, then flip a few pages and read where He cannot do this or that.

Let me give you an example of a scripture that seemed to me at first to be contradictory:

In Proverbs 17:15, we read, “He that justifieth the wicked is an abomination to the Lord.” God does not like to see a wicked person go unpunished. Yet God is a justifier of the wicked, and in order not to contradict himself, God simply saw to it that the penalty for sin was paid. In order for God to demonstrate love and justice, the penalty for all sin had to be satisfied, and the only way for that to happen was for God to offer and indeed let His only Son die for all the sins of mankind.

Can you imagine how God feels about our court system that we have in place today? A rapist, a murderer, a thief goes unpunished because someone forgot to read him his rights! The case is thrown out of court and the criminal goes free… the criminal can say, “it’s just as if I’d never committed the crime.” Oh how Almighty God must hate that.

Let’s look at some other things which God cannot do according to His word:

God cannot deny Himself: 2Timothy 2:13; This has just been explained. God’s word is never contradictory.

God cannot wash away sin without blood: Hebrews 9:22 says, “Without the shedding of blood there is no remission.”
Aren’t you thankful for the waters of baptism? Acts 22:16b; “arise, and be baptized, and wash away thy sins.”
Aren’t you thankful for the cup you drink from every Sunday? Matthew 26:28; Jesus holding the cup said these words: “This is my blood of the New Testament, which is shed for many for the remission of sins.”

God cannot sin: James 1:13; “God cannot be tempted with evil.”

God cannot change: Malachi 3:6; “I am the Lord, I change not.”

God cannot save man without man’s consent: We see this illustrated in Matthew 23:37: Jesus says, “O Jerusalem, Jerusalem, thou that killest the prophets, and stonest them that are sent unto thee, how often would I have gathered thy children together, even as a hen gathereth her chickens under her wings, and ye would not.”

God cannot lie: Heb 6:18; “it is impossible for God to lie.”
Titus 1:2; “which God, who cannot lie.”
How wonderful it is to know that when we read something in His Word, we can absolutely rely on it to be the truth, and always to know that when God says something…it is settled and we can believe it.

Be assured, the things which God says He cannot do are only because of the limitations He has placed on Himself.

Some of the content for this post I got from a sermon preached by Bro. Larry Jamison, evangelist at Oakland Christian Church, Oakland, Kentucky. Larry got the content of his sermon from the Scriptures. I guess that would make God the original author. Enjoy.
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Thank you as I am so grateful for your listing of books which I shall attend to reading.
You made the point tha G-d's does have limitations but they are self imposed by Him. Still He is limitless and must be so in consonance with his sovereignty and unlimited providence. He designed it that way for His rays of exuberant light otherwise will nullify the creation, for He is beyond the creation. If He would but blink, all creation's glory would be nullified. Necessarily He cannot be the author of evil or tempt His creation with such. His sovereignty is ipso fato undiminished but for His goodness to manifest, His limitations had to be self and superimposed.








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Rapture ???
By Stan Butler

http://accordingtothebook.blogspot.com/search?updated-min=2011-01-01T00:00:00-05:00&updated-max=2012-01-01T00:00:00-05:00&max-results=17

A lot of money has been made and is being made with the scare tactics involved with something called the “rapture”. Let’s look at how this “rapture thing” got started, and then spread, and then what the word of God has to say about Christ’s return.

The doctrine of a secret rapture was first conceived by John Darby of the Plymouth Brethren in 1827. Darby, given credit for being known as the “father of dispensationalism, is the inventor of the doctrine known as “the rapture”, claiming that there are two second comings of our Lord Jesus Christ.

In 1830 in Scotland, a 15 yr old girl named Margaret McDonald had a vision that Jesus would return to earth twice. She saw Jesus taking true believers to heaven and then returning again for the last judgment. During a Darby visit to her hometown of Port Glasgow, she shared her vision with John Darby. He then incorporated Margaret’s vision and his own thoughts into a precise end time plot based on passages found throughout the Bible. The centerpiece of his prophetic system—Jesus would rescue believers before the horrors of the book of Revelation. This doctrine was then spread by Darby throughout Great Britain and America and called “the rapture”.

In the early 20th century, Darby’s ideas were taken up by a man named C.I.Scoffield. C.I.Scoffield annotated a Bible based partly on Darby’s end time prophecies. (Annotate—add explanatory notes to a book, document, etc.) He put his notes on the same page as the biblical text and often times readers couldn’t remember if they had read about the rapture in the book of the Bible itself or on the bottom of the page. This Scoffield Bible has sold over 11,000,000 copies worldwide and is still in print in seven different languages.

We’re told in Acts 2:9-11…"And when He had spoken these things, while they beheld, he was taken up; and a cloud received him out of their sight. And while they looked steadfastly toward heaven as he went up, behold, two men stood by them in white apparel; which also said, “Ye men of Galilee, why stand ye gazing up into heaven? This same Jesus which is taken up from you into heaven, shall so come in like manner as ye have seen him go into heaven.” No secret coming or snatching away here. He’ll return just as He left, with witnesses

Jesus said in Matthew 26:64… that we would see Him coming in clouds of glory. No secret coming or snatching away here. All eyes shall behold Him.

In 1 Thessalonians 4:16-17..."For the Lord himself shall descend from heaven with a shout, with the voice of the archangel, and the dead in Christ shall rise first: Then we which are alive and remain shall be caught up together with them in the clouds, to meet the Lord in the air: and so shall we ever be with the Lord. Wherefore comfort one another with these words." No secret coming or snatching away here either. It’ll be a loud announcement from the start, and then we’ll see the graves opened up and those that are “in Christ” will be caught up with the dead in Christ. Does this describe a secret snatching away (rapture)?

And in Revelation 1:7…"Behold He cometh with clouds and every eye shall see him."

There will be no secret snatching away of just the faithful. (All eyes shall be a witness)
There will be no second chance for the lost to be saved. (Better talk to your loved ones now)
There will be no rebuilding of the temple in Jerusalem with animal sacrifices. Our Jewish friends need to accept and believe that Jesus is their promised Messiah.

Absolutely nothing on earth is preventing or will prevent the second and final coming of our King. All that has to happen is for the Father to look to the right hand side of His throne and speak the words, “Go get ‘em Son.” No future events must take place first. Now is the day of salvation. Don’t be deceived into thinking you have time on your side and many things must happen before Christ can return. Don’t think you can wait till there is a temple being rebuilt in Jerusalem. Don’t think you can wait till some guy with a scar on his face comes into power. Act, and do it now.

Hear the gospel, believe that Jesus is the only Christ and the very Son of God, confess this before men now and till you die, repent of your sins, be baptized for the remission of those sins, and be faithful till death to the Lord and His Table. Put your energy into soul winning instead of arguments about an imaginary “rapture.”

My thanks to Michael, a brother in Christ, who is my corrective grammarian.
Posted by covnitkepr1 at 3:41 PM 43 comments
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I appreciated your article on the Rapture and the points you made, its history and a money making publishing scam. G-d keeps no secrets and all events have been announced and will be openly to the world. The very premise of rapture is as a clandestine event when G-d announces beforehand in plain sight by the prophets and unmistakable passages in scripture.
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Tuesday, October 18, 2011
BE CAREFUL HOW
YOU DRAW
http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=6671724644852957271
by Stan Butler

The terms “draw near” and “draw back” are two New Testament terms that we hear little about today. It seems that standing in a pulpit and telling folks that they are not drawing near or that they appear to be drawing back is not a popular thing to do. Do this in some congregations and you could well lose your job. I’m not on the paid staff of any church, so I’d like to speak out a little about drawing near and drawing back.

The 10th chapter of Hebrews is a chapter with a plea for the Christian to remain steadfast in the faith, to draw near. Paul has prepared the Christian a salad in which he uses a lot of “let us”. In verse 22 he says, “Let us draw near with a true heart,” in verse 23, “let us hold fast the profession of our faith,” and in verse 24, “let us consider one another.” This salad is a part of the Christian’s diet. Digest this “let us” every week and you’ll draw near, you’ll not draw back.

Let’s look at the term “draw near”. It means to approach or to come near. There is no time of any given week that you can draw nearer to our great and wonderful God as in the time of Communion on the first day of the week. That’s why we are told in Hebrews 10:25, to “not forsake the assembling of ourselves together.” The main reason the charter members of the church assembled themselves together we’re told in Acts 20:7, was to break bread, to have Communion, to participate in the Lord’s Supper.

Here comes the part that could get a preacher fired.

In the next verse, Hebrews 10:26, it tells us that it is a sin to willfully forsake the assembling of ourselves together. Church attendance is mandatory every week, not just when we feel we should honor God with our presence. How sanctimonious can we get? We stand in awe of His presence, not He of ours. It’s at His table that we partake of our sacrifice for sin, and if we “draw back,” meaning to shun, to withdraw, or to shrink away from His table, verse 26 says, “there remains no more sacrifice for sin.” Verse 27 & 28 let us know that we can look forward to a certain and fearful judgment, and are worthy of death.

Preachers are not afraid to say that we shouldn’t miss church, they aren’t afraid to say that we should attend as much as possible, but there are few and far between that will say, “The word of God says that it’s a sin to willfully miss church and not assemble around His table.” It’s not being around His table that according to verse 29&30, we #1) trod under foot the Son of God (His body) #2) count the blood of the covenant which sanctified us an unholy thing (His blood) and #3) insult the Holy Spirit (who prompts us to be faithful to this covenant renewal.)

In Psalms 73:2 we read, “But as for me, my feet were almost gone; my steps had well nigh slipped.” The psalmist had been watching the wicked, how they prospered, how they had health and wealth, things seemed to go well at every turn for the wicked and they didn’t acknowledge God. He was about to “draw back” when he says in verse 17, “I went into the sanctuary of God; then understood I their end.”

As we look around us today, we see the same thing, prosperous friends and neighbors who treat the Lord’s Day as any other, without even a thought of God and his assembly. It may not seem right to us either but we must remember what Jesus said in Matthew 5:45 that, “For He maketh His sun to rise on the evil and on the good, and sendeth rain on the just and on the unjust.” It’s when we assemble in the house of the Lord and around His table that we, just as the psalmist, can see the end of those who willfully neglect “drawing near”. Paul in Hebrews 10:38, says, “But if any man draw back,( meaning “to shun”), my soul shall have no pleasure in him.”

Look closely to what verse 39 has to say. “But we are not of them who draw back unto perdition; but of them that believe to the saving of the soul.” It’s possible to shun or draw back to the point of apostasy (perdition). Miss the Lord’s Supper often enough and you’ll no longer miss it at all, because you’ll no longer think of it at all.

Jesus in Matthew 26:26-28, holding the bread said, “Take, eat; this is my body.” And holding the cup said, “Drink ye all of it; for this is my blood of the new covenant, which is shed for many for the remission of sins.” And in Luke 22:19, He says, “do this in remembrance of me.”

So as Christians, “let us” eat the salad that Paul offers as we draw near with a true heart, hold fast the profession of our faith, and consider one another by being around His prepared table. Then “let us” partake at His table and commune with Jesus as we eat of the bread and drink of the cup. Jesus did say in John 6:55; “My flesh is meat indeed, and my blood is drink indeed.” In doing this we’ll “draw near” and not “draw back”, and show His death till He comes, and He has told us, “Surely I come quickly.”

Be careful how you draw.

My thanks to Michael, a brother in Christ, who is my corrective grammarian.
Posted by covnitkepr1 at 4:06 PM 26 comments

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http://accordingtothebook.blogspot.com/search?updated-min=2011-01-01T00:00:00-05:00&updated-max=2012-01-01T00:00:00-05:00&max-results=17

WE ARE WHAT WE EAT
by Stan Butler

Maybe you’ve noticed by looking around that you see people of all different sizes and shapes. Some people wear larger clothes and different colors to try to hide or disguise the way they look in the eyes of those around them. Some eat all they want of anything they want and never seem to change in appearance, while others make an honest effort to eat a food regimen that should cause them to lose weight, but to no avail. So the next time you see a large person and start having thoughts of judgment about them, remember, you can’t always judge a book by its cover.

The food that we eat to stay alive in the physical sense is not what I would like to address at this time though. It’s the spiritual health of a Christian that’s more important than his or her physical being. Unless the Lord returns, we're all going to die and the physical shape that we maintained while on this earth won’t matter one iota. God says in 1Samuel 16: 7; “for man looketh on the outward appearance, but the Lord looketh on the heart.” It’s the maintenance of our heart, our spiritual welfare that we must be concerned about. It’s been said, “You are what you eat.” That adage could very well hold true in the spiritual realm.First off, we feed ourselves spiritually by feasting on the word of God, the Bible. In 2Timothy 2:15; we read that “we’re to study to show ourselves approved.”
If you want God’s approval… study His word. Just make sure that you’re a doer and not just a hearer…you’ll have His approval.

If you want a really good spiritual diet, read the words of Jesus written in red. Rest assured that these words are no fad diet that won’t satisfy. When you close the book, you’ll feel full, but you’ll hunger for more, because it’s the kind of diet that makes you look and feel better the more you digest. Jesus says in John 6:63, “that His words are spirit and that they are life.” There you go; spiritual food to keep the spiritual man alive.

If you want to look good as a Christian, study and do what the Bible says. You’ll look like a spiritual body builder, you’ll be strong, you’ll have endurance, and you’ll attract people to you. People will want to know what you’ve been eating.

Speaking of eating, at the Lord’s Table we eat the only physical food known to man that can and does nourish us spiritually. Let’s stick to those “words in red” that we mentioned earlier and see how. In Matthew 26:26-28; Jesus holding the bread says, “Take, eat; this is my body.” And while holding the cup says, “Drink ye all of it. For this is my blood of the new covenant, which is shed for many for the remission of sins.” Talk about nourishment, how’s having your sins remitted make you feel and look spiritually? How’s obeying his command to “do this” make you feel and look spiritually? How’s the confessing and repenting as you examine yourself make you feel and look spiritually?

In John 6:55, Jesus says that, “my flesh is real food and my blood is real drink.” We know that this real food and real drink nourishes us spiritually because Jesus also said in verse 54, that “except you eat the flesh of the son of man, and drink His blood, ye have no life in you.” It takes food to stay alive and this real food of His flesh and real drink of His blood keeps us alive spiritually. Let’s remember that feasting on His word and dining at His table go hand in hand. We need to read the Book that goes along with the Diet. Lest we forget…We are what we eat.

My thanks to Michael, a brother in Christ, who is my corrective grammarian.
Posted by covnitkepr1 at 5:08 PM 31 comments

THREE BOOKS GOD CARES ABOUT
By Stan Butler

There are three books God cares about that we have in our possession during our assembled worship times.

1) His book… the Bible:
God wrote it…it’s His book…He wants us to use it. He wants your preacher to preach from it. He wants the giver of the Communion meditation to get his words from it. In small groups where two or three are gathered together, He wants His book studied…not books written by Rick Warren, Charles Stanley, Billy Graham, Alexander Campbell, Michael Haas or any other uninspired man.

2) The song book: Songs fall into two categories:

Covenant songs: like, “Thou art worthy”. The song goes like this: “Thou art worthy, Thou art worthy, thou art worthy oh Lord___ to receive glory, glory and honour, glory and honour and power. For thou hast created, hast all things created. thou hast created all things---and for thy pleasure they are created, for thou art worthy oh Lord.”
Now read Revelation 4:11: Thou art worthy, Oh Lord, to receive glory and honour and power: for thou hast created all things, and for thy pleasure they are and were created.
Now that’s a covenant song written and sung in covenant language.

Existential songs: existentialism says, “I exist! God exists! I have had an experience with God, and that is my authority!”
One thing that the Christian needs to understand is that the words we sing need to be TRUTH if indeed our singing is part of worship. John 4:24 says; “God is a Spirit: and they that worship Him must worship Him in spirit and in truth.” The problem with existential songs is that they may contain untruths. Here are just a few examples.

Example #1: “To God be the Glory”, in verse #2 it says: O perfect redemption, the purchase of blood! To every believer the promise of God, the vilest offender who truly believes, that moment from Jesus a pardon receives. This is in direct opposition to what God’s word has to say about the vilest offender being saved. That book I mentioned earlier…God’s book…the Bible says it takes more that just belief. It also requires repentance, confession and baptism. Acts 2:38; Mark 16:16; John 3:5; Matthew 28:19; Titus 3:5; Colossians 2:12-13; Acts 22:16; Acts 16:30-34; Romans 10:9-10…that should be sufficient.

Example #2: “Victory in Jesus”, in verse #1 it says: I heard about His groaning, of His precious blood’s atoning, then I repented of my sins and won the victory. Again, repentance is not the only requirement to “win the victory.” Same verses above apply here. It takes more than repentance

Example #3: C Austin Miles: in “I come to the garden alone.” In the refrain we find these words: And the joy we (Jesus & C Austin Miles) share as we tarry there, none other has ever known. That’s quite an assumption on Mr. Miles’ part. He’s had this experience with Jesus and experienced more joy than any one else has ever known. In John 15:7, Jesus says, “These things have I spoken unto you, that my joy might remain in you, and that your joy might be full.”

So songs are either about your personal experience fabrication i.e. existential, or they are from the Scriptures and thus in Covenant language and thus complete truth.


3) Your pocketbook: Yep…you read it right the first time.

Psalms 24:1; the earth is the Lord’s and the fullness thereof; the world, and they that dwell therein.

Do we believe that? Do we really believe that? Then if that be true…
Do I own the car I drive? NO. I have people comment often…“that’s a nice ride you have there. I always reply back, “Yeah it is, but it doesn’t belong to me, it belongs to God and He lets me drive it.”

How about our pocketbooks? Do we own them? NO This being true…the money that’s in our wallets doesn’t belong to us either now does it?

So when we reach in and thumb through His currency at offering time…we shouldn’t ask ourselves, “How much of the money I’ve earned this week am I going to give to God?” We should ask ourselves rather, “How much of God’s money am I going to withhold from Him and keep for myself?”

There’s an adage about giving that goes like this: “Give till it hurts.” My personal opinion is that I don’t really think that Almighty God wants us to “give till it hurts.” So here’s an adage and an antidote to “give till it hurts”… “Give till it feels good.”

I would encourage you to think and be aware of what you are reading or listening to during worship. Be aware of what words are coming out of your mouth during the song service. And last but not least, be aware of where your heart is in your giving to the Lord and in worship.

My thanks to Michael, a brother in Christ, who is my corrective grammarian.

3) Your pocketbook: Yep…you read it right the first time.

Psalms 24:1; the earth is the Lord’s and the fullness thereof; the world, and they that dwell therein.

Do we believe that? Do we really believe that? Then if that be true…
Do I own the car I drive? NO. I have people comment often…“that’s a nice ride you have there. I always reply back, “Yeah it is, but it doesn’t belong to me, it belongs to God and He lets me drive it.”

How about our pocketbooks? Do we own them? NO This being true…the money that’s in our wallets doesn’t belong to us either now does it?

So when we reach in and thumb through His currency at offering time…we shouldn’t ask ourselves, “How much of the money I’ve earned this week am I going to give to God?” We should ask ourselves rather, “How much of God’s money am I going to withhold from Him and keep for myself?”

There’s an adage about giving that goes like this: “Give till it hurts.” My personal opinion is that I don’t really think that Almighty God wants us to “give till it hurts.” So here’s an adage and an antidote to “give till it hurts”… “Give till it feels good.”

I would encourage you to think and be aware of what you are reading or listening to during worship. Be aware of what words are coming out of your mouth during the song service. And last but not least, be aware of where your heart is in your giving to the Lord and in worship.

My thanks to Michael, a brother in Christ, who is my corrective grammarian.


Posted by covnitkepr1 at 7:29 AM 35 comments
Why didn’t Jesus just say what He meant?


by Stan Butler







It appears that many of the readers of this blog are being self-lead into thinking I am leaning towards accepting the Catholic view of transubstantiation. Others believe I may be about to accept the Lutheran view of consubstantiation. And lastly there is the opinion of some in the church of Christ (to which I have been added) that I have deviated from “their” teaching that the Lord’s Supper is a mere memorial and a commemoration. I want to address all three of these misconception situations so that there will remain no doubt in the readers mind that I hold none of these figments as true.





I have never believed in either the transubstantiation or consubstantiation view of the Lord’s Supper. There was, however, a time early in my Christian walk when my gullibility allowed me to swallow the “commemoration” or “memorial” view that is being preached from the pulpits of most Christian/Church of Christ churches.

I believe every word that the Lord Jesus Christ ever uttered that is recorded in God’s Word. I also exhibit extreme caution not to add to or take away from His statements. Jesus is a very smart individual and is able to speak very clearly. It’s not recorded anywhere in scripture that He spoke with a lisp or any type of speech impediment. When He said something, He spoke clearly and I believe He meant what He said. He does not need my assistance or anyone else’s to explain what He said to make it easier to understand or to fit any theological or doctrinal belief.



A personal friend and follower of this blog, Larry Jamison, evangelist at Oakland Christian Church, in Oakland Kentucky put in the comment section of one of my posts these words which I whole heartedly agree with. He wrote: “If Jesus can wash us in His blood in the waters of baptism, I have no problems with believing He can wash us in His blood in the bread and the cup of the fruit of the vine! I also just believe what Jesus said, and find that much more pleasing and simple than trying to apply metaphysics to it. If He did not mean what He said, then why didn't He just say what He means? I think He did. Let God be true and every man a liar! After all, if He did not mean what He said, THEN WHO KNOWS WHAT HE MEANT? Throw the Bible away and do and believe whatever you want to! Satan did, and look what it did to him। It cost him heaven!! And if you do that too, it will cost you the same! Jesus is Lord; we must obey and love Him!”


Read the following Scriptures in which Jesus is speaking. Then ask yourself, “Did Jesus really mean this?” If the answer is yes and you feel no need to add to His words, then you and I have the same belief about Communion. If you feel the need to try and explain what you think He meant to say, we are not sitting in the same pew.







Matthew 26:26-28; and as they were eating, Jesus took bread, and blessed it, and break it, and gave it to the disciples, and said, “Take, eat; this is my body.” And He took the cup, and gave thanks, and gave it to them saying, “Drink ye all of it; for this is my blood of the new testament, which is shed for many for the remission of sins.”

John 6:51; “I am the living bread which came down from heaven: if any man eat of this bread, he shall live forever: and the bread that I will give is my flesh, which I will give for the life of the world.”




John 6:53-56; Then Jesus said unto them, “Verily, verily, I say unto you, except ye eat the flesh of the Son of man, and drink His blood, ye have no life in you. For my flesh is meat indeed, and my blood is drink indeed. He that eateth my flesh, and drinketh my blood, dwelleth in me, and I in him.”




Now answer this question: John 6:61; “Doth this offend you?” If your answer is yes, perhaps you are no longer walking with Jesus. (John 6:66)
I simply believe in the Lord’s Supper the way He spoke of it. Nothing added…nothing taken away
My thanks to Michael, a “brother in Covenant”, who is my corrective grammarian.Posted by covnitkepr1 at 10:29 AM 24 comments



Posted by covnitkepr1 at 7:29 AM 35 comments

Doth this offend you?
By Stan Butler

In John 6:48-64, Jesus is telling the Jews and His followers that He is the bread of life, He is the living bread, and that the living bread is His flesh, and to live forever they must eat of it. When Jesus used the word “eat” in verses 49-53, He used the Greek word “phago”, meaning to simply eat, or consume. Those who heard argued among themselves about how a person could eat His flesh, and thought He was espousing cannibalism. He saw their disbelief, so in verses 54-58, He changed His word for “eat” from “phago” to “trogo”, which means to gnaw, to chew on, and gives the idea of a crunching sound. The more persistent their disbelief, the more difficult His language became.

As they continued to murmur, in verse 61, Jesus asked, “Doth this offend you?” He wanted to set them at ease over this matter of eating His flesh and drinking His blood, so in verses 63&64, He explained, “the words that I speak unto you, they are spirit (pneuma, a current of air) (from the root word in the Greek pneo, meaning to breathe hard), and they are life (zoe).” Then Jesus goes on to say, “But there are some of you that believe not.”


The restoration movement has entire congregations who “believe not” and have the same problems with what Jesus has to say about His body and His blood as did the Jews and His followers in times back then. One such congregation in a neighboring state has this to say about the Lord’s Supper and they put it in print for all to see in their bulletin: “We believe in a weekly observance of the communion of the Lord’s Supper as central in worship. The Lord’s Supper does not invoke blessings upon its participants. The Lord’s Supper is a memorial.”
My question to this congregation is, “If you feel there are no blessings involved and if you reduce Communion to a mere memorial, why make it the centerpiece of your worship service?”


From this statement, we can assume that this congregation thinks more of what man has to say, than what Jesus has to say. Let’s listen to the words of Jesus on this matter: Matthew 26:26b &28, “Take, eat; this is my body”. For this is my blood of the new covenant, which is shed for many for the remission of sins.” If we believe what He said here then we should look again at John 6 and quote our Savior and see what blessings can be invoked at His table, which as far as I know is the only place Christians participate in the Lord’s body and blood. In John 6:53-58, Jesus says, “Unless you eat the flesh of the Son of man, and drink his blood, you have no life in you”. That sounds like a blessing being invoked to me, if you don’t eat and drink, you have no life, but if you eat and drink and you have life. Let’s go on, “Whoever eats my flesh, and drinks my blood, hath eternal life.” That sounds like another blessing being invoked to me, the blessing of eternal life for eating his flesh and drinking his blood. Let’s see, we were baptized into Christ, (Romans 6:3) (Galatians 3:27) and we know that’s not a “once saved always saved proposition.” So Jesus tells us in John 6:56; that, “whoever eats my flesh and drinks my blood, remains in me and I in him.”

I want to remain spiritually alive. I want eternal life. I want to remain in Him. I want Him to remain in me. I also want the remission of my sins. And that’s why I am not offended by the thought of eating my Savior’s precious body and drinking His precious blood, when the fruit of the vine and the unleavened bread are passed to me during Communion. Please answer Jesus as He asks, “Doth this offend you?”

Why do Christians believe what Jesus said in John 3:16, but feel the need to change what He says in chapter 6? The answer has to lie in the fact that they would reply to Jesus, “Yes, this doth offend me.”
I wish to express my gratitude to Michael, a “brother in Covenant”, who is my corrective grammarian.
Posted by covnitkepr1 at 12:33 PM 45 comments







WALKING AS JESUS WALKED
by Stan Butler

The one who says he abides in Him ought himself to walk in the same manner as He walked. (1John 2:6)




As a Christian, have you ever had someone say to you, “Sure, I know you talk the talk, but can you walk the walk?” Relating this question to the challenge made in 1John 2:6, I’d like to correlate one way in which we actually can walk in the same manner as Jesus walked. Even though we can’t live a sinless life as He did, raise the dead as He did, or even love as limitlessly as He did, there is an area of obedience that we can have perfection in: That of obedience in “Covenant keeping.”

In the time and age of the Old Covenant, the Israelites (Jews) were God’s covenanted people. To remain in that covenanted relationship, one thing mandated was that they were to “keep the Passover.” The story can be found in Exodus 12, how God initiated the Passover Feast the evening before He delivered the Israelites out of four hundred and thirty years of bondage to the Egyptians. It tells of how they were to sacrifice a lamb and smear its blood over the top and side door posts. They were given exact instructions as to how to prepare and eat that lamb and await their deliverance. Death was to visit Egypt that night in that God was to pass over the land and kill the firstborn of every household, Egyptian or Israelite. But, if they had followed His instructions, if He saw the blood over the door posts, He would “pass over” that house and they would be safe: Thus the Passover and its meaning.

God knew that His deliverance of the Israelites and the events that took place during that deliverance were such a big deal and wanted them to always acknowledge it and never forget, so He spoke to Moses later in the wilderness and told him to tell the people that they were to “keep the Passover” every year and even made a memorial of it. Please notice, God, not man, made the Passover a memorial (Exodus 12:14) “Now this day shall be a memorial to you”… That day would be the fourteenth day of the first month of every year.

As usually happens though, when Almighty God gives a mandate, there are those who want concessions or ways to be excused from keeping it. The Passover was no exception. There were some who asked, “What if we’re unclean because of touching a dead person, or “What if we’re off on a long trip?” What if…what if…what if. So, God spoke to Moses again and said; "Speak to the sons of Israel, saying, 'If any one of you or of your generations becomes unclean because of a dead person, or is on a distant journey, he may, however, observe the Passover to the LORD. In the second month on the fourteenth day at twilight, they shall observe it.” (Numbers 9:10-11)
BUT
“The man who is clean and is not on a journey, and yet neglects to observe the Passover, that person shall then be cut off from his people, for he did not present the offering of the LORD at its appointed time, that man will bear his sin.” (Numbers 9:13)

So, if they willfully neglected to keep the Passover feast, they were no longer considered to be a part of God’s covenanted people and if they died before the next Passover, they would die in their sins. Pretty strong stuff, wouldn’t you say?

We can know through studying the Scriptures that Jesus never missed a Passover. How you may ask? We know that His parents kept the Passover every year and took Jesus along with them. (Luke 2:41-42) So we know that He remained in a covenanted relationship with His Father through keeping the Passover. Jesus walked the walk, and we can do the same.

In this present time and age of the New Covenant, God’s covenanted people are called Christians. (Acts 11:26)(Acts 26:28)(1Peter 4:16) This name was given to us by God Himself. (Isaiah 62: 2); “And you will be called by a new name which the mouth of the Lord will designate.” We as Christians, are no longer required to sacrifice animals or keep the Jewish Passover because when Jesus, our New Covenant (Isaiah 42:6 & 49:8) died on the cross and the curtain in the temple was torn from top to bottom (Matthew 27:51) (Mark 15:38) (to show that God done the tearing) the Old Covenant with all it’s laws, ceremonies, and sacrifices ended and the New Covenant was in force.

The Israelites entered into their Covenant by natural childbirth, where the Christian is reborn into his. (John 3:5) Since Jesus Christ is our New Covenant, a believer must be “in Christ” to be in Covenant with our great God. The Scriptures show that we can get “into Christ” through baptism. (Romans 6:3) Do you not know that all of us who have been baptized into Christ have been baptized into His death? (Galatians 3:27) For all of you who were baptized into Christ have clothed yourselves with Christ. Believing that Jesus is the very Son of God (Acts 8:37) (Romans 10:9-10), confessing it with your mouth (Romans 10:9-10), repenting of your sins (Acts 2:38) (Luke 13:3), and being baptized into Him, (Acts 2:38) (John 3:5) is how a non-Christian (believer) becomes a Christian and enters into a covenanted relationship with God.

Once in Covenant, the Christian must remain “in Christ.”

That’s where Jesus has made it simpler to remain in and keep our New Covenant: Two not ten commandments to follow; “You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your mind. And you shall love your neighbor as yourself.” (Matthew 22:37&39) and we must live God’s way: “You shall be Holy, for I am Holy.” (1Peter 1:16) Now like it or not, that just about sums up what God expects out of us. And as much as I love Jesus, as close as I try to live a Godly and holy life, I FALL SHORT. I sin. And so do you…YES YOU DO. We all do.

But Jesus, knowing that we would sin and fall short also gave us these words of comfort: “This do.” (Luke 22:19) He was referring to the Lord’s Supper…Communion. He knew that without blood…there is no remission of sin, (Hebrews 9:22) and there had to be a way to reach that blood, His blood. He has made that possible through baptism (Romans 6:3) and Communion. (Matthew 26:28)

It’s recorded in John 6 that earlier in His ministry, Jesus had told His disciples that to remain (continuing action) “in Him”, they must eat His flesh (continuing action) and drink His blood. (also a continuing action) That those who did would have eternal life and those that did not would have no life in them. (John 6:53-56) He was showing them how they could do this and remain “in Covenant” or “in Him”. “This do” and keep Covenant. “This do not” and break Covenant.

The Scriptures teach that Communion is to be the main focus of the worship service on the first day of the week. “and upon the first day of the week, when the disciples came together to break bread.” (Acts 20:7) Members of the early church were steadfast in the breaking of bread. (Acts2:42) The Holy Spirit led the apostles and early church to assemble on every first day of the week and renew Covenant by participating in the body and blood of their Covenant, Jesus Christ. It was therefore a weekly renewal. Remember, it’s a continual eating and drinking that allows us to “remain in Him.”

Memorials are made so that we can remember and never forget a particular person or event. The Israelites were soon forgetting that God had delivered them from slavery with signs and wonders, and He knew that soon they would also forget when and who had performed this miraculous deliverance. So God in His wisdom made the Passover a memorial. Such is not the case with the Lord’s Supper. It is not a memorial as most Christians call it. God knew that those who are “in Christ”, those who were bought with His blood and wear His name could never forget Him. That’s why Jesus said, “do this in remembrance of me,” and not “do this to remember me.” Nowhere in Scripture does it say that Jesus made Communion a memorial as God did with the Passover.

The Passover was only a shadow of the Lord’s Supper in that when God saw the blood of their sacrifice on the doorposts he would save them from certain death. In the Lord’s Supper, as we confess and repent of our sins, drinking from the cup which Jesus said is His blood and for the remission of our sins, God sees the blood that is the sacrifice for our sins, and He honors the death and blood of His only begotten and saves us from a certain death as well, through forgiveness. It is written that, “the wages of sin is death.”(Romans 6:23) but Jesus paid those wages. The last words that Jesus uttered while on the cross, “it is finished” in essence means, “paid in full.”

So, if an Israelite willfully neglected the Passover, a mere memorial, and was no longer considered an Israelite and “bore his own sin” till the next opportunity to observe the Passover again, an entire year later. Knowing this, I would not want to willfully neglect the Lord’s Table, break Covenant with God and take the chance I might not make it to the next Lord’s Day to sit at His Table anew.

I rely entirely on God’s grace week to week till I can contact the blood “that cleanseth us from all sin.” (1John1:7-9) but I do so while in Covenant with Him. God’s grace is one of the riches which He grants “in Christ Jesus” (Ephesians 1:7), and it’s not to be cheapened by being taken for granted. God will not be mocked.

Just as Jesus was faithful in keeping the Passover, a memorial and a shadow of the Lord’s Supper, we must and can be faithful also in Covenant keeping and Covenant renewal thru Communion.

The one who says he abides in Him ought himself to walk in the same manner as He walked. (1John 2:6)
I wish to express my gratitude to Michael, a “brother in Covenant”, who is my corrective grammarian.
Posted by covnitkepr1 at 7:32 AM 33 comments

Sunday, June 19, 2011
Nobody left Behind
Nobody Left Behind; Insight into "End-Time" Prophecies separates fact from fiction by looking at Bible prophecies in context. David Vaughn Elliott respectfully examines the prophetic viewpoint underlying the "Left Behind" series, clearly showing that many prophecies proclaimed as end-time prophecies have actually already been wonderfully fulfilled in history.


Here are some of the vital topics you will learn about in this thought-provoking book.


Is the Antichrist alive?


•What is the meaning of 666? Read or download
•When does the Millennium begin?
•Should prophecy be interpreted literally?
•When did God stop His prophetic clock?
•How many "great tribulations" are there?
•What does the Bible predict about Rome?
•Who will be left behind when Jesus returns?
•Does God plan another temple in Jerusalem?
•Has Daniel's 70-weeks prophecy been fulfilled?
•Is the "Left Behind" scenario found in the Bible?




The 334 pages of Nobody Left Behind will help you explore major Bible prophecies in depth in language you can understand. Expect your views to be tested. Extensive Scripture and subject indexes will help you quickly find the verses and topics that interest you most. Fifteen pages of illustrations are included as well as quotations from ancient Jewish and Christian writers. Nobody Left Behind offers you a biblical, historical, and sensible Insight into "End-Time" Prophecies.


To order open the link below:

http://www.nobodyleftbehind.net/order.html



Posted by covnitkepr1 at 12:55 PM 18 comments

Thursday, June 2, 2011



“Get in the box God”
By Stan Butler

Lately, it seems I’m having more conversations with people who lay claim to the title of being a Christian (literally: follower of Christ), but during the course of the conversation when I ask, “Where do you attend church,” they reply, “Oh, I don’t go to church. I’m not religious, but I consider myself very spiritual.” They want no claim or affiliation to “organized religion” even though the scriptures mention the term “religion” five times and the term “religious” twice, and each and every time in a positive context.

And why wouldn’t the Lord’s church be organized, and in fact, well organized? There are leadership roles to be filled, services to be held, missions to be tended to, prayers to be offered, unified singing and teachings to take place, and much more. All this is to be accomplished in an orderly and organized manner in which the leaders will be held accountable for overseeing.


These “independent” but not religious Christians find the Bible to be a perfect instruction book only when they egregiously reinterpret it and force it to fit their own theology. As long as God is in their box, they feel at ease with their situation. But when shown that they in fact need to get into God’s box…they balk. They insist that church attendance is not necessary to have a relationship with and/or to please God. I find that scripture teaches to the contrary. Let’s put to the test if a person can fulfill God’s wishes by setting in a boat somewhere on a beautiful sunny Sunday morning “at one with the Creator,” or sitting on a back patio with a good cup of coffee and their Bible, or some other like scenario instead of being in a church assembly with other Christians on the Lord’s Day.


For starters, in Hebrews 10:25; we read, “Not to forsake the assembling of ourselves together.” This statement alone should be reason enough to silence all excuses, reasonings, and alibis for not being in a fellowship with other Christians on the Lord’s Day. How many times does God have to say something before we are to believe it? It is written in the form of a command, not a request, but here is where these “independent Christians” start saying, “Get in the box God.”

For the most part, they just ignore Hebrews 10:25 as though the passage doesn’t exist. They tell others how much they love and serve God…they just fail to mention how they live in total disobedience to many of the commands that are in His Covenant, and so in their disobedience, they defiantly tell the Almighty… “Get in the box God.” The usual excuse for not attending church is that they don’t want to worship with hypocrites. This excuse doesn’t hold a lot of water because these “independent Christians” buy their gas at the same service stations, buy their food at the same grocery stores, and dine out in the same restaurants these hypocrites do. Some even work directly with them in the work place. They mingle and manage to live with them six days a week in every scenario imaginable but can’t tolerate to worship with them for a couple hours on the Lord’s Day. Perhaps the God in their box will have a special place in heaven just for them where they can spend eternity away from all the fellowship and jubilant rejoicing of the forgiven saints who were once “hypocrites” but washed in the blood of the Lamb.


Many of these “independent Christians” have been lied to, lied about, been wrongfully accused, mistreated, abused, had their reputation harmed and decided to separate themselves from “organized” religion. I have had every instance mentioned above happen to me. I felt like leaving and getting as far as I could from “these” people, but keep in mind that “these” people are God’s elect even though imperfect. So let’s look at what God has to say about these situations and the reasons I had to “buck up” and remain in His box:


Matthew 6:15; "If you forgive not men their trespasses neither will your Father forgive your trespasses." This scripture doesn’t exist for them, because these “independent Christians” believe that they are being forgiven on a daily basis even though they have not forgiven those that have trespassed them. “Get in the box God.”


Matthew 5:44; "Love your enemies, bless them that curse you, do good to them that hate you, and pray for them which despitefully use you and persecute you." “Independent Christians” need to start loving, blessing, and praying for those they feel have wronged them. Putting distance between themselves and an “organized religion” problem while expecting God to love, bless and answer their prayers is just another way of saying, “Get in the box God.”

Jesus commanded throughout the New Covenant that we Christians “Love one another.” How is it showing love to separate and refuse to fellowship with the body of Christ? How would your immediate earthly family feel if you were to say you love them, but refuse to fellowship with them at family gatherings? Actions speak much louder than words. “Get in the box God.”


Here is a short and incomplete list of things which God mandates that an “independent Christian” should do but cannot fulfill by absenting themselves from church services:


Hebrews 10:25; exhort one another. “Get in the box God."
Acts 20:7; take Communion with others. “Get in the box God.”
Acts 2:42; fellowship with others. “Get in the box God.”
Acts 2:42; be steadfast as a part of the body of Christ. “Get in the box God.”
1 Corinthians 16:1; bring ones gifts as God has prospered. “Get in the box God.”
Acts 2:42; join others in prayer. “Get in the box God.”
Colossians 3:16; teach and admonish one another through singing. “Get in the box God.”


The list could go on and on. I think you can see the harm they do to themselves and the body of Christ by their act of sovereignty. Where would the church be if everyone followed their example of separation? They worship and serve a God…but it’s a God of their own making, NOT the God of the Bible. There is just no defense for one of His followers to separate themselves from a body of other imperfect believers and attempting to be a church in/of/and by themselves. Throughout the New Covenant there are mentions of churches in various cities in the first century and no mention that anyone has the right to separate because of hurt feelings and other frivolous reasons.


God has given us His instruction on worship, and we are instructed to worship Him as a church (assembly) on the first day of every week. He tells us as both leaders and individuals how to deal with any problems that arise. To venture off and declare ourselves sovereign from His body (the church) is to manufacture a God of our own making, and He has told us that we are to have no other Gods but Him, and on His terms. Any attempt to make Him something that He is not is to say, I’ve got a box over here God and you’ll fit in it very nicely…now “Get in the box God.”
I wish to express my gratitude to Michael, a “brother in Covenant”, who is my corrective grammarian.




Posted by covnitkepr1 at 11:28 AM 51 comments

Thursday, May 19, 2011
Keeping Covenant with God...a book I highly recommend.
Michael Haas has recently published a short book on Biblical covenant. Years of study have convinced Michael that the way to fully understand God’s plan for humanity is through the concept of covenant. As he sought to tell his friends and family about covenant, he looked for an introductory book that would explain the basics of what he believed.

After much searching, Michael was unable to find an easy-to-read book that explained how to study the Bible as covenant. Realizing that he was expecting someone else to do the work that he was capable of doing himself, Michael sat down to write the book he was searching for. Keeping Covenant with God: Living by the Blood of Jesus is the result.

Filled with engaging examples straight from the Bible and stories from Michael’s own life, Keeping Covenant with God explains the fundamentals of God’s plan of salvation in simple terms that anyone can understand. You don’t need to attend seminary to understand God’s love for you and see how every piece of the Bible fits together. You don’t need an advanced degree to answer the “hard” questions about Christianity. Reading the Bible through the lens of covenant is all you need.





Available at Amazon.com

Posted by covnitkepr1 at 8:53 PM 29 comments



Thursday, April 21, 2011




Breaking Bread According to the Book
by Stan Butler

Among some professed followers of Christ in the world of Christendom, the thought that believers must conform their way of thinking and/or their way of doing things to the teachings of Jesus, at times is not a popular idea. Furthermore, to conform to these teachings is not usually thought of as a way of being accepted by God. And those who would dare call attention to any discrepancies in the way something is being done contrary to the oracles of God, usually results in the term “legalist” being applied to the attention caller. Well now, please allow me to label myself a “legalist”, at least for the duration of this post.

Jesus promised the twelve disciples: “The Comforter, which is the Holy Ghost, whom the Father will send in my name, He shall teach you all things, and bring all things to your remembrance, whatsoever I have said to you.” (John 14:26) And, “Howbeit when He, the Spirit of truth is come, He will guide you in all truth: for He shall not speak of Himself, but whatsoever He shall hear, that shall He speak: and He will show you things to come.” (John 16:13)

In these two passages of Scripture, Jesus is talking to His twelve disciples who walked this earth with Him, talked with Him, ate with Him and physically touched Him, not to any of the leaders of 240 denominational churches, councils, synods, and not to yours truly Stan Butler, and not even to you Mr. or Mrs. John Doe. The promise of the Holy Ghost we (the world) received at our baptism is that “He will reprove (convict) us of sin (what’s wrong), of righteousness (what’s right), and of judgment (the rewards for doing what’s right and the perils for doing what’s wrong).” (John 16: 8-11) He does not give us new revelation on when and what we can change as we please concerning the administration of the Church of the Lord Jesus Christ.

So what the Apostles wrote and we read in the Scriptures concerning the early church and its administration is the direct result of the guidance of the Holy Spirit that Jesus promised His disciples. After reading and discerning the Scriptures, we must conform to how things were done in the Early Church if we are to please God.

The subject at hand is “breaking bread.”
When in the Scriptures does “breaking bread” mean “ a common meal”?
When does “breaking bread” mean “the Lord’s Supper”?
Can we discern the difference?

The world at large does not apply the term “breaking bread” to eating today as they did in the first century church. Therefore, when seeing the term “breaking bread” used in the Scriptures, we must examine the context to determine when a common meal is being referenced or if the verse is speaking about the Lord’s Supper. Let’s look at the examples given in the Scriptures and put them in perspective.

As a common meal the Scriptures show that an actual breaking of bread took place in Matthew 14:19; 15:36, Mark 6:41; 8:6&19, Luke 9:16; 24:30 and in Acts 27:35. And a figurative breaking of bread in Luke 24:35; and Acts 2:46.

As the Lord’s Supper the scriptures show an actual breaking of bread in Matthew 26:26, Mark 14:22, Luke 22:19 and 1 Corinthians 11:24. And a figurative breaking of bread in Acts 2:42; 20:7&11.

Also 1 Corinthians 10:16 describes the “breaking of bread” in the Lord’s Supper as a sharing, a fellowship, a communion, or a participation in the body of Christ.

With minimum study of the Scriptures, a concerned believer can determine both on what day of the week the saints met to eat the Lord’s Supper (break bread) and that it was the main reason they met. We will find Acts 20:7 to be a big aid in that determination. Luke records; “and upon the first day of the week, when the disciples came together to break bread, Paul preached to them… Paul just happened to be in Troas visiting, so the preaching was secondary. The primary reason for assembling themselves together was to participate in the Lord’s Supper, to break bread. Notice should be taken that this happened on the first day of the week, and would come to be known as the Lord’s Day in the early church. (Revelation 1:10)

This is backed up by Paul’s statement to the Corinthians who when gathered together in one place were scolded for their misuse of the Lord’s Supper. (Corinthians 11:20-34). They were told that if they were hungry…to eat at home.

We find in Acts 2:42 that the early church was steadfast in this practice of breaking bread. We also see that this was done in a church setting as prayers were offered, doctrine was taught, and fellowship was enjoyed. Offerings were also taken up during these Lord’s Day assemblies as is noted in 2Corinthians 16:2

Acts 2:46 lets us know that they met daily in the temple, but ate their common meals breaking bread from house to house and ate their meat with gladness of heart. They did not observed the Lord’s Supper every time they met.

The Lord’s Supper was not just another “nice” thing they did when they assembled. To them it was the very reason why they met, the center piece of the worship service. Many of them were possibly there when Jesus was mocked, beaten, and crucified. They may have seen His blood being spilt. They knew that once cleansed of sin through baptism, that this was the way to participate in that spilt blood for the forgiveness of their sins as believers. There is no doubt in my mind that the Holy Ghost recalled to memory the words of Jesus when He said to His disciples, “Verily, Verily, I say unto you, except you eat the flesh of the Son of man, and drink His blood, ye have no life in you. Whoso eateth my flesh, and drinketh my blood, hath eternal life; and I will raise him up on the last day, for my flesh is meat indeed, and my blood is drink indeed. He that eateth my flesh, and drinketh my blood, dwelleth in me and I in him.” (John 6:53-56) And no doubt the Holy Ghost refreshed their memory back to when Jesus taking bread in the upper room, broke it and said, “Take eat, this is my body.” (Mark 14:22) and holding the cup said, “Drink ye all of it; for this is my blood of the New Covenant which is shed for many for the remission of sins.” (Matthew 26:27-28) They wanted an ongoing cleansing upon confession and repentance. They wanted to dwell (remain) in Christ their New Covenant, and they wanted Him to dwell (remain) in them as well. Thus they were obedient to the teaching and instruction of the Apostles to gather weekly on the Lord’s Day and renew their commitment to that Covenant.

Can we do any less than the pattern left for us to follow, i.e. offer Communion on a monthly, quarterly, semi annual or annual basis? “Absolutely not!” is the restorer’s cry. “We can do as we please!” is the reformer’s cry.

Can we do any more than the pattern left for us to follow, i.e. offer Communion at weddings, funerals, special services such as Good Friday, and Christmas Eve? “Absolutely not!” is the restorer’s cry. “We can do as we please!” is the reformer’s cry.

As for me and my house, we’ll meet when the church is assembled for worship and/or Bible study and we’ll participate in the Lord’s Supper only once a week, every week, and only on the first day of the week, as was the pattern in the early church.

I now relinquish my label of “legalist.”

I wish to express my gratitude to Michael, a “brother in Covenant”, who is my corrective grammarian.
Posted by covnitkepr1 at 11:36 PM 39 comments

Monday, April 18, 2011


Participation in BLOOD: His way
by Stan Butler


Blood…the sight of it makes some people become light headed and feel as though they are going to faint. Diabetics like me, see our own blood several times each day and don’t give it a second thought. Surgeons, nurses, and hospital staff see other people’s blood on a daily basis without any problem. So we see that the sight of blood affects a variety of people in various ways.



Then there is a group of people that not only want to not see blood…they don’t even want to think about it or hear it mentioned…ever. Many in the religious world are that way. They’re squeamish when it comes to blood. They have joined ranks together and formed a denomination of their own making so they can avoid it altogether. They have hymnbooks in which the word “blood” can not be found, they make no mention about it when preaching from their pulpits, and they don’t teach about it in their Bible studies. If it were possible and could be made intelligently feasible, they’d probably have their own version of the Bible printed up without the word “blood” in it as well.

But like it or not, we serve a God which has always had a use for blood. His use: “it is blood that maketh an atonement for the soul.” (Leviticus 17:11)

Blood then: Under the Old Covenant, God’s people, the children of Israel, were never to consume the blood of any manner of flesh (sacrificed or otherwise) and if they did, they would be considered unclean and be “cut off”(no longer be a part of the Nation of Israel). However, if they disobeyed this mandate, there was a ceremony they could go through to become clean again, i.e., they were to wash their clothes, bathe themselves in water, and would remain unclean until evening. But…if they did not go through this cleansing ceremony… they would not only be “cut off” but they would “bear their iniquity.” (Remain unclean, and if they died, they’d do so in their sin) (Leviticus 17:10-16)

Blood now: Jesus is our New Covenant. (Isaiah 42:1-7)(Isaiah 49:1-8)(Matthew 12:16-21)(Luke 4:16-21)(Ephesians 2:13-15) And under our New Covenant, God’s people who are now called Christians (Acts 11:26) (Acts 26:28) (1Peter 4:16) are to follow the instructions of Jesus concerning the consumption of blood. His instructions were very different from that of His Father’s to the Israelites. Different Covenant…different instructions. His instruction (commandment i.e. “this do”) to the Christian is to drink blood…His blood. (Matthew 26:27-28)

Jesus made a statement early in His ministry that was considered a “hard saying.” Here’s some of what He said; "Verily, Verily, I say unto you, except ye eat the flesh of the Son of man, and drink His blood, ye have no life in you.” (Emphasis mine) (John 6:53) And wouldn’t you know it’s considered a “hard saying” yet today. But…it’s only a “hard saying” because people complicate it and make it hard. His disciples knew nothing of the Lord’s Supper at the time He said these words and couldn’t conceive in their wildest imagination what He was talking about. But it all came together for them a few years later in the upper room when He offered them some bread and told them it was His body and to eat it, and He offered them the cup and told them it was His blood, His blood of the New Covenant and to drink it. If you’ve read the story you probably noticed that they didn’t cock their heads to one side and look at Him as if they didn’t know what He was talking about…instead, they took the bread and readily ate it and they took the cup and they readily drank it, and without question. They ate and drank without uttering, “This is a hard saying.”

Many Christians today make it so hard by contesting, “The fruit of the vine” was in the cup…not blood.” Well, these same Christians probably believe every miracle that Jesus performed except for one, His first one…turning water into wine. For me it’s pretty simple, if He can turn water into wine, which He can and He did, then why is it not possible for Him to turn “the fruit of the vine” into blood? I say, He can and He does.

When we read the words of Jesus, we need to put complete trust in what He says to the point to where if we were reading a passage of Scripture and it said, “Your name, get up and run through yonder wall,” that we would immediately get up and take off running and expect Him to have made a hole in the wall by the time we reach it. (I heard that in a sermon one time)


I take Communion as Jesus offered it in the Scriptures, and here’s why. “Verily, Verily, I say unto you, except ye eat the flesh of the Son of man, and drink His blood, ye have no life in you.” There is life in the blood. I choose life. How about you?


Footnote: I wish to express my gratitude to Michael, a “brother in Covenant”, who is my corrective grammarian.


Posted by covnitkepr1 at 10:25 PM 40 comments


Friday, April 8, 2011


Why 1John1:7-9?


As I sat in the worship service this past Lord's Day preparing myself to participate in the body and blood of my Savior (1 Corinthians 10:16) by way of the Communion portion of the service, I was reading the passage of scripture found in 1John 1:7-9.


1John 1:7-9; (7) if we walk in the light, as He is in the light, we have fellowship with one another, and the blood of Jesus Christ His Son cleanseth us from all sin. (8) If we say that we have no sin, we deceive ourselves, and the truth is not in us. (9) If we confess our sins, He is faithful and just to forgive us our sins, and to cleanse us from all unrighteousness.


“Why 1John 1:7-9 you may ask, for a passage to meditate on before taking Communion?” “What does this passage of Scripture have to do with Communion anyway?” Well, I believe it has everything to do with Communion. Allow me to explain my thoughts on this passage.


First off, Communion is not something I participate in to remember Jesus; I do so because I remember Him. For me, the Bible teaches that Communion is: 1) Covenant keeping (Luke 22:19; Jesus commanded, “This do”) and 2) Covenant renewal (John 6:56; “He that eateth (a continuing action) my flesh, and drinketh (also a continuing action) my blood dwelleth (also a continuing action) in me and I in Him”). By partaking every week, I’m telling Jesus that I want to continue in a Covenant relationship with Him and so I’m renewing that commitment I made when I was baptized into Christ, who is the New Covenant. So 1John 1:7-9 to me is steeped in Covenant, it is soaked in Covenant language, and it shouts Covenant in every word.


Why do I connect Covenant to Communion? That’s easy to understand and explain.


1) Jesus is the New Covenant, (Isaiah 42: 6 & 49:8) and 2) it is the blood of Jesus that is the blood of the New Covenant, (Matthew 26:28) and 3) His blood was shed for the forgiveness of my sins under the New Covenant, (Matthew 26:28) and 4) I must continually confess and repent of my sins to continually to be cleansed with His blood under this New Covenant. (Luke 13: 3&5) (1John 1:9) So, Communion is Covenant connected, or at least to the Covenant minded individual it is.


Here’s more: I feel that I would break the Covenant I entered into and was baptized into if I blatantly missed being at the Lord’s Table for any selfish earthly motives such as, 1) acting on the thought that I need a few extra winks of sleep on any given Lord’s Day, 2) on vacation and not feeling the need to concern myself with such spiritual matters, 3) I have company (house guests) and wouldn’t be a good host if I left them alone to go to church. Such willful actions on my part I feel would cause me to break fellowship with my Lord. For me, there are only two reasons to miss being around the Lord’s Table on the first day of each and every week: 1) Sickness, at which time I would have the bread and cup brought to me. Or 2) Being in a comatose state or dead. It’s just that important.


Let me put it this way and see if 1John 1:7-9 becomes any clearer. Using the Greek word, “koinonia” as translated from the Greek and used in the scriptures. 1Corinthians 10:16, a Communion Scripture, reads like this;


1) The cup of blessing which we bless, is it not the communion (koinonia) of the blood of Christ? KJV


2) Is not the cup of thanksgiving for which we give thanks a participation (koinonia) in the blood of Christ? NIV


3) Is not the cup of blessing which we bless a sharing (koinonia) in the blood of Christ? NASB


This same word (koinonia) is translated “fellowship” in 1John 1:7b.

Thus, this passage could read:

…we have fellowship with one another…

…we have a sharing with one another…

…we have communion with one another…

…we have a participation with one another…

And still be 100% the true word of God.


Thus here’s my thinking when I read 1John 1:7-9.


If we walk in the light, as He is in the light, (that’s pure Covenant terminology: “walking in the light”) we have Communion (koinonia) with one another, (and while doing so) the blood of Jesus Christ His Son cleanseth us from all sin. If we say we have no sin, (claiming we’re perfect and have nothing to repent of or confess) we deceive ourselves, and the truth is not in us. (Jesus is the truth; John14:6) But…If we confess our sins, He is faithful (1Corinthians 1:9; God is faithful) and just (He is the Justifier; Romans 3:26) to forgive us our sins (Ephesians1:7; redemption through His blood and the forgiveness of sins) and to cleanse us from all unrighteousness. (simply a rewording of the “cleanseth us from all sin” in verse #7)


There’s a very good reason God has told us not to forsake the assembling of ourselves together. (Hebrews 10:25)

There’s a very good reason God calls it a sin to willfully do so. It’s in the next verse. (Hebrews 10:26)

It’s because when we do… we tread under foot the Son of God (Jesus’ body), count the blood of the covenant an unholy thing (Jesus’ blood), and do despite (insult) to the Holy Ghost, who prompts us to be there. (Hebrews 10:29)


In closing, I lovingly ask the question, “If we willfully ignore God on the Lord’s Day, and if we willfully show so little respect for the Lord’s Supper to willfully miss participating in it, do we think that the Almighty God of this entire universe just shrugs it off?

Or do we think that just maybe we have willfully broken fellowship with the One who is able to destroy both body and soul? (Matthew 10:28)

It is a fearful thing to fall into the hands of the living God. (Hebrews 10:31)


Written in love…please receive it in the same manner.


In Christ through baptism, remaining in Christ through the Lord’s Supper. (Romans 6:3) (Galatians 3:27) (John 6:56)


I wish to express my gratitude to Michael, a “brother in Covenant”, who is my corrective grammarian.



Posted by covnitkepr1 at 10:27 AM 55 comments

Communion its frequency-covenant keeping



http://accordingtothebook.blogspot.com/2012/01/as-often-as-by-stan-butler-in-all-my.html

I will investigate your logic and theses but commonsense in the argumentatio seems to predominate using the prescription analogy for the covenant is the reality but used for the secondary purpose of weekly remembrance based on the creation cycle. Much of Our Lord's life coalesced with the Hebraic festivals and designedly so.They were new moon interphasing with agricultural seasons aligning with passover,and shavuoth, showing the reality of the foreshadowings of the law. Thank you for your insighful analysis.


Look at the word “often” as used in 1Corinthians 11:26 like this: You have a prescription filled and it says to take this medicine with water or food as often as you take it or when you take it. You then have to go to the directions to see how often the doctor wants you to take the pills. I believe the same applies to this verse, go to the directions given by the Holy Spirit on how often to “eat this bread and drink this cup.”

At the institution of Communion by our Lord, nothing is said of the frequency with which it was to be observed. Had nothing more been said or written, every congregation of believers would have been left to its own judgment as to the frequency of its observance. Most Christians claim to be silent where the Bible is silent and speak where it speaks. The Holy Spirit is not silent on this matter of when or how often. He did guide the apostles, and what they canonized in Scripture is our example to follow. That example is the first day of the week and nothing is said of any other day, only on “the first day of the week.” (Acts20:7)
Many churches claim that where the Scriptures are silent, there is liberty. Yet, in the matter of the observance of the Lord’s Supper, even though the Scriptures are not silent, they take liberties anyway. They seem to turn a deaf ear to the Scriptures when they include Communion in special services on days of the week other than Sunday such as Christmas Eve, Good Friday, etc.

Communion is Covenant keeping and Covenant renewal. Matthew 26:28; “This is my blood of the New Testament.” The Holy Spirit set it up as a seven-day covenant renewal. Almost all churches that I know of are not in the practice of baptizing more often than the example set forth in the Scriptures, so why would they want to blatantly observe the Lord’s Supper more often than the example we have to follow?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
http://accordingtothebook.blogspot.com/search?updated-min=2011-01-01T00:00:00-05:00&updated-max=2012-01-01T00:00:00-05:00&max-results=17
The world at large does not apply the term “breaking bread” to eating today as they did in the first century church. Therefore, when seeing the term “breaking bread” used in the Scriptures, we must examine the context to determine when a common meal is being referenced or if the verse is speaking about the Lord’s Supper. Let’s look at the examples given in the Scriptures and put them in perspective.
__________________________________________
The world at large does not apply the term “breaking bread” to eating today as they did in the first century church. Therefore, when seeing the term “breaking bread” used in the Scriptures, we must examine the context to determine when a common meal is being referenced or if the verse is speaking about the Lord’s Supper. Let’s look at the examples given in the Scriptures and put them in perspective.

_______________________
When He met unnamed follower(s)(?) on the road to Emmaus, he appeared only as another person, then revaeled Himself as only He could on the breaking of Bread, I surmise the Holy Communion , a special way and chastised them for non belief in the prophecies from Moses onward as regards Himself and His sufferings. The breaking of the bread opened their eyes of recognition.





Why 1John1:7-9?


As I sat in the worship service this past Lord's Day preparing myself to participate in the body and blood of my Savior (1 Corinthians 10:16) by way of the Communion portion of the service, I was reading the passage of scripture found in 1John 1:7-9.


1John 1:7-9; (7) if we walk in the light, as He is in the light, we have fellowship with one another, and the blood of Jesus Christ His Son cleanseth us from all sin. (8) If we say that we have no sin, we deceive ourselves, and the truth is not in us. (9) If we confess our sins, He is faithful and just to forgive us our sins, and to cleanse us from all unrighteousness.


“Why 1John 1:7-9 you may ask, for a passage to meditate on before taking Communion?” “What does this passage of Scripture have to do with Communion anyway?” Well, I believe it has everything to do with Communion. Allow me to explain my thoughts on this passage.


First off, Communion is not something I participate in to remember Jesus; I do so because I remember Him. For me, the Bible teaches that Communion is: 1) Covenant keeping (Luke 22:19; Jesus commanded, “This do”) and 2) Covenant renewal (John 6:56; “He that eateth (a continuing action) my flesh, and drinketh (also a continuing action) my blood dwelleth (also a continuing action) in me and I in Him”). By partaking every week, I’m telling Jesus that I want to continue in a Covenant relationship with Him and so I’m renewing that commitment I made when I was baptized into Christ, who is the New Covenant. So 1John 1:7-9 to me is steeped in Covenant, it is soaked in Covenant language, and it shouts Covenant in every word.


Why do I connect Covenant to Communion? That’s easy to understand and explain.


1) Jesus is the New Covenant, (Isaiah 42: 6 & 49:8) and 2) it is the blood of Jesus that is the blood of the New Covenant, (Matthew 26:28) and 3) His blood was shed for the forgiveness of my sins under the New Covenant, (Matthew 26:28) and 4) I must continually confess and repent of my sins to continually to be cleansed with His blood under this New Covenant. (Luke 13: 3&5) (1John 1:9) So, Communion is Covenant connected, or at least to the Covenant minded individual it is.


Here’s more: I feel that I would break the Covenant I entered into and was baptized into if I blatantly missed being at the Lord’s Table for any selfish earthly motives such as, 1) acting on the thought that I need a few extra winks of sleep on any given Lord’s Day, 2) on vacation and not feeling the need to concern myself with such spiritual matters, 3) I have company (house guests) and wouldn’t be a good host if I left them alone to go to church. Such willful actions on my part I feel would cause me to break fellowship with my Lord. For me, there are only two reasons to miss being around the Lord’s Table on the first day of each and every week: 1) Sickness, at which time I would have the bread and cup brought to me. Or 2) Being in a comatose state or dead. It’s just that important.


Let me put it this way and see if 1John 1:7-9 becomes any clearer. Using the Greek word, “koinonia” as translated from the Greek and used in the scriptures. 1Corinthians 10:16, a Communion Scripture, reads like this;


1) The cup of blessing which we bless, is it not the communion (koinonia) of the blood of Christ? KJV


2) Is not the cup of thanksgiving for which we give thanks a participation (koinonia) in the blood of Christ? NIV


3) Is not the cup of blessing which we bless a sharing (koinonia) in the blood of Christ? NASB


This same word (koinonia) is translated “fellowship” in 1John 1:7b.

Thus, this passage could read:

…we have fellowship with one another…

…we have a sharing with one another…

…we have communion with one another…

…we have a participation with one another…

And still be 100% the true word of God.


Thus here’s my thinking when I read 1John 1:7-9.


If we walk in the light, as He is in the light, (that’s pure Covenant terminology: “walking in the light”) we have Communion (koinonia) with one another, (and while doing so) the blood of Jesus Christ His Son cleanseth us from all sin. If we say we have no sin, (claiming we’re perfect and have nothing to repent of or confess) we deceive ourselves, and the truth is not in us. (Jesus is the truth; John14:6) But…If we confess our sins, He is faithful (1Corinthians 1:9; God is faithful) and just (He is the Justifier; Romans 3:26) to forgive us our sins (Ephesians1:7; redemption through His blood and the forgiveness of sins) and to cleanse us from all unrighteousness. (simply a rewording of the “cleanseth us from all sin” in verse #7)


There’s a very good reason God has told us not to forsake the assembling of ourselves together. (Hebrews 10:25)

There’s a very good reason God calls it a sin to willfully do so. It’s in the next verse. (Hebrews 10:26)

It’s because when we do… we tread under foot the Son of God (Jesus’ body), count the blood of the covenant an unholy thing (Jesus’ blood), and do despite (insult) to the Holy Ghost, who prompts us to be there. (Hebrews 10:29)


In closing, I lovingly ask the question, “If we willfully ignore God on the Lord’s Day, and if we willfully show so little respect for the Lord’s Supper to willfully miss participating in it, do we think that the Almighty God of this entire universe just shrugs it off?

Or do we think that just maybe we have willfully broken fellowship with the One who is able to destroy both body and soul? (Matthew 10:28)

It is a fearful thing to fall into the hands of the living God. (Hebrews 10:31)


Written in love…please receive it in the same manner.


In Christ through baptism, remaining in Christ through the Lord’s Supper. (Romans 6:3) (Galatians 3:27) (John 6:56)


I wish to express my gratitude to Michael, a “brother in Covenant”, who is my corrective grammarian.



Posted by covnitkepr1 at 10:27 AM 55 comments
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Only one thing - the New Covenant, which is one of grace and love, quickly becomes the old covenant if we do not guard against becoming "legalistic". You must consider that, an emphasis on linking your monthly participation in Holy Communion with keeping the Covenant, is legalistic. If it is, then it is not the New Covenant, but the old. We are to act out of love, not compulsion (even internally) lest the act become ritual not life. We know that we are creeping close to compulsion once we codify why we do something (apart from love), and then apply that rationale to ourselves. It is only a matter of time before we begin to look at others who miss Holy Communion and judge their lack of Covenant Keeping. In love dear brother I am only saying, beware of legalism. Keep your covenant keeping pure and blameless.
______________________________________________________________________
I have read your comment, my brother,and deeply have taken in what you have said. Legalism and the covenant are connected and the L-rd stated that He would fulfill and not abolish the Law as He was the Law. The law of the covenant was His to make and with a purpose and to be taken as written, and to be done with Love, part of the New Covenant. Love ad legalism are mutually complementary and not mutually exclusive.

Wednesday, April 18, 2012

WHERE THE ESKIMOS LIVE



http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/where_eskimos_live/

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Movie InfoA man and a boy, both of whom have been victimized by war, are brought together by the same conflict that threatens them both in this drama. In 1995, Bosnia is being torn apart by war, and nine-year-old Vlado (Sergiusz Zymelka) is one of thousands of children caught in the middle of the conflict. Vlado's parents are dead, and the boy has been left to fend for himself; when the misery around him becomes too much do deal with, Vlado drifts into a fantasy world where he's transported to Norway, and frolics with friendly Eskimos. In the course of his travels, Vlado meets Sharkey (Bob Hoskins), a rough-hewn Englishman who claims to be a caseworker for UNICEF. Actually, Sharkey is rounding up children for a black market adoption ring in Poland. Sharkey persuades Vlado to join him, assuming the boy would fetch a fair price, and Vlado, unaware of Sharkey's true intentions, says yes. Sharkey and Vlado soon become unlikely friends, but Sharkey soon learns getting Vlado out of the country may not be so simple; Sharkey is working in cahoots with a corrupt military officer (Krzysztof Majchrzak) who is convinced that a gang of preteen hoodlums are responsible for the death of his daughter -- a gang that claims Vlado as a member. Where Eskimos Live received its American premier at the 2002 Sundance Film Festival. ~ Mark Deming, Rovi

Unrated, 1 hr. 35 min.

Drama

Directed By: Tomasz Wiszniewski

Lewis and Clark Pt II






















http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/lewisandclark/lewis-landc.html#56
Lewis and Clark Pt II
Jefferson's Secret Message to Congress
While Jefferson made no effort to hide the Lewis and Clark expedition from Spanish, French, and British officials, he did try to shield it from his political enemies. By the time he was ready to request funds for the enterprise, Jefferson's relationship with the opposition in Congress was anything but friendly. When the president suggested including expedition funding in his regular address to Congress, Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin (1761-1849) urged that the request be made in secret. The message purported to focus on the state of Indian trade and mentioned the proposed western expedition near the end of the document.

Jefferson's Instructions for Meriwether Lewis
No document proved more important for the exploration of the American West than the letter of instructions Jefferson prepared for Lewis. Jefferson's letter became the charter for federal exploration for the remainder of the nineteenth century. The letter combined national aspirations for territorial expansion with scientific discovery. Here Jefferson sketched out a comprehensive and flexible plan for western exploration. That plan created a military exploring party with one key mission--finding the water passage across the continent "for the purposes of commerce"--and many additional objectives, ranging from botany to ethnography. Each section of the document was really a question in search of a western answer. Two generations of American explorers marched the West in search of those answers.


Jefferson Peace Medal
The American republic began to issue peace medals during the first Washington administration, continuing a tradition established by the European nations. Lewis and Clark brought at least eighty-nine medals in five sizes in order to designate five "ranks" of chief. In the eyes of Americans, Indians who accepted such medals were also acknowledging American sovereignty as "children" of a new "great father." And in a moment of imperial bravado, Lewis hung a peace medal around the neck of a Piegan Blackfeet warrior killed by the expedition in late July 1806. As Lewis later explained, he used a peace medal as a way to let the Blackfeet know "who we were."

Pipe tomahawk
Pipe tomahawks are artifacts unique to North America--created by Europeans as trade objects but often exchanged as diplomatic gifts. They are powerful symbols of the choice Europeans and Indians faced whenever they met: one end was the pipe of peace, the other an axe of war. Lewis's expedition packing list notes that fifty pipe tomahawks were to be taken on the expedition.


Blunderbuss
The Lewis and Clark expedition was in many ways an infantry company on the move, fully equipped with rifles of various kinds, muskets, and pistols. Among the firearms were two blunderbusses. Named after the Dutch words for "thunder gun," the blunderbuss was unmistakable for its heavy stock, short barrel, and wide-mouthed muzzle. Other expedition guns might be graceful in design and craftsmanship but the stout blunderbuss simply signified brute force and power. Lewis and Clark fired their blunderbusses as signs of arrival when entering Indian camps or villages.

Discovering Diplomacy
One of Lewis and Clark's missions was to open diplomatic relations between the United States and the Indian nations of the West. As Jefferson told Lewis, "it will now be proper you should inform those through whose country you will pass . . . that henceforth we become their fathers and friends." When Euro-Americans and Indians met, they used ancient diplomatic protocols that included formal language, ceremonial gifts, and displays of military power. But behind these symbols and rituals there were often very different ways of understanding power and authority. Such differences sometimes made communication across the cultural divide difficult and open to confusion and misunderstanding.
An important organizing principle in Euro-American society was hierarchy. Both soldiers and civilians had complex gradations of rank to define who gave orders and who obeyed. While kinship was important in the Euro-American world, it was even more fundamental in tribal societies. Everyone's power and place depended on a complex network of real and symbolic relationships. When the two groups met--whether for trade or diplomacy--each tried to reshape the other in their own image. Lewis and Clark sought to impose their own notions of hierarchy on Indians by "making chiefs" with medals, printed certificates, and gifts. Native people tried to impose the obligations of kinship on the visitors by means of adoption ceremonies, shared names, and ritual gifts.

When Thomas Jefferson sent Lewis and Clark into the West, he patterned their mission on the methods of Enlightenment science: to observe, collect, document, and classify. Such strategies were already in place for the epic voyages made by explorers like Cook and Vancouver. Like their contemporaries, Lewis and Clark were more than representatives of European rationalism. They also represented a rising American empire, one built on aggressive territorial expansion and commercial gain.
But there was another view of the West: that of the native inhabitants of the land. Their understandings of landscapes, peoples, and resources formed both a contrast and counterpoint to those of Jefferson's travelers. This part of the exhibition presents five areas where Lewis and Clark's ideas and values are compared with those of native people. Sometimes the similarities are striking; other times the differences stand as a reminder of future conflicts and misunderstandings.


Making Chiefs
Lewis was frustrated by the egalitarian nature of Indian society: "the authority of the Chief being nothing more than mere admonition . . . in fact every man is a chief." He set out to change that by "making chiefs." He passed out medals, certificates, and uniforms to give power to chosen men. By weakening traditional authority, he sought to make it easier for the United States to negotiate with the tribes. Lewis told the Otos that they needed these certificates "In order that the commandant at St. Louis . . . may know . . . that you have opened your ears to your great father's voice." The certificate on display was left over from the expedition.

This image is not available online:
Speech to the Yellowstone Indians, 1806
Speech of Arikara chiefs, 1804
Manuscripts
Courtesy of the Missouri Historical
Society, St. Louis (44, 49)

Making Speeches
In their speeches, Lewis and Clark called the Indians "children." To explorers, the term expressed the relationship of ruler and subject. Clark modeled this speech to the Yellowstone Indians on one that Lewis gave to Missouri River tribes. In their speeches, the Indians called Lewis and Clark "father," as in this example made by the Arikira Chiefs. To them, it expressed kinship and their assumption that an adoptive father undertook an obligation to show generosity and loyalty to his new family. William Clark recorded this speech as it was made by the chiefs.

Making Kinship
In tribal society, kinship was like a legal system--people depended on relatives to protect them from crime, war, and misfortune. People with no kin were outside of society and its rules. To adopt Lewis and Clark into tribal society, the Plains Indians used a pipe ceremony. The ritual of smoking and sharing the pipe was at the heart of much Native American diplomacy. With the pipe the captains accepted sacred obligations to share wealth, aid in war, and revenge injustice. At the end of the ceremony, the pipe was presented to them so they would never forget their obligations. This pipe may have been given to Lewis and Clark.

Jefferson's Cipher
While Jefferson knew that for much of the journey he and his travelers would be out of touch, the president thought Indians and fur traders might carry small messages back to him. A life-long fascination for gadgets and secret codes led Jefferson to present Lewis with this key-word cipher. Lewis was instructed to "communicate to us, at seasonable intervals, a copy of your journal, notes & observations, of every kind, putting into cipher whatever might do injury if betrayed." The scheme was never used but the sample message reveals much about Jefferson's expectations for the expedition.

Gifts with a Message
Gift-giving was an essential part of diplomacy. To Indians, gifts proved the giver's sincerity and honored the tribe. To Lewis and Clark, some gifts advertised the technological superiority and others encouraged the Indians to adopt an agrarian lifestyle. Like salesmen handing out free samples, Lewis and Clark packed bales of manufactured goods like these to open diplomatic relations with Indian tribes. These beads came from Mitutanka, the village nearest to Fort Mandan. Jefferson advised Lewis to give out corn mills to introduce the Indians to mechanized agriculture as part of his plan to "civilize and instruct" them. Clark believed the mills were "verry Thankfully recived," but by the next year the Mandan had demolished theirs to use the metal for weapons.

Displays of Power
In situations when ceremonies, speeches, and gifts did not work, both the Corps and the Indians gave performances that displayed their military power. The American soldiers paraded, fired their weapons, and demonstrated innovative weaponry. The Indians used war clubs, like this Sioux club, in celebratory scalp dances. Three decades later, Swiss artist Karl Bodmer accompanying naturalist Prince Maximillian, retraced Lewis and Clark's trek on the Missouri River and vibrantly recorded a similar scene in the print displayed above.

Jefferson's Speech to a Delegation of Indian Chiefs
Indian delegations had long been part of European diplomacy with native people, and they came to play an increasingly important role in U.S. Indian policy as well. Even before leaving St. Louis, Lewis and Clark began organizing delegations to visit the new "great father" in Washington. Jefferson's speech to a group of chiefs from the lower Missouri River is an arresting combination of friendship, promises of peaceful relations in a shared country, and thinly veiled threats if Indians rejected American sovereignty. Reminding the chiefs of the changes in international diplomacy after the Louisiana Purchase, Jefferson insisted that "We are now your fathers; and you shall not lose by the change." But behind all the promises of a shared future was an unmistakable threat. As the president said, "My children, we are strong, we are numerous as the stars in the heavens, & we are all gunmen."

Indian Speech to Jefferson
A delegation of chiefs from western tribes was sent by Lewis to Washington, D.C. President Jefferson welcomed them with words of peace and friendship. But if President Jefferson expected his native visitors to quietly accept their status as "children" in the new American order, he was mistaken. In their speech to Jefferson, the chiefs raised two important concerns: the troubled economic relations between native people and the federally operated trading posts and the rising tide of violence Indians suffered at the hands of white settlers on the Missouri River frontier. These chiefs were determined to speak the truth "to the ears of our fathers." In return, they expected that government officials would "open their ears to truth to get in."

Geography
In the exploration instructions prepared for Lewis, Jefferson directed that his explorers record "the face of the country." Geography, especially as recorded on maps, was an important part of the information collected by the Corps of Discovery. In planning the expedition, Lewis and Gallatin collected the latest maps and printed accounts portraying and describing the western country. This visual and printed data was incorporated into a composite document--the Nicholas King 1803 map--which the expedition carried with them at least as far as the Mandan villages. As Lewis and Clark traversed the country, they drew sketch maps and carefully recorded their astronomical and geographic observations. Equally important, they gathered vital knowledge about "the face of the country" from native people. During winters at Fort Mandan on the Missouri in 1804-1805 and at Fort Clatsop on the Pacific Coast in 1805-1806 the explorers added new details from their sketch maps and journals to base maps depicting the course of the expedition. The first printed map of the journey did not appear until 1814 when Nicholas Biddle's official account of the expedition was published in Philadelphia and London.

Euro-American explorers were not the only ones to draw maps of the western country. As every visitor to Indian country soon learned, native people also made sophisticated and complex maps. Such maps often covered thousands of miles of terrain. At first glance Indian maps often appear quite different from those made by Euro-Americans. And there were important differences that reflected distinctive notions about time, space, and relationships between the natural and the supernatural worlds. William Clark was not the only expedition cartographer to struggle with those differences. But the similarities between Indian maps and Euro-American ones are also worth noting. Both kinds of maps told stories about important past events, current situations, and future ambitions. Both sorts of maps used symbols to represent key terrain features, major settlements, and sacred sites. Perhaps most important, Euro-Americans and Native Americans understood that mapping is a human activity shared by virtually every culture.

Nicholas King's 1803 Pre-Expedition Map
In March 1803, War Department cartographer Nicholas King compiled a map of North America west of the Mississippi in order to summarize all available topographic information about the region. Representing the federal government's first attempt to define the vast empire later purchased from Napoleon, King consulted numerous published and manuscript maps. The composite map reflects Jefferson and Gallatin's geographical concepts on the eve of the expedition. It is believed that Lewis and Clark carried this map on their journey at least as far as the Mandan-Hidatsa villages on the Missouri River, where Lewis annotated in brown ink additional information obtained from fur traders.


Source Map for the Bend of the Missouri River
One of the sources for Nicholas King's 1803 map was this sketch of the Great Bend of the Missouri River (north of present-day Bismarck, North Dakota). Copied by Lewis from a survey for the British North West Company by David Thompson, this map provided the exact latitude and longitude of that important segment of the Missouri. Thompson, traveling overland in the dead of winter, spent three weeks at the Mandan and Pawnee villages on the Missouri River, calculating astronomical observations. He also recorded the number of houses, tents, and warriors of the six Indian villages in the area.


Fort Mandan Map
Throughout the winter of 1804-1805 at Fort Mandan, William Clark drafted a large map of the West --what he called "a Connection of the country." That map, recopied several times by Nicholas King, provided the first accurate depiction of the Missouri River to Fort Mandan based on the expedition's astronomical and geographical observations. Drawing on "information of Traders, Indians, & my own observation and idea," Clark sketched out a conjectural West--one characterized by a narrow chain of mountains and rivers with headwaters close one to the other, still suggesting an easy water passage to the Pacific Coast.

Indian Map of Columbia and Snake Rivers
Although there are journal notes stating that Indians provided geographical information for Lewis and Clark and drew maps on animal skins or made rough sketches in the soil, no original examples survive. However, there are several collaborative efforts in which members of the Corps redrew Indian sketches often combining their own observations with Indian information. This sketch map found in one of William Clark's field notebooks is a good example of a map derived from Indian information. It is a diagram of the relative location of tributaries of the Columbia and Snake (Lewis) rivers in present-day eastern Washington and Oregon.


Field Maps of the Fort Clatsop Area
This pair of maps is from a collection of manuscript field maps drafted by Clark as the Corps descended the Columbia River and wintered on the Pacific Coast at Fort Clatsop. On the left, Clark drew a rough sketch of the mouth of the Columbia River, oriented with south at the top of the sheet. The other is one of the cruder examples of a map derived from Indian information, with Clark noting "This was given by a Clott Sopp Indn." It shows a small portion of the Pacific Coast and locates several tribes and villages.

Sitting Rabbit's Map of the Missouri River
Displayed here is a portion of a 1906-1907 map depicting the Missouri River through North Dakota to the mouth of the Yellowstone River. It was prepared by Sitting Rabbit, a Mandan Indian, at the request of an official of the State Historical Society of North Dakota. Although it uses a Missouri River Commission map as its base, the content provides a traditional Indian perspective of the river's geography, especially noting former Mandan village sites with earthen lodges. The portion of the river shown here corresponds to the same stretch of river delineated on Clark's route map (below).

Missouri Route Map near Fort Mandan
Throughout the expedition, William Clark prepared a series of large-scale route maps, with each sheet documenting several days' travel. On these sheets he recorded the course of rivers navigated, mouths of tributary streams, encampments, celestial observations, and other notable features. Big River on Sitting Rabbit's map (above) is identified as Cannon Ball River on Clark's map and Beaver Creek is recorded as Warraconne River or "Plain where Elk shed their horns," by Clark.

Fort Clatsop Map
This post-expeditionary map prepared by Washington, D.C., cartographer Nicholas King, probably in 1806 or 1807, most likely incorporates information from a map prepared by Lewis and Clark in February 1806 at Fort Clatsop on the Oregon coast. Although the original map no longer exists, such a map is mentioned in the expedition's journals. Using King's 1805 base map, which records information observed as far as Fort Mandan, this present copy adds geographical observations from Fort Mandan to the west coast, as well as data from the return trip.


Clark's Map of Midwestern Indian Settlements
Following his appointment as governor of the Missouri Territory in 1813, William Clark sketched this map of various Indian tribes and villages throughout the Missouri and Illinois territories, showing the locations of numerous forts and settlements. He prepared it in response to British incursions on the frontier during the War of 1812, when it was feared that the Indians, many of them allied with the British, would attack white settlements. The map also reflects Clark's continuing post-expedition interest in Indian activities having been appointed superintendent of Indian affairs at St. Louis in 1807.

Frazer's Post-Expedition Map
Private Robert Frazer was the first member of the Lewis and Clark party to announce publication of an expedition journal. His account never reached print, and the original journal was lost. This manuscript map is the only remnant of that initial publishing attempt. Since Frazer had little or no knowledge of surveying or natural sciences, the map is a strange piece of cartography. He traces the expedition's route, but continues to depict older views of the Rocky Mountains and western rivers. Sometimes ignored, the Frazer map was one of the first to reveal the course of the journey and some of its geographic findings.


First Published Map of Expedition's Track
This was the first published map to display reasonably accurate geographic information of the trans-Mississippi West. Based on a large map kept by William Clark, the engraved copy accompanied Nicholas Biddle's History of the Expedition (1814). As the landmark cartographic contribution of the expedition, this "track map" held on to old illusions while proclaiming new geographic discoveries. Clark presented a West far more topographically diverse and complex than Jefferson ever imagined. From experience, Clark had learned that the Rockies were a tangle of mountain ranges and that western rivers were not the navigable highways so central to Jefferson's geography of hope

History of the Expedition
After Lewis's death in September 1809, Clark engaged Nicholas Biddle to edit the expedition papers. Using the captains' original journals and those of Sergeants Gass and Ordway, Biddle completed a narrative by July 1811. After delays with the publisher, a two-volume edition of the Corps of Discovery's travels across the continent was finally available to the public in 1814. More than twenty editions appeared during the nineteenth century, including German, Dutch, and several British editions.
Calculating Distance
In order to make astronomical observations that would aid in calculating distances, the Corps took a sextant on their journey. On July 22, 1804, while the expedition was above the mouth of the Platte River in eastern Nebraska, Lewis gave a detailed description of the operation of the sextant and other tools that reveals his struggle to use the complicated instruments. A select number of books were taken on the expedition including British astronomer Nevil Maskelyne's Tables Requisite to be Used with the Nautical Ephemeris for Finding the Latitude and Longitude at Sea.
NOTE THE NATIVE AMERIAN VIEW OF ANIMALS AS TEACHERS OF MORAL LESSONS AND OF THEIR FUNCTION AS INTERMEDIARIES
Animals
Jefferson subscribed to the eighteenth-century Enlightenment notion that assembling a complete catalog of the Earth's flora and fauna was possible. In his instructions, he told Lewis to observe "the animals of the country generally, & especially those not known in the U.S." The Corps of Discovery was the first expedition to scientifically describe a long list of species. Their journals, especially those kept by Lewis, are filled with direct observations of the specimens they encountered on the journey. Through objective measurements and anatomical descriptions, they defined various species previously unknown to Euro-Americans.


Lewis's woodpecker
The woodpecker displayed above may be the only specimen collected during the Lewis and Clark expedition to survive intact. Lewis first saw the bird on July 20, 1805, but did not get a specimen until the following spring at Camp Chopunnish on the Clearwater River in Idaho. Lewis's description of the bird's belly is still accurate when examining the specimen today: "a curious mixture of white and blood red which has much the appearance of having been artificially painted or stained of that colour."

Indians studied animal behaviors to understand moral lessons. Animals were beings addressed respectfully as "grandfather" or "brother." Because animals intersected the worlds of the sacred and the profane, Indians regarded them as intermediaries between the human and spiritual realms.

Observing "the animals of the country generally"
Lewis covered pages with descriptions of animals and plants during the winter of 1805-1806. This particular journal kept during that period contains abundant zoological notes in Lewis's hand. The journal is open to a description of the Corps first encounter with a white-tailed jack rabbi--an animal considered so impressive that both Lewis and Clark wrote extensive descriptions of it. On selected occasions both captains illustrated their notes. In the reproduction above Clark sketched the now-endangered condor. Lewis had correctly observed in his journal: "I bleive this to be the largest bird of North America."


Representing Beings
The Indian sense of "personhood" extends far beyond the western conception of human beings. In Indian culture animal people, plant people, sky peopleCall are beings in their own right. Indian art portrays a being's inner essence, not its physical form. The Columbia River artist who created this twined circular basket decorated it with images of condors, sturgeons, people, and deer -- abstractions that are given equal importance in the woven pattern. This nineteenth-century Sioux clay and wood pipe portrays a buffalo, whose spirit, or Tananka, cares for children, hunters, and growing things. It may have be created as a presentation pipe.

Hunting Bear
Patrick Gass was one of the three sergeants in the Corps of Discovery. His account, first printed in 1807, was the only one available to curious readers until the official publication appeared in1814. This Gass edition contains six woodcuts, two of which depict encounters with bears. The image above may have been based on Corps member Hugh McNeal's experience on July 15, 1806. Lewis records: ". . .and with his clubbed musquet he struck the bear over the head and cut him with the guard of the gun and broke off the breech, the bear stunned with the stroke fell to his ground. . .this gave McNeal time to climb a willow tree."

The Power of the Bear
Artist George Catlin painted the scene of a dance held in preparation for a traditional Sioux bear hunt in 1832. These dances were performed in order to communicate with "the Bear Spirit." According to Catlin, the Sioux believe this spirit "holds somewhere an invisible existence that must be consulted and conciliated." This clay Sioux pipe bowl probably depicts the bear's role as teacher and transmitter of power.


Dressed in Courage
In both Euro-American and native cultures, clothing communicated messages about the wearer's biography, rank, and role in society. In both cultures, a warrior's clothing was his identity and men entered battle dressed in regalia that displayed their deeds and status. Symbolic insignia revealed a complex code about who a man was and what he had accomplished. But differences did exist. For instance, Plains Indian men wore clothing that incorporated symbols of their spirit visions, tribal identity, and past deeds as manifestations of the spiritual powers that helped them in battle. European soldiers wore similar symbols but as a way to display and inspire uniform loyalty to their nation.


Wearing Achievement
The U.S. Army lavished effort on the details of uniforms, increasing the psychological impact on the wearer and his opponent. Military insignia were designed to prevent any ambiguity about chains of command, so that a soldier could instantly tell whom to obey. The U.S. Army was so small in 1804 that no complete uniforms survive. This reproduction portrays a captain in the full-dress uniform of the 1st U.S. Infantry Regiment, to which Lewis belonged. The "Kentucky" rifle shown below--a .45 caliber flint lock--was passed down through William Clark's family.


The Plains Warrior
A Plains Indian warrior relied on personal power in battle, and his dress incorporated symbols of his spirit visions, his tribal identity, and his past deeds. The leader of a war party often wore a painted shirt that detailed his war record. On such shirts made from animal skins, the contours of the pelt were left intact in the belief that the animal would lend its qualities to the wearer. The most powerful shirts were fringed with locks of human hair provided by relatives and supporters to represent the man's responsibilities to his relations. This shirt, probably Blackfeet, has buffalo-track symbols on the neck flap that evoke the power of the bison to aid the warrior in battle.


Images of Heroism
Plains Indian men wore painted skin robes that told of their achievements. This image of Shoshone Chief Washakie's war robe shows a series of diagrammatic battle scenes. Here, events happen not in a landscape but in a symbolic realm of deeds. Depictions of his enemies are not individualized, but are instead given costumes, hairstyles, or equipment that represent tribal affiliation, society membership, and past deeds. Warriors are sometimes represented by disembodied guns or arrows


The Ideal Military Hero
In 1759, at the height of the French and Indian War, General Wolfe led a British-American assault on the French outside Quebec. The print, based on a painting by Benjamin West, shows the wounded general dying just as a messenger brings news that the enemy is retreating. In the moment of both victory and death, Wolfe achieves transcendent glory. His uplifted eyes suggest both sacrifice for the nation and triumph over death--not through faith but through fame. This was an idealized image to which military men of Lewis and Clark's generation aspired.


Coyote Headdress
Coyote, the mythic trickster of the Plains Indians, was the protector of the scouts who spied on the enemy for a war party. This nineteenth-century Teton headdress from the Standing Rock Reservation in North Dakota was meant to summon and symbolize Coyote's craftiness.

Spontoon and Gorget
The spontoon, a long wooden shaft with a spear at one end, became popular with the American army during the Revolutionary War. Although it was required equipment that signified an officer's rank, these pikes were commonly abandoned for more practical weapons in battle. Lewis used his as a walking stick, a grizzly-bear spear, and a gun rest, but never to rally troops in battle. The origins of the gorget can be traced to the chivalric armor. American army officers wore these ceremonial insignia high on the chest. Lewis presented gorgets (which he called "moons") to Indian leaders to symbolize rank.

Bear Claw Necklace
To wear a bear claw necklace was a mark of distinction for a warrior or a chief, and the right to wear it had to be earned. These powerful symbols were a part of the culture of the Great Lakes, Plains, and Plateau tribes. On August 21, 1805, Lewis wrote in this journal that Shoshone "warriors or such as esteem themselves brave men wear collars made of the claws of the brown bear. . . . These claws are ornamented with beads about the thick end near which they are pierced through their sides and strung on a throng of dressed leather and tyed about the neck . . . . It is esteemed by them an act of equal celebrity the killing one of these bear or an enimy."


Plants
In his instructions to Lewis, Jefferson directed the party to observe and record "the soil & face of the country, it's growth & vegetable productions, especially those not of the U.S. . . . the dates at which particular plants put forth or lose their flower, or leaf . . . ." The study and collection of plants was one of Jefferson's life-long pursuits. When he instructed the Corps in their approach to cataloging the country's flora, Jefferson again set the pattern for subsequent explorations. Jefferson, however, was not purely motivated by science; plants thought to have medicinal properties, like tobacco and sassafras, were important to the U.S. economy. As the Napoleonic Wars swept Europe and affected exports to the United States, there was a call to reduce America's dependence on foreign medicine and find substitutes on native soil.
Indians and Europeans had been exchanging knowledge about curing and health for three centuries, yet they still held very different beliefs. Indian doctors focused on the patient's relationship to the animate world around him. Euro-American doctors saw the body as a mechanical system needing regulation. Meriwether Lewis, instructed by America's foremost physician Dr. Benjamin Rush, University of Pennsylvania botanist Benjamin Barton, and his own mother, a skilled herbalist, was to serve as the Corps doctor, but William Clark also became adept in treating various illnesses. Though Clark rejected Indian explanations, he often turned to Indian techniques when members of his own party became ill.
Curing the Corps
Lewis and Clark were not persuaded by Indian explanations of why illness occurred but often used Indian cures in preference to their own. The Corps began its journey stocked with traditional western medicinal treatments and tools. Lewis used lancets to let out blood in such dangerous conditions as heat exhaustion and pelvic inflammation, and tourniquets to stop blood flow. Bleeding was thought to relieve congestion in internal organs. Lewis originally thought he would need three syringes for enemas but settled for one. There is no further mention of its use. Laxatives, derived from plant sources, were also used to purge the body of impurities.


Rules of Health
Thomas Jefferson asked Benjamin Rush, a noted physician and professor of medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, to "prepare some notes of such particulars as may occur in his journey & which you think should draw his attention & enquiry." Dr. Rush restricted his advice to practical hints for maintaining health in the field--some of it unwelcome like using alcohol for cleaning feet instead of for drinking. Many Americans did not trust professional medicine and instead used folk cures like these written down by Clark after the expedition. Many folk cures originally came from Indian sources.


Summoning the Spirits
An Indian doctor's job was to identify the being that had caused an illness, then overcome or placate it. An Indian patient lived in an animate world, surrounded by entities who could make him ill. Medicinal herbs and roots were powdered and mixed in a mortar like this one from the Northern Plains. Drums and herbs were used to summon helpful spirits as aids in healing. Fragrant herbs pleased and attracted good influences and drove away evil ones. This sweetgrass braid was used as an incense to purify implements, weapons, dwellings, and people.

A Botanical Specimen
While admitting that Lewis was "no regular botanist," Jefferson did praise "his talent for observation." And on June 11, 1806, during an extended stay with the Nez Perce people, Lewis showed that talent. Camas, sometimes known as quamash, was an important food plant for the Nez Perces. Lewis carefully described the plant's natural environment, its physical structure, the ways women harvested and prepared camas, and its role in the Indian diet. Some days later Lewis gathered samples of camas for his growing collection of western plants.


Flora Americae Septentrionalis
Frederick Pursh, an emigrant from Saxony who worked with botanist Benjamin Smith Barton in Philadelphia, published the first botanical record of the Lewis and Clark expedition. Pursh received a collection of dried plants from Lewis, which he classified and incorporated into his Flora Americae Septentrionalis. The volume is open to Clarkia pulchella, a member of the evening primrose family, which Pursh named in honor of William Clark. Pursh took some of the Lewis and Clark specimens to London to finish the book, including the silky lupine specimen to the far left.


Root Digging Bag
Among the Nez Perce, only women harvested plant foods. A man doing so risked derision and contempt. A Nez Perce woman's year was structured around plants. As each new food plant matured, its arrival was welcomed in a first fruits feast. Root bags were used in gathering, cooking, and for storage. An industrious woman could dig eighty or ninety pounds of roots in a day.

A Gathering Basket
The cedar bark basket was used across the Plateau for gathering berries, nuts, and roots. Bark baskets could be made easily when a person came across some forest food by stripping off a piece of cedar bark and folding it.


A Sally Bag
Plateau tribes gathered wild hemp and beargrass, then traded it to the Wishram and Wasco Indians at The Dalles in Oregon, the dividing line between North Coast and Plateau Indians. The traded raw materials would then be made into finished products like this sally bag, used for packaging food.

Storing Roots
Among the Shoshone, Lewis noted that dried roots were stored by being "foalded in as many parchment hides of buffaloe." Hide bags, like the one on display, were made by cleaning and sizing rawhide so that it had a smooth, paintable surface. This bag is decorated in a distinctive Plateau style.


Sources for the Lewis & Clark Expedition Maps of 1803 and 1814
The two key maps that bracket the Lewis and Clark expedition are the Nicholas King map of 1803 and the Track Map of 1814.

Nicholas King drew upon the most current information in creating his map. This presentation shows how existing maps were used to form King's map, which it is believed, Lewis and Clark took on their journey.

The 1814 Track Map was the landmark product of the expedition. Based on a large map kept by William Clark in his St. Louis office, this map shows the geographic exploration made by Lewis and Clark. It was part of the expedition's official publication.


http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/lewisandclark/lewis-before.html

When Christopher Columbus, sailing for the king and queen of Spain in the 1490s, explored what today is known as the West Indies, the central American coast, and the northern coast of South America, the existing European world view began to change in dramatic and sometimes unpredictable ways. Other explorers followed including Amerigo Vespucci, who identified these lands as a separate continent, not as islands or peninsulas attached to eastern Asia. Utilizing Vespucci's travel accounts, German geographer Martin Waldseemüller depicted this new continent on a large world map in 1507, naming it "America" in Vespucci's honor.

Throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Europeans explored, mapped, and colonized what they now called "America." Although contradictory images of North America appeared on European world maps, the outline of the continent began to take shape.



Martin Waldseemüller (c.1470-1518/21) Universalis Cosmographia Secundum Ptholomaei Traditionem et Americi Vespucii Alioruque Lustrationes
[Map of the world naming "America"],
Strassburg: 1507
Woodcut map, with emendations
Geography and Map Division (1) Recognizing and Naming a New Continent
Martin Waldseemüller's 1507 world map grew out of an ambitious project in St. Dié, France, during the first decade of the sixteenth century, to document and update new geographic knowledge derived from the discoveries of the late fifteenth and the first years of the sixteenth centuries. Waldseemüller's large world map was the most exciting product of that research effort, and included data gathered during Amerigo Vespucci's voyages of 1501-1502 to the New World. Waldseemüller christened the new lands "America" in recognition of Vespucci's understanding that a new continent had been uncovered as a result of the voyages of Columbus and other explorers in the late fifteenth century. This is the only known surviving copy of the first printed edition of the map, which, it is believed, consisted of 1,000 copies.

Waldseemüller's map supported Vespucci's revolutionary concept by portraying the New World as a separate continent, which until then was unknown to the Europeans. It was the first map, printed or manuscript, to depict clearly a separate Western Hemisphere, with the Pacific as a separate ocean. The map represented a huge leap forward in knowledge, recognizing the newly found American landmass and forever changing the European understanding of a world divided into only three parts--Europe, Asia, and Africa.




Cartographic Formation of The North American Continent
This presentation depicts the emerging European world view of North America, which began to change upon the dissemination of reports from the voyages of Christopher Columbus. Other explorers sailed forth, including Amerigo Vespucci who identified these lands as a separate continent. Utilizing Vespucci's travel accounts, German geographer Martin Waldseemüller depicted this new continent on a large world map in 1507, naming it "America" in Vespucci's honor.

Throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Europeans explored, mapped, and colonized what they now called "America." Although contradictory images of North America appeared on European world maps, the outline of the continent began to take shape.

http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/lewisandclark/lewis-before.html

The Spanish Entrada into the Southwest
Spanish exploration and settlement in the present-day American Southwest can be traced back to the early sixteenth century. By the last half of the eighteenth century Spanish soldiers and missionaries had made their way as far as San Antonio, Santa Fe, Tucson, and San Francisco. Several expeditions, including those of Father Eusebio Kino, José de Urrútia and Nicolás de Lafora, and Father Silvestre Vélez de Escalante, had explored large parts of the southwest. However, the geography of this region remained virtually unknown outside the Spanish empire, since the maps and accounts of Spanish exploration remained in manuscript and were not published. Not until the beginning of the nineteenth century, when the noted German geographer Alexander von Humboldt visited Mexico City and was given access to the Spanish archives, did this information become more widely available. Although von Humboldt's map of Mexico was not published until 1811, he did visit Washington, D.C., in 1804, and shared his preliminary findings with President Jefferson and Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin. Knowing that such geographic knowledge would be useful in determining the boundaries of the new Louisiana Purchase, Jefferson and Gallatin were keenly interested in von Humboldt's depiction of the Spanish empire in the southwest.
Beyond the Allegheny Mountains
Thomas Jefferson, Meriwether Lewis, and William Clark were all culturally and intellectually Virginians. As the leading figures in what became the Lewis and Clark Expedition, they were steeped in a colonial legacy that optimistically looked westward in anticipation of exploiting the treasures of an Eden that lay beyond the Allegheny Mountains. In the earliest stages of Chesapeake tidewater settlement, Virginia, like other colonies, had an imperial mentality and vision that encompassed the entire breadth of the continent. During the last half of the eighteenth century Virginia's leaders, as well as those in other colonies, began to consider more practical means to reach Eden beyond the mountains. Virginians, including Jefferson and George Washington, believed that by building canals and improving navigation on the colony's major rivers--the James and the Potomac--they could defeat similar schemes that centered on the Hudson River and New York City. And at its grandest, the Virginia imperial vision also reached out to the Ohio, Mississippi, and Missouri rivers. Jefferson's Notes on the State of Virginia confidently declared that such rivers could extend the reach of an American empire beyond the mountains, perhaps even to the western sea.


The Pacific Beyond the Alleghenies
Originally published in 1651 by John Farrer, a representative of the Virginia Company, this 1667 edition was issued by Farrer's daughter, Virginia. It perpetuates the notion that the Pacific Ocean lay just across the Allegheny Mountains--separated by a narrow strip of land that could be traveled in only "ten days marche." At this time, the actual distance between the two oceans was unknown, but the intention was to link Sir Francis Drake's 1577 landing in New Albion (Point Reyes, California) with the recently settled Virginia colony, thereby substantiating British claims to the breadth of the continent.

Escalante Expedition Diary
Copied by a lieutenant of the Spanish Royal Corps of Engineers, this volume includes the diary of the expedition conducted by the Franciscan priests Silvestre Veléz de Escalante and Francisco Dominguez. It records their route that started out from Sante Fe on July 29, 1776, making a circuit through what is now Colorado, Utah, and Arizona. The diary describes geographic features and mentions passing the ancient cliff dwellings of Mesa Verde in Colorado


Seeking Information on the Southwest
President Jefferson sought information on the territory west of the Mississippi River from a wide variety of sources. When Baron Alexander von Humboldt visited Washington in 1804, after his South American tour, Jefferson took the opportunity to gather information about the newly acquired Louisiana territory. In this note to von Humboldt, Jefferson was particularly interested in the population "of white, red, or black people."
A Cartographic Myth Dispelled
Father Eusebio Francisco Kino, an Italian-born Jesuit missionary, explored the area around Tucson from 1687 to 1701, traveling as far as the mouth of the Colorado River. He proved that California was not an island, a myth that had endured for almost a century. Although his cartographic findings first appeared in 1705, a slightly later version of his map was published in a German missionary periodical on display here. This map shows the Gila River flowing into the Colorado directly above its mouth and extensive settlements in northern New Spain.

Spanish Military Survey of Southwest Borderlands
This detailed map of the Internal Provinces of New Spain (northern Mexico and southwestern United States) reflects the Spanish government's concern during the second half of the eighteenth century about frontier defenses, especially in response to American Indian attacks and the potential movement of European enemies into the region. The 1766-1768 survey involved a two-year, 6,000 mile trek extending from the Gulf of California to the Red River in Louisiana. Since this map was never published, British Americans were not aware of the extent of geographical and ethnological information known about the Spanish frontier.


Escalante Reaches the Rockies
A party of ten, led by Franciscan Fathers Francisco Atanasio Dominguez and Silvestre Vélez de Escalante departed Santa Fe in late July 1776, and returned to that location on January 2, 1777, as part of a failed effort to link Santa Fe with the new Spanish settlements along the Pacific Coast. The expedition did obtain substantially more knowledge of the regions north, northwest, and west of Santa Fe than any previous party, penetrating further into the unknown central Rockies. The manuscript map displayed above, made by expedition cartographer Bernardo Miera y Pacheco, reveals Spain's northernmost efforts to explore the interior of western North America.

Exploration of the Missouri River
For nearly 150 years, beginning in the early seventeenth century until the middle of the eighteenth century, France claimed a major portion of North America extending in an arc from the Gulf of Saint Lawrence to New Orleans. Working with Indians to exploit the fur trade, the French explored and mapped much of the continent's interior east of the Rocky Mountains, focusing on the St. Lawrence River, the Great Lakes, and the lower Mississippi. Although the French lost this territory to the British following the French and Indian War in 1763, small, scattered French settlements persisted along these major water routes. For the Lewis and Clark expedition no western settlement was more important than the French settlement of St. Louis. Just becoming the "Gateway to the West," St. Louis was home to traders, merchants, and boatmen who knew the Missouri as far up as present-day North Dakota. Their everyday knowledge of the river proved invaluable as the American expedition made its way west. And it was in St. Louis where the American explorers benefited from the maps and exploration experiences of men like the Scottish trader James Mackay and the Welsh adventurer John Thomas Evans.


"Notes on Indian Tribes"
During the course of several ventures up the Missouri River as far as the Mandans in the 1780s and 1790s, James Mackay, a Scottish trader and explorer sponsored by the Spanish government, and his assistant, John Thomas Evans, a Welshman, had accumulated vital information about the tribes of the Missouri River valley and even planned their own venture to the Pacific Ocean. While at Camp Dubois in Illinois during the winter of 1803-1804, Lewis and Clark acquired some of this knowledge through talking with Mackay and examining the trader's notes, journal extracts, and maps.

British Passage to the Pacific
The last part of the North American coastline to be explored and mapped by Europeans was the northern portion extending from the Pacific Northwest around Alaska and along the shores of the Arctic Ocean. Much of the energy for such explorations came from the persistent search for a northwest passage, the elusive water route from Atlantic to Pacific. During the last half of the eighteenth century, the Russian fur traders and imperial officials began to take an interest in Alaska while the British focused on the regions of Hudson's Bay, the Arctic Ocean, and the Pacific Northwest. The new geographic knowledge of interior North America provided by the fur trading activities of the Hudson's Bay Company, the North West Company, the coastal explorations of Spanish and British navigators including James Cook and George Vancouver, and the transcontinental trek of Alexander Mackenzie were incorporated into the 1802 map of North America published by the noted British geographer Aaron Arrowsmith. This map and its depiction of British discoveries in the northwestern portion of the continent were among the materials that proved crucial to Jefferson in defining the Lewis and Clark expedition.

Captain Cook and Nootka Sound
Sailing under the British flag with the intention of locating the western gateway to the fabled Northwest Passage, Captain James Cook devoted his third and final voyage to exploring the Pacific Basin and the northwest coast of North America from Oregon to Alaska. His account of the voyage included illustrations like this view of the native "habitations" of Nootka Sound on the west coast of Vancouver Island in present-day British Columbia. Like expeditions to follow, Cook was instructed to observe the flora, fauna, and geology he encountered and ". . .to describe them as minutely, and to make as accurate drawings of them, as you can.


First Transcontinental Travel Account
In 1793 North West Company trader Alexander Mackenzie became the first European explorer to cross the American continent north of Mexico, following a route through northern Canada. His published journal includes several Indian vocabularies as well as an early history of the fur trade. It was reprinted in twenty-six editions in four languages. After reading Voyages from Montreal in the summer of 1802, Thomas Jefferson accelerated plans for what became the Lewis and Clark Expedition. P. Conde's frontispiece engraving is based on the only known authentic portrait of Mackenzie.


Louisiana Purchase
Following the French and Indian War (1754-1763), France lost its possessions in North America. Spain acquired the former French territory of Louisiana (French lands west of the Mississippi) and New Orleans. Britain added the St. Lawrence Valley, along with the lands north of the Great Lakes and east of the Mississippi, to its well-established Atlantic empire. At the conclusion of the American Revolution in 1783, the new United States gained not only the British territory that constituted the original thirteen colonies but also the lands west of the Alleghenies, with the Mississippi River serving as the new nation's western boundary.

For American farmers intent on selling their produce down the Mississippi River, New Orleans was a port of vast importance. New Orleans remained under Spanish control, but American merchants did have the right of free passage on the Mississippi River and the use of the port without paying heavy customs duties. However, free navigation on the river was threatened when Napoleon secretly regained control of New Orleans and the lands west of the Mississippi. In an attempt to secure access to New Orleans, Thomas Jefferson directed Robert R. Livingston, U. S. Minister to France, and American diplomat James Monroe to negotiate the purchase of New Orleans and the Floridas for $10,000,000. Surprisingly, Napoleon not only agreed to sell New Orleans but also offered all of Louisiana for $15,000,000. The Americans quickly accepted the deal, thereby doubling the size of the nation.


The Purchase of Louisiana
In his letter to James Madison, James Monroe, U.S. special envoy, explains why he and Robert R. Livingston, America's minister to France, were obliged to purchase "the whole" of Louisiana. Monroe and Livingston later quarreled over who deserved credit for the acquisition of the Louisiana Territory. Monroe complained to Madison in this letter that the "most difficult vexations and embarrassing part of my labors has been with my associate." Monroe's role in the acquisition propelled him into contention for the presidency in 1808.

Treaty with France to Acquire Louisiana
After the Revolutionary War, the U.S. acquired British lands up to the Mississippi River. But the Spanish, who obtained the lands west of the Mississippi from France, barred American access to the river and the port of New Orleans. Only in 1795, by the Pinckney Treaty, did Spain allow American farmers and merchants the right to deposit and export goods on the Mississippi. This arrangement was jeopardized by France's secret acquisition of Louisiana. On learning that Napoleon, threatened by wars in Haiti and elsewhere, might sell Louisiana, Jefferson sent his emissaries to France to conclude the purchase. Above is James Monroe's copy of the treaty he negotiated for the United States.


AFTER LEWIS AND CLARK

http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/lewisandclark/lewis-after.html

During the first decade of the nineteenth century, the geographic image of western North America began to change dramatically. Based on the observations of Lewis and Clark, information gathered from native people, and Clark's own cartographic imagination, this image evolved from an almost empty interior with a hypothetical single mountain range serving as a western continental divide, to an intricate one showing a tangle of mountains and rivers. A continent that had once seemed empty and simple was now becoming full and complex.

It would take another fifty years after Lewis and Clark to complete the cartographic image of the West we know today. Other explorers and map makers followed, each revealing new geographic and scientific details about specific parts of the western landscape. But this revealing process was not a simple one. New knowledge did not automatically replace old ideas; some old notions--especially about river passages across the West--persisted well into the century. In the decades after Lewis and Clark the company of western explorers expanded to include fur traders, missionaries, and government topographers, culminating in the 1850s with the Army's Corps of Topographical Engineers surveying the southwestern and northwestern boundaries of the United States as well the potential routes for a transcontinental railroad. By the time of the Civil War, an ocean-to-ocean American empire with borders clearly defined was a fact of continental life.



The Journeys of Zebulon Montgomery Pike
In mid-July 1806 Lewis and Clark were on their way back from the Pacific. At the same time young army Lieutenant Zebulon Montgomery Pike left St. Louis with twenty-three men to reconnoiter the Spanish borderlands. Unlike the other expeditions commissioned by Jefferson, Pike did not travel by the command of the president. Instead, he took his orders from General James Wilkinson, governor of the Louisiana Territory and sometime secret agent for the Spanish. Pike carried out two expeditions for Wilkinson. The first (August 1805-April 1806) took him up the Mississippi River into present-day Minnesota. The second expedition began in July 1806 and drew to a close in late June 1807. As drafted by Wilkinson, Pike's instructions took the explorer into lands that were part of the Spanish empire. And in February 1807, near present-day Alamosa, Colorado, Spanish forces took Pike and his men into custody. Pike was a spy but just who he was spying for remains an open question. Pike's account of his southwestern adventures, published in 1810, drew additional attention to the region and its possible future as part of an expanding American empire.

Pike's Field Notes
This small notebook, which was among the papers confiscated from Zebulon Pike during his captivity in Mexico in 1807 and returned to the State Department in 1910, includes sketch maps and field observations from 1805-1807. It includes data from his expeditions along the upper Mississippi and into the Spanish borderlands. On the pages displayed above, dated September 8 through September 25, 1805, Pike recorded distances and observations as his party traveled along the Mississippi River. The entries conclude when the expedition reached the Falls of St. Anthony in present-day Minneapolis.

The "Santa Fe Trail"
This small sketch map, with west located at the top, is reportedly the first American map depicting the Santa Fe Trail. Although the map is in Pike's hand, it does not depict the route he traversed but was probably prepared as a reference map showing a 1797 trek by three French traders, operating out of the St. Louis area, from the juncture of the Platte and Missouri Rivers to Santa Fe (identified as St. Affee at the top of the page). When Pike was detained in February of 1807, this map was confiscated by Spanish authorities who suspected that it depicted a military route to their settlement.


Surveying the Spanish Southwest
After exploring the region adjacent to the peak that bears his name in Colorado, Pike traced the north fork of the Arkansas and searched for the Red River's source. Ill-prepared for harsh winter weather, Pike and his men built a small stockade on the upper Rio Grande. Here they were captured by the Spanish in February 1807 and taken to Santa Fe and on to Chihuahua, Mexico. Pike was eventually released, but his notes and documents were confiscated. His 1810 published Account was largely created from memory. Although the text is poorly written and disorganized, it gave the public its first detailed knowledge of settlements and southwestern lands beyond the Spanish border.


Long's Expedition to the Central and Southern Plains
The Lewis and Clark expedition established the precedent for army exploration in the West. Major Stephen H. Long's Scientific Expedition (1819-1820) advanced that tradition of military exploration, this time centering attention on the central and southern Great Plains and the Front Range of the Rockies. For the first time an American exploring party included professional scientists (a zoologist and a botanist) and two skilled artists. While not every future American expedition took along such skilled observers, the pattern was set for increasingly scientific exploration.

Despite its valuable published narrative, important maps, and compelling visual records, the Long expedition continues to suffer from a misconception about its impact on the American settlement of the Great Plains. In his "General Description of the Country" Long branded portions of the central plains as "almost wholly unfit for cultivation, and, of course, uninhabitable by a people depending on agriculture." Most telling, he labeled part of the high plains on his 1821 map as "the Great American Desert." Some writers have concluded that the notion of the "Great American Desert" deterred Americans from settling on the plains. Although a handful of maps and textbooks picked up this phrase, most Americans continued to think about the West as Jefferson envisioned it--as a garden of the world, an Eden in the West.

Exploration and Science
Thomas Say, the father of American entomology, was appointed to the 1819-1820 Long expedition as the official naturalist. Out of his observations and those of his contemporaries, Say produced a three-volume masterwork entitled American Entomology: or Descriptions of Insects of North America (1824-1828). The illustrations were drawn by Say himself, or by the expedition's assistant naturalist Titian Ramsay Peale. Say, who also drew information from other expeditions to the South, the Rocky Mountains, the Minnesota River Basin, and Mexico, did much to advance the understanding of the continent's natural world.


First Western Expedition by Steamboat
Major Stephen Long led the first western exploration expedition to utilize a steamboat as its main means of transportation. Titian Peale, an artist and assistant naturalist on the Long expedition, recorded in his journal that the party left St. Louis by the steamboat "Western Engineer" on June 21, 1819. The steamboat failed to provide reliable transportation. After wintering near Council Bluffs, north of present-day Omaha, Nebraska, the expedition explored the Platte and Arkansas Rivers on horseback.

"Western Engineer"
Major Long helped design the steamboat "Western Engineer," which was built at Pittsburgh for the first exploration of western rivers by steamboat. This side wheel steamboat proved unsuitable for the expedition because it was underpowered, drew too much draft, and relied on unfiltered river water for steam that continually clogged the engines. In this delicate riverscape, Titian Peale sketched the steamboat on the wide Missouri River. The steamboat was abandoned at Ft. Lisa about 600 miles above St. Louis on the Missouri River. The expedition proceeded on horseback to explore the Platte and Arkansas rivers.

Titian Peale, Assistant Naturalist
Although the Long expedition was chronically ill-equipped and, because of harsh conditions, had to abandon exploring the headwaters of the Arkansas River, the party did gather valuable data on the natural history and ethnography of the region. Titian Peale made 122 sketches on the expedition and collected birds, reptiles, mammals, and fish specimens along with Indian artifacts to add to the Peale Museum collections, which was under the direction of his father Charles Willson Peale in Philadelphia. The sketches shown above are typical of those made by Peale--small scale for easy portability and carefully rendered using a fine brush or pen.


Account of the Long Expedition
One-time scenic designer, Samuel Seymour was recruited as the official artist of the Long expedition. Its official report, Account of an Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains, reproduces eight landscape views of the more that 150 sketches Seymour made while on the expedition. His "View of the Chasm through which the Platte issues from the Rocky Mountains"(above right) is considered the first published image of the Rockies made from direct observation. The report was compiled by Edwin James, the expedition's botanist and geologist.


The Prairie
The Prairie is one of five novels that make up James Fenimore Cooper's enduring Leatherstocking Tales. In this third novel of the Cooper series, protagonist Leatherstocking, despondent over the destruction of the forests, escapes to the Great Plains. Cooper's vivid descriptions of the central plains were deeply influenced by the published report of the Long expedition. This inspirational role was true of other expeditions. Publication of the actual experiences of nineteenth-century explorers consistently inspired writers and fueled the public's imagination.


The Fur Trade
Fur traders--whether working for themselves or for the great trading companies--were critically important for the exploration and mapping of the North American West. The 1820s and 1830s are often viewed as an interlude in the collection and dissemination of geographical knowledge of the West. The federal government sponsored no further scientific expeditions until the late 1830s. The Army's Corps of Topographical Engineers was not formally established until 1838. Instead, important explorations were undertaken by fur traders busy searching for new beaver countries. Traders like Jedediah Smith traveled extensively in the plains and Rockies, sharing their information at trapper's rendezvous and with army officers, missionaries, and overland emigrants. Most important, fur trade geographic knowledge was embedded in a number of popular books such as those written by Washington Irving and in maps produced for the government by David Burr, the geographer to the House of Representatives.


Missionary Map of the Pacific Northwest
Father de Smet, representing a long tradition of missionary explorers, was an indefatigable traveler and a keen observer of the Indian peoples and physical geography of the West. In 1851, de Smet prepared this manuscript map of the Upper Great Plains and the Rocky Mountain region. Tribal chiefs, Indian agents, military officers, and fur traders contributed to its contents. It is the most detailed and accurate record of the locations of mountain ranges, rivers, forts, and major trails of this region prior to the western railway surveys. Overlaying the map's physical features are boundary lines intended to define tribal lands and limit tribal rivalries.


The Fur Trade Popularized
Captain Benjamin Bonneville sold the story of his adventures in the fur trade to Washington Irving, who, in 1837, turned it into a narrative entitled The Rocky Mountains, or, Scenes, Incidents and Adventures in the Far West. The two-volume publication was enormously popular and among the most important literary descriptions of the Rockies and the West prior to the reports of the government sponsored expeditions of the 1840s and 1850s.




Map of Indian Tribal Distributions
Albert Gallatin, Secretary of the Treasury under presidents Jefferson and Madison, also became an authority on North American Indian languages. From the time of his meeting with Alexander von Humboldt, when the German geographer visited Jefferson in 1804, Gallatin developed an interest in native languages and continued to collect information about tribal distributions throughout his career. In 1836 at age 75, he compiled this map depicting ten major ethno-linguistic families to accompany the publication of his findings on the classification of North American Indian languages. The map also incorporates information gleaned from the explorations of the fur trapper Jedediah Smith.


Epilogue--Transcontinental Railroad Surveys
The high watermark in mapping the newly defined American empire before the Civil War was the Pacific Railroad Surveys. During the 1830s and 1840s, modes of transportation changed from rivers and canals to roads, turnpikes, and railroads in the eastern half of the nation. Business and political leaders envisioned the construction of a transcontinental railway linking eastern urban and industrial centers with newly acquired western lands. With the end of the Mexican War and the beginning of the California Gold Rush the need to connect the new American West with the East seemed even more imperative. After a long series of debates, in 1853 Congress authorized the War Department and the Corps of Topographical Engineers to conduct a comprehensive survey to determine the most practical and economical route. Between 1853 and 1855 army engineers surveyed and mapped large portions of the West and explored four transcontinental routes. The official recommendation of a 32nd parallel route was met with considerable opposition in Congress. The enduring legacy of the Railroad Surveys came in 13 volumes of detailed, lavishly illustrated reports. Perhaps most important, the comprehensive map drafted by topographic engineer Lieutenant G.K. Warren completed the process of cartographic definition begun half a century earlier by William Clark.


Westward the Course of Empire
The subtitle of this popular Currier & Ives print comes from the sixth stanza of Anglican bishop and philosopher George Berkeley's 1726 poem "On the Prospect of Planting Arts and Learning in America," in which he views America as the grand culmination of the progress of civilization. It was a popular theme in the mid-nineteenth century as Americans pushed westward. In this image, the town church and school represent the civilizing forces in the newly cleared landscape. The smoke of the locomotive acts as both a barrier and a foil to the American Indians riding horseback on the plains.

Politics, Profits, and the Transcontinental Railroad
In 1862, the U.S. Congress approved the central route from Omaha to Sacramento for the construction of a transcontinental railroad by the Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroad Companies. The government subsidized the construction by providing huge land grants along the railroad right-of- way. When completed, the two rail lines met at Promontory on the north side of Great Salt Lake, celebrated with the Golden Spike ceremony on May 10, 1869.


Mapping the West
It would take another fifty years after Lewis and Clark to complete the cartographic image of the West we know today. This presentation shows the routes of the various expeditions from Lewis and Clark to the railroad surveys. Each path is represented by a different color. The maps shown can be found within this exhibition.

"We shall delineate with correctness the great arteries of this great country: those who come after us will . . . fill up the canvas we begin." --Thomas Jefferson, 1805

The first transcontinental railroad, completed after the Civil War, followed the 41st parallel, a route that army engineers had not surveyed. In many ways the Pacific Railroad Surveys marked the end of an era--the age in which explorers sought a water route across the continent. Although locomotives still needed water for steam power, no longer would explorers and their patrons be tied to rivers as highways of empire. The first transcontinental railroad was a river of steel that bound together a re-united nation.
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Title: History of the Expedition under the Command of Captains Lewis and Clark, Vol. I. To The Sources Of The Missouri, Thence Across The Rocky Mountains And Down The River Columbia To The Pacific Ocean. Performed During The Years 1804-5-6. Author: Meriwether Lewis and William Clark Editor: Paul Allen Release Date: August 20, 2005 [EBook #16565] Language: English

William Clark; Meriwether Lewis. History of the Expedition under the Command of Captains Lewis and Clark, Vol. I. / To the Sources of the Missouri, Thence Across the Rocky Mountains and Down the River Columbia to the Pacific Ocean. / Performed During the Years 1804-5-6. (Kindle Locations 4-7).

COLUMBIA TO THE PACIFIC OCEAN. PERFORMED DURING THE YEARS 1804-5-6. By order of the GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. PREPARED FOR THE PRESS BY PAUL ALLEN, ESQUIRE. IN TWO VOLUMES. VOL. I. PHILADELPHIA PUBLISHED BY BRADFORD AND INSKEEP; AND ABM. H. INSKEEP, NEW YORK. J. Maxwell, Printer 1814.

William Clark; Meriwether Lewis. History of the Expedition under the Command of Captains Lewis and Clark, Vol. I. / To the Sources of the Missouri, Thence Across the Rocky Mountains and Down the River Columbia to the Pacific Ocean. / Performed During the Years 1804-5-6. (Kindle Locations 18-22).

The journal and its circumstances of editing

Of the incidents of each day during the expedition, a minute journal was kept by captain Lewis or captain Clark, and sometimes by both, which was afterwards revised and enlarged at the different periods of leisure which occurred on the route. These were carefully perused in conjunction with captain Clark himself, who was able from his own recollection of the journey, as well as from a constant residence in Louisiana since his return, to supply a great mass of explanations, and much additional information

with regard to part of the route which has been more recently explored. Besides these, recourse was had to the manuscript journals kept by two of the serjeants, one of which, the least minute and valuable, has already been published. That nothing might be wanting to the accuracy of these details, a very intelligent and active member of the party, Mr. George Shannon, was sent to contribute whatever his memory might add to this accumulated fund of information.

From these copious materials the narrative was sketched nearly in its present form, when other pursuits diverted the attention of the writer, and compelled him to transfer his manuscript, in its unfinished state, with all the documents connected with it, to the present editor, to prepare them for the press and superintend the publication. That he may not seem to arrogate any thing from the exertions of others, he should therefore state that, although the whole work was thus submitted to his entire discretion, he found but little to change, and that his labour has been principally confined to revising the manuscript, comparing it with the original papers, and inserting such additional matter as appears to have been intentionally deferred by the writer till the period of a more mature revisal.These circumstances, which would otherwise be indifferent to the public, are mentioned merely to account for imperfections, which are in some degree inseparable from any book of travels not written by the traveller. In a work of pure description indeed, like the present, where the incidents themselves are the sole objects of attraction, the part of an editor is necessarily subordinate, nor can his humble pretensions aspire beyond the merit of rigid adherence to facts as they are stated to him. This has been very diligently attempted, and for this, in its full extent, the editor deems himself responsible.
Present vols only narratives Other parts nat history and alphabets of Indian languages

The present volumes, it will be perceived, comprise only the narrative of the journey. Those parts of the work which relate to the various objects of natural history, observed or collected during the journey, as well as the alphabets of the Indian languages, are in the hands of professor Bartou, and will, it is understood, shortly appear.
Letter to Mr JEFFERSON
To give still further interest to the work, the editor addressed a letter to Mr. Jefferson, requesting some authentic memoirs of captain Lewis. For the very curious and valuable information contained in his answer, the public, as well as the editor himself, owe great obligations to the politeness and knowledge of that distinguished gentleman.

PAUL ALLEN.


LIFE OF CAPTAIN LEWIS. Monticello, August 18, 1813. SIR, In compliance with the request conveyed in your letter of May 25, I have endeavoured to obtain, from the relations and friends of the late governor Lewis, information of such incidents of his life as might be not unacceptable to those who may read the narrative of his western discoveries. The ordinary occurrences of a private life, and those also while acting in a subordinate sphere in the army, in a time of peace, are not deemed sufficiently interesting to occupy the public attention; but a general account of his parentage, with such smaller incidents as marked his early character are briefly noted; and to these are added, as being peculiarly within my own knowledge, whatever related to the public mission, of which an account is now to be published. The result of my inquiries and recollections shall now be offered, to be enlarged or abridged as you may think best; or otherwise to be used with the materials you may have collected from other sources.

Meriwether Lewis, late governor of Louisiana, was born on the eighteenth of August, 1774, near the town of Charlottesville, in the county of Albemarle, in Virginia, of one of the distinguished families of that state. John Lewis, one of his father's uncles was a member of the king's council, before the revolution. Another of them, Fielding Lewis, married a sister of general Washington. His father, William Lewis, was the youngest of five sons of colonel Robert Lewis, of Albemarle, the fourth of whom, Charles, was one of the early patriots who stepped forward in the commencement of the revolution and commanded one of the regiments first raised in Virginia, and placed on continental establishment. Happily situated at home, with a wife and young family, and a fortune placing him at ease, he left all to aid in the liberation of his country from foreign usurpations, then first unmasking their ultimate end and aim. His good sense, integrity, bravery, enterprise, and remarkable bodily powers, marked him as an officer of great promise; but he unfortunately died early in the revolution. Nicholas Lewis, the second of his father's brothers, commanded a regiment of militia in the successful expedition of 1776, against the Cherokee Indians; who, seduced by the agents of the British government to take up the hatchet against us, had committed great havoc on our southern frontier, by murdering and scalping helpless women and children, according to their cruel and cowardly principles of warfare.
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William Clark; Meriwether Lewis. History of the Expedition under the Command of Captains Lewis and Clark, Vol. I. / To the Sources of the Missouri, Thence Across the Rocky Mountains and Down the River Columbia to the Pacific Ocean. / Performed During the Years 1804-5-6. (Kindle Locations 75-85).

William Clark; Meriwether Lewis. History of the Expedition under the Command of Captains Lewis and Clark, Vol. I. / To the Sources of the Missouri, Thence Across the Rocky Mountains and Down the River Columbia to the Pacific Ocean. / Performed During the Years 1804-5-6. (Kindle Location 75).
William Clark; Meriwether Lewis. History of the Expedition under the Command of Captains Lewis and Clark, Vol. I. / To the Sources of the Missouri, Thence Across the Rocky Mountains and Down the River Columbia to the Pacific Ocean. / Performed During the Years 1804-5-6. (Kindle Locations 66-74).


William Clark; Meriwether Lewis. History of the Expedition under the Command of Captains Lewis and Clark, Vol. I. / To the Sources of the Missouri, Thence Across the Rocky Mountains and Down the River Columbia to the Pacific Ocean. / Performed During the Years 1804-5-6. (Kindle Locations 56-64).

William Clark; Meriwether Lewis. History of the Expedition under the Command of Captains Lewis and Clark, Vol. I. / To the Sources of the Missouri, Thence Across the Rocky Mountains and Down the River Columbia to the Pacific Ocean. / Performed During the Years 1804-5-6. (Kindle Locations 54-56).

William Clark; Meriwether Lewis. History of the Expedition under the Command of Captains Lewis and Clark, Vol. I. / To the Sources of the Missouri, Thence Across the Rocky Mountains and Down the River Columbia to the Pacific Ocean. / Performed During the Years 1804-5-6. (Kindle Locations 49-54).

William Clark; Meriwether Lewis. History of the Expedition under the Command of Captains Lewis and Clark, Vol. I. / To the Sources of the Missouri, Thence Across the Rocky Mountains and Down the River Columbia to the Pacific Ocean. / Performed During the Years 1804-5-6. (Kindle Locations 45-48).

William Clark; Meriwether Lewis. History of the Expedition under the Command of Captains Lewis and Clark, Vol. I. / To the Sources of the Missouri, Thence Across the Rocky Mountains and Down the River Columbia to the Pacific Ocean. / Performed During the Years 1804-5-6. (Kindle Locations 42-45).