Geulah redemption

http://hebrew4christians.com/Prayers/Daily_Prayers/Shemoneh_Esrei/Refuah/refuah.html http://hebrew4christians.com/Prayers/Daily_Prayers/Shemoneh_Esrei/shemoneh_esrei.html http://hebrew4christians.com/Prayers/Daily_Prayers/Shemoneh_Esrei/Geulah/geulah.html http://geulahperspectives.blogspot.com/ Geulah Perspectives Thoughts, inspirations, chizzuk and Torah for our times Friday, November 15, 2013Vayishlach - Yakov, Yosef and the Sod Ha'ibbur What is the concept of the 'additional' revelation of Hashem to Yakov in this week's parsha? What is the blessing he receives? How does this relate to the land of Israel? What is the concept of the secret of the Ibbur? How does it relate to this blessing? What is the aspect of the addition to the year - 'hashana?' What is the concept of the month - 'hachodesh?' Find out in this week's parsha podcast. Running time: 19:59 Posted by Ari Goldwag at 1:42 PM No comments: Labels: blessings, bracha, chodesh, Israel, shana, sod ha'ibbur, סוד העיבור Friday, November 8, 2013Vayetzei - Yakov's dream, Yosef's dreams What is the concept of Yakov's dream, and dreams in general? Why is Yakov's dream global, while Yosef's seems to be personal? Why does Yosef's involve people, while Yakov's involves angels? Why does Yakov have his dream after being chased by Esav, while Yosef has his dream before being chased by his brothers? What is the fundamental difference between Yakov's work in this world, as opposed to Yosef's? Find out in this week's parsha podcast. Running time: 24:07 Posted by Ari Goldwag at 12:04 PM No comments: Labels: angels, dreams, ladder, tzaddik, Yakov, Yosef Friday, November 1, 2013Toldos - Spiritual Power Why does the Torah preface the story of Yakov (Jacob) and Esav with the statement that Abraham birthed Isaac? What is the significance of the fact that Isaac was forty years old when he got married? What is the spiritual power of the circumcision of Ishmael at age thirteen? What is the spiritual power of Isaac's binding? What is the spiritual inheritance that Jacob is given and in turn gives to us? Find out in this week's parsha podcast. Running time: 23:53 Posted by Ari Goldwag at 11:48 AM No comments: Labels: Avraham, chessed, Esav, gevurah, tiferes, Yakov, Yitzchak Friday, October 25, 2013Chayei Sarah - Spiritual Roots Why does Avraham reject the daughters of Aner, Eshkol and Mamrei, even though they are righteous? Why does he send Eliezer back to his own family, if they seem to be far from righteous? What is the concept of Baruch-blessed as opposed to Arur-cursed? Why are Haman and Amalek referred to as cursed if they come from the progeny of Yitzchak and Rivkah? Find out in this week's parsha podcast. Running time: 18:16 Posted by Ari Goldwag at 11:19 AM 2 comments: Labels: blessed, Canaan, cursed, Haman, Mordechai Thursday, October 17, 2013Vayera - Chamber of Exchanges Why does Hashem reveal Himself to Avraham in the fields of Mamrei? Who are Aner, Eshkol and Mamrei? Why do they join Avraham in his fight to retrieve his nephew Lot? Why do the people of Canaan occupy the land of Israel before it is promised to Avraham and his progeny? What is the concept of the chamber of exchanges? Find out in this week's parsha podcast. Running time: 24:36 Posted by Ari Goldwag at 11:09 PM No comments: Labels: Aner, Avraham, bris, chamber of exchanges, Eshkol, kli, Mamrei, or, revelation Friday, October 11, 2013Lech Lecha - Find Your Voice! Why does Hashem use such an usual instruction which literally means 'go to you' when instructing Abraham to go to Israel? What is the unique point of truth that resides in every person? Why must Abraham leave 'his land, the place of his birth, and his father's home?' What are the tools one can employ to find one's special God-given role in the world? Find out in this week's parsha podcast. Running time: 19:36 Posted by Ari Goldwag at 2:08 PM No comments: Labels: Avraham, Hashem's voice, individuality, voice Friday, October 4, 2013Noach - Of Floods and Dispersions What's the difference between the sin of the generation of the flood vs. the generation of the dispersion? What is the similarity between the generation of the flood and the people of Sodom? What is the difference between Avraham and Noach? What does it mean when it says that Hashem is sad? What does Hashem accomplish by destroying the people with the flood if they return to sinning? Find out in this week's parsha podcast. Running time: 19:29 Posted by Ari Goldwag at 3:20 PM No comments: Labels: Avraham, dispersion, flood, Noach Thursday, September 26, 2013Simchas Torah & Breishis - Full Circle Why do we immediately return to the beginning of the Torah as we complete it? Why is the 'party' on the eighth day of Succos - the one that is just for the Jewish people - so small? Why does the Torah spend only a few verses on the blessings, while it spends many verses on the curses? What is the secret of the circle? Find out in this week's parsha podcast. Running Time: 17:56 Posted by Ari Goldwag at 12:46 AM No comments: Labels: blessings, circle, eight, Hadran, Shmini Atzeres Wednesday, September 18, 2013Succos and Yosef What is the connection between Yosef and Succos? Why do we read the prophecies of Gog and Magog during Succos? Why do we leave our homes and enter these temporary dwelling places? How do we remind ourselves of the fact that Hashem is constantly in our lives? Find out in this week's parsha podcast. Running time: 15:40 Posted by Ari Goldwag at 11:29 PM 2 comments: Labels: Gog Umagog, Moshiach ben Yosef, Succos, Yosef Friday, September 13, 2013Yom Kippur and Unity (Am Echad!) Why is the concept of unity so central to Yom Kippur? Why does the High Priest bring an incense offering in the holiest of holies? What is the power of song in bringing us to repentance? Find out in this week's parsha podcast. Running time: 10:43 And... if you haven't seen the Am Echad video which I mention in the podcast, you can see it here: Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=RYJuz8fjXbY

Siberian Lady Macbeth Pilate and others

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_Lady_Macbeth Films directed by Andrzej Wajda 1950s A Generation (1955) ·Towards the Sun (1955) ·Kanał (1956) ·Ashes and Diamonds (1958) ·Lotna (1959) 1960s Innocent Sorcerers (1960) ·Samson (1961) ·Siberian Lady Macbeth (1962) ·Love at Twenty (1962) ·The Ashes (1965) ·Gates to Paradise (1968) ·Everything for Sale (1969) ·Hunting Flies (1969) 1970s The Birch Wood (1970) ·Landscape After the Battle (1970) ·Pilate and Others (1972) ·The Wedding (1972) ·The Promised Land (1975) ·Man of Marble (1976) ·Without Anesthesia (1978) ·The Maids of Wilko (1979) 1980s The Orchestra Conductor (1980) ·Man of Iron (1981) ·Danton (1983) ·A Love in Germany (1983) ·The Possessed (1988) 1990s Korczak (1990) ·Nastasja (1994) ·Holy Week (1995) ·Miss Nobody (1996) ·Pan Tadeusz (1999) 2000s The Revenge (2002) ·Katyń (2007) ·Sweet Rush (2009) 2010s Walesa. Man of Hope (2013) In my work on Siberian Lady Macbeth, I lacked a clear idea, a film "catchphrase"'. I understood that this could only be achieved by way of a dramatic operation, telling the story of the unfaithful murderess in a series of retrospective scenes incorporated in the main plot of the convicts' march to Siberia. Their life from one stage to the next, with strange customs and amazing literary incidents - like the condemnation and deportation to Siberia of a tower bell not ringing the "proper" tone - is wonderful material! Or how about the possibility of introducing a Polish-Siberian motif and some characters from Dostojevski's The House of the Dead? That certainly would be something to show on screen. However, the only lasting results of my labours are: the wonderful photography by Aca Sekulovic, the character of Sergei played by Ljuba Tadic with enormous commitment and talent, and the set decorations which I have already mentioned. The film made me realise how difficult it is to adjust to a new and foreign reality. I understood that a little freedom abroad was not enough: I needed more freedom at home, in Poland. Andrzej Wajda

Reviews Wajda has renounced his typically baroque style to tell a simple, and yet powerful story of a Lady Macbeth who kills for love rather than for ambition. (...) Not only has the director succeeded in catching the spirit of the time and the place; he has also managed to create the sense of timelessness inherent to the tragedy. Richard Roud "Sight and Sound", London, 1962 A Polish director made this Russo tale of Czarist days in Yugoslavia. But it still has a deep Slavic ring in its fine settings, correct, larger than life acting, and its adroit visual stylization. Picture could rate arty and special playoff possibilities abroad with tie ins also apparent on the Dimitri Shostakovitch music used for the background. (...) Director Andrzej Wajda is not afraid to try for broad symbolic strokes. Result achieves the right classic mold, and gives a measure of tragic implacability to these two people trying to escape their fates. Thesps have the right heavyweight bearing. Technical credits and production dress are firstrate. This movie suffers by comparison with Petr Weigl's Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk (1992), which has Shostakovich's music and singing, by means of lip-synching. That one was very dynamic; here the acting is remarkably wooden, though it gets better towards the end. It seems that this version is based on the original story by Leskov, rather than the Shostakovich opera. Shostakovich made Katarina more sympathetic by showing her as a normal, vibrant woman driven to distraction by the cruel people surrounding her, and by the oppressive imperial system. Here she is a lustful creature who will stop at nothing to get what she wants; this turns the story into a simple morality tale without the complex interplay of the opera. The Leskov-Wajda version establishes this with details not in the Shostakovich-Weigl: Katarina and Sergei murder a child who stands to inherit the estate; Katarina, as she's sent off to Siberia, is completely indifferent to her own child. In the Shostakovich-Weigl, Sergei's new girlfriend sings a very cruel song of triumph over Katarina. The black-and-white photography is not suited to a story like this, although the composition of images is very artistic, probably better than in the Weigl version. But it's still very slow; for instance, the flogging looks like something that might be administered by a school principal on sedatives. On the other hand, the final death scene is nicely done, it's one of the best parts of the movie. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Pilate and OthersFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Pilate and Others Directed by Andrzej Wajda Produced by Günther Lüdecke Andrzej Wajda Written by Andrzej Wajda Mikhail Bulgakov (book) Based on The novel by Mikhail Bulgakov Starring Wojciech Pszoniak Jan Kreczmar Daniel Olbrychski Music by Johann Sebastian Bach (St Matthew Passion) Cinematography Igor Luther Pfeffer Sam Editing by Joanna Rojewska Studio ZDF Release date(s) 29 March 1972 Running time 90 minutes Country West Germany Language German Pilate and Others (German: Pilatus und andere - Ein Film für Karfreitag) is a 1972 German drama film directed by Andrzej Wajda, based on the 1967 novel The Master and Margarita by the Soviet writer Mikhail Bulgakov, although it focuses on the parts of the novel set in biblical Jerusalem. The film has the subtitle Ein Film für Karfreitag (English: The Film for Good Friday) because it was released on March 29, 1972, on the eve of Easter.[1] It was also shown at the Berlin Film Festival on February 15, 2006, when director Andrzej Wajda received a Honorary Golden Bear. Contents [hide] 1 Background 2 Story 2.1 Differences from the novel 3 Cast 4 Soundtrack 5 Other screen adaptations of The Master and Margarita 6 References 7 External links Background[edit]Andrzej Wajda had already received two scripts from Warsaw to make a movie about the Passion but he had rejected both of them. When he had read The Master and Margarita, he decided to use Mikhail Bulgakov’s dialogues for his film.[2] The shootings were done in Nuremberg, on the ruines of the Third Reich. Wajda used the platform, from which Adolf Hitler held his speeches when he was addressing the Nazi Party in Nuremberg.[3] Story[edit]In the novel The Master and Margarita by the Russian author Mikhail Bulgakov, on which the film is based, three story lines are interwoven: a satirical story line in which Satan, called Woland here, goes to the city of Moscow in the 30s to deal in hilarious manner with the corrupt lucky ones, bureaucrats and profiteers from the Stalin era, a second one describing the internal struggle fought by Pontius Pilate before, during and after the conviction and execution of Yeshua Ha Nozri (Jesus from Nazareth), and a third one telling the story of the love between the master, an unnamed writer in Moscow during the 30s and his beloved Margarita, which goes to the extreme to save her master. The master has written a novel about Pontius Pilate, and is addressed by the authorities because this was an issue which in the officially atheistic Soviet Union was taboo.[4] The film Pilate and Others only tells the biblical story of the novel: the story of Pontius Pilate and Yeshua Ha Nozri (Jesus from Nazareth), Differences from the novel[edit]The biblical story of the novel is situated in Jersjalajim, but Wajda transferred it to Germany van de 20ste eeuw in the present time. Levi Matvei is a modern TV reporter who makes reports from Golgotha; Yeshua Ha-Nozri passes Way of the Cross on streets of Frankfurt am Main.[5] Cast[edit]Wojciech Pszoniak as Yeshua Ha-Nozri Jan Kreczmar as Pontius Pilate Daniel Olbrychski as Levi Matvei Andrzej Lapicki as Aphranius Marek Perepeczko as Marcus Jerzy Zelnik as Judah of Kiriaf Vladek Sheybal as Caiaphas Andrzej Wajda as reporter Soundtrack[edit]Johann Sebastian Bach - Matthäus-Passion Other screen adaptations of The Master and Margarita[edit]Giovanni Brancale - Il Maestro e Margherita - 2008 (film) Vladimir Bortko - Master i Margarita - 2005 (TV series) Ibolya Fekete - A Mester és Margarita - 2005 (film) Sergey Desnitsky - Master i Margarita - 1996 (film) Yuri Kara - Master i Margarita - 1994 (film) Paul Bryers - Incident in Judea - 1991 (TV-film) Oldřich Daněk - Pilát Pontský, onoho dne - 1991 (film) Andras Szirtes - Forradalom Után - 1990 (film) Aleksandr Dzekun - Master i Margarita - 1989 (TV-reeks) Maciej Wojtyszko - Mistrz i Małgorzata - 1988 (TV series) Vladimir Vasilyev and Boris Yermolaev - Fuete - 1986 (film) Aleksandar Petrović - Il Maestro e Margherita - 1972 (speelfilm) To be expected Scott Steindorff - The Master and Margarita - 2012 (film) Rinat Timerkaev - Master i Margarita - 2012 (animation film) References[edit]1.^ Andrzej Wajda. "Pilatus und andere". Andrzej Wajda website. 2.^ Ibid. "Pilatus und andere". 3.^ Jan Vanhellemont. "Pilatus und Andere - Andrzej Wajda". The Master and Margarita website. 4.^ Mikhail Bulgakov (1992). "The Master and Margarita". Penguin Books, London. ISBN 0-14118-828-6. 5.^ Jan Vanhellemont. "Pilatus und Andere - Andrzej Wajda". The Master and Margarita website. External links[edit]Pilate and Others at the Internet Movie Database Pilate and Others at AllRovi A GenerationFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search A Generation Directed by Andrzej Wajda Written by Bohdan Czeszko Starring Tadeusz Łomnicki Urszula Modrzyńska Roman Polanski Release date(s) 25 January 1955 Running time 83 minutes Country Poland Language Polish A Generation (Polish: Pokolenie) is a 1955 Polish film directed by Andrzej Wajda. It is based on the novel Pokolenie by Bohdan Czeszko, who also wrote the script. It was Wajda's first film and the opening installment of what became his Three War Films trilogy set in the Second World War, completed by Kanal and Ashes and Diamonds. Contents [hide] 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Analysis 5 DVD 6 References 7 External links Plot[edit ]A Generation is set in Wola, a working-class section of Warsaw, in 1942 and tells the stories of two young men at odds with the Nazi occupation of Poland. The young protagonist, Stach (Tadeusz Lomnicki), is living in squalor on the outskirts of the city and carrying out wayward acts of theft and rebellion. After a friend is killed attempting to heist coal from a German supply train, he finds work as an apprentice at a furniture workshop, where he becomes involved in an underground communist resistance cell guided first by a friendly journeyman there who in turn introduces Stach to the beautiful Dorota (Urszula Modrzynska). An outsider, Jasio Krone (Tadeusz Janczar), the temperamental son of an elderly veteran, is initially reluctant to join the struggle but finally commits himself, running relief operations in the Jewish ghetto during the uprising there.

Child without a Voice

Note this great bio by Bety Jean Lifton http://korczak.com/Biography/kap-0.htm A Great Humanitarian Speaks Out for the Child without a Voice While the two essays in this book are not Korczak's most famous writings (that honor would probably go to King Matt, How to Love a Child, and The Ghetto Diary), they are probably the most representative of the Polish pediatrician, educator, and writer. More than anywhere else, one gains an understanding of the extant of this man's empathy for children and his ardent fight for children's rights. Published in 1925, When I Am Little Again, is Korczak's description how he is able to relate to children on their terms, first imagining himself being little among the adults in his life and then himself as the adult and his peers as children, a feat of literary philosophy that has never been replicated with the skill that Korczak has shown. Korczak also devoted special attention to the relationships among the children, both their compassion and their malice (and how the two polar opposites could seemingly coexist). He has succeeded in showing both how adults view children and how children view adults. In The Child's Rights to Respect, Korczak shows how he is aware of the plight of children even when he, himself, was a child, and carried this memory into adulthood for the rest of his life. He went on at length to explain how adults used their power to control children, never taking into account their feelings, lacking confidence in their ability to reason, make decisions, and accomplish noble deeds. The relationship between adults and children has nearly always been characterized as resentment and distrust. Pedagogical books[edit]In his pedagogical works, Korczak shares much of his experience dealing with difficult children. Korczak's ideas were further developed by many other pedagogues such as Simon Soloveychik and Erich Dauzenroth. List of selected works[edit]Fiction[edit] Children of the Streets (Dzieci ulicy, Warsaw 1901) Fiddle-Faddle (Koszałki opałki, Warsaw 1905) Child of the Drawing Room (Dziecko salonu, Warsaw 1906, 2nd edition 1927) – partially autobiographical Mośki, Joski i Srule (Warsaw 1910) Józki, Jaśki i Franki (Warsaw 1911) Fame (Sława, Warsaw 1913, corrected 1935 and 1937) Bobo (Warsaw 1914) King Matt the First (Król Maciuś Pierwszy, Warsaw 1923) ISBN 1-56512-442-1 King Matt on a Deserted Island (Król Maciuś na wyspie bezludnej, Warsaw 1923) Bankruptcy of Little Jack (Bankructwo małego Dżeka, Warsaw 1924) When I Am Little Again (Kiedy znów będę mały, Warsaw 1925) Senat szaleńców, humoreska ponura (Madmen's Senate, play premièred at the Ateneum Theatre in Warsaw, 1931) Kaytek the Wizard (Kajtuś czarodziej, Warsaw 1935) Pedagogical books[edit]Momenty wychowawcze (Warsaw, 1919, 2nd edition 1924) How to Love a Child (Jak kochać dziecko, Warsaw 1919, 2nd edition 1920 as Jak kochać dzieci) The Child's Right to Respect (Prawo dziecka do szacunku, Warsaw, 1929) Playful pedagogy (Pedagogika żartobliwa, Warsaw, 1939) Other books[edit]Diary (Pamiętnik, Warsaw, 1958) Fragmenty Utworów (Warsaw: Instytut Wydawniczy Nasza Księgarnia, 1978). Excerpts translated by Adele L. Milch were published in Moment Magazine, November 1979. The Stubborn Boy: The Life of Pasteur (Warsaw, 1935)

Historical Anti-Semitism & Hitler's Rise to Power

http://www.history.com/topics/the-holocaust http://www.history.com/topics/the-holocaust Towards the "Final Solution" , 1940-1941 Holocaust Death Camps, 1941-1945 Nazi Rule Comes to an End, as Holocaust Continues to Claim Lives, 1945 Aftermath & Lasting Impact of the Holocaust American Response to the Holocaust Oct 10, 1944: Eight hundred children are gassed to death at Auschwitz Jun 1, 1942: News of death camp killings becomes public for first time Dec 15, 1961: Architect of the Holocaust sentenced to die Before the Holocaust: Historical Anti-Semitism & Hitler's Rise to Power Anti-Semitism in Europe did not begin with Adolf Hitler. Though use of the term itself dates only to the 1870s, there is evidence of hostility toward Jews long before the Holocaust--even as far back as the ancient world, when Roman authorities destroyed the Jewish temple in Jerusalem and forced Jews to leave Palestine. The Enlightenment, during the 17th and 18th centuries, emphasized religious toleration, and in the 19th century Napoleon and other European rulers enacted legislation that ended long-standing restrictions on Jews. Anti-Semitic feeling endured, however, in many cases taking on a racial character rather than a religious one. The roots of Hitler's particularly virulent brand of anti-Semitism are unclear. Born in Austria in 1889, he served in the German army during World War I. Like many anti-Semites in Germany, he blamed the Jews for the country's defeat in 1918. Soon after the war ended, Hitler joined the National German Workers' Party, which became the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), known to English speakers as the Nazis. While imprisoned for treason for his role in the Beer Hall Putsch of 1923, Hitler wrote the memoir and propaganda tract "Mein Kampf" (My Struggle), in which he predicted a general European war that would result in "the extermination of the Jewish race in Germany." Hitler was obsessed with the idea of the superiority of the "pure" German race, which he called "Aryan," and with the need for "Lebensraum," or living space, for that race to expand.In the decade after he was released from prison, Hitler took advantage of the weakness of his rivals to enhance his party's status and rise from obscurity to power. On January 20, 1933, he was named chancellor of Germany. After President Paul von Hindenburg's death in 1934, Hitler anointed himself as "Fuhrer," becoming Germany's supreme ruler. Nazi Revolution in Germany, 1933-1939 The twin goals of racial purity and spatial expansion were the core of Hitler's worldview, and from 1933 onward they would combine to form the driving force behind his foreign and domestic policy. At first, the Nazis reserved their harshest persecution for political opponents such as Communists or Social Democrats. The first official concentration camp opened at Dachau (near Munich) in March 1933, and many of the first prisoners sent there were Communists. Like the network of concentration camps that followed, becoming the killing grounds of the Holocaust, Dachau was under the control of Heinrich Himmler, head of the elite Nazi guard, the Schutzstaffel (SS), and later chief of the German police. By July 1933, German concentration camps (Konzentrationslager in German, or KZ) held some 27,000 people in "protective custody." Huge Nazi rallies and symbolic acts such as the public burning of books by Jews, Communists, liberals and foreigners helped drive home the desired message of party strength. In 1933, Jews in Germany numbered around 525,000, or only 1 percent of the total German population. During the next six years, Nazis undertook an "Aryanization" of Germany, dismissing non-Aryans from civil service, liquidating Jewish-owned businesses and stripping Jewish lawyers and doctors of their clients. Under the Nuremberg Laws of 1935, anyone with three or four Jewish grandparents was considered a Jew, while those with two Jewish grandparents were designated Mischlinge (half-breeds). Under the Nuremberg Laws, Jews became routine targets for stigmatization and persecution. This culminated in Kristallnacht, or the "night of broken glass" in November 1938, when German synagogues were burned and windows in Jewish shops were smashed; some 100 Jews were killed and thousands more arrested. From 1933 to 1939, hundreds of thousands of Jews who were able to leave Germany did, while those who remained lived in a constant state of uncertainty and fear. Beginning of War , 1939-1940 In September 1939, the German army occupied the western half of Poland. German police soon forced tens of thousands of Polish Jews from their homes and into ghettoes, giving their confiscated properties to ethnic Germans (non-Jews outside Germany who identified as German), Germans from the Reich or Polish gentiles. Surrounded by high walls and barbed wire, the Jewish ghettoes in Poland functioned like captive city-states, governed by Jewish Councils. In addition to widespread unemployment, poverty and hunger, overpopulation made the ghettoes breeding grounds for disease such as typhus Meanwhile, beginning in the fall of 1939, Nazi officials selected around 70,000 Germans institutionalized for mental illness or disabilities to be gassed to death in the so-called Euthanasia Program. After prominent German religious leaders protested, Hitler put an end to the program in August 1941, though killings of the disabled continued in secrecy, and by 1945 some 275,000 people deemed handicapped from all over Europe had been killed. In hindsight, it seems clear that the Euthanasia Program functioned as a pilot for the Holocaust. Towards the "Final Solution" , 1940-1941 Throughout the spring and summer of 1940, the German army expanded Hitler's empire in Europe, conquering Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and France. Beginning in 1941, Jews from all over the continent, as well as hundreds of thousands of European Gypsies, were transported to the Polish ghettoes. The German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941 marked a new level of brutality in warfare. Mobile killing units called Einsatzgruppen would murder more than 500,000 Soviet Jews and others (usually by shooting) over the course of the German occupation. A memorandum dated July 31, 1941, from Hitler's top commander Hermann Goering to Reinhard Heydrich, chief of the SD (the security service of the SS), referred to the need for an Endlösung (final solution) to "the Jewish question." Beginning in September 1941, every person designated as a Jew in German-held territory was marked with a yellow star, making them open targets. Tens of thousands were soon being deported to the Polish ghettoes and German-occupied cities in the USSR. Since June 1941, experiments with mass killing methods had been ongoing at the concentration camp of Auschwitz, near Krakow. That August, 500 officials gassed 500 Soviet POWs to death with the pesticide Zyklon-B. The SS soon placed a huge order for the gas with a German pest-control firm, an ominous indicator of the coming Holocaust. Holocaust Death Camps, 1941-1945 Beginning in late 1941, the Germans began mass transports from the ghettoes in Poland to the concentration camps, starting with those people viewed as the least useful: the sick, old and weak and the very young. The first mass gassings began at the camp of Belzec, near Lublin, on March 17, 1942. Five more mass killing centers were built at camps in occupied Poland, including Chelmno, Sobibor, Treblinka, Majdanek and the largest of all, Auschwitz-Birkenau. From 1942 to 1945, Jews were deported to the camps from all over Europe, including German-controlled territory as well as those countries allied with Germany. The heaviest deportations took place during the summer and fall of 1942, when more than 300,000 people were deported from the Warsaw ghetto alone. Though the Nazis tried to keep operation of camps secret, the scale of the killing made this virtually impossible. Eyewitnesses brought reports of Nazi atrocities in Poland to the Allied governments, who were harshly criticized after the war for their failure to respond, or to publicize news of the mass slaughter. This lack of action was likely mostly due to the Allied focus on winning the war at hand, but was also a result of the general incomprehension with which news of the Holocaust was met and the denial and disbelief that such atrocities could be occurring on such a scale. At Auschwitz alone, more than 2 million people were murdered in a process resembling a large-scale industrial operation. A large population of Jewish and non-Jewish inmates worked in the labor camp there; though only Jews were gassed, thousands of others died of starvation or disease. During the summer of 1944, even as the events of D-Day (June 6, 1944) and a Soviet offensive the same month spelled the beginning of the end for Germany in the war, a large proportion of Hungary's Jewish population was deported to Auschwitz, and as many as 12,000 Jews were killed every day. Holocaust Death Camps, 1941-1945 Beginning in late 1941, the Germans began mass transports from the ghettoes in Poland to the concentration camps, starting with those people viewed as the least useful: the sick, old and weak and the very young. The first mass gassings began at the camp of Belzec, near Lublin, on March 17, 1942. Five more mass killing centers were built at camps in occupied Poland, including Chelmno, Sobibor, Treblinka, Majdanek and the largest of all, Auschwitz-Birkenau. From 1942 to 1945, Jews were deported to the camps from all over Europe, including German-controlled territory as well as those countries allied with Germany. The heaviest deportations took place during the summer and fall of 1942, when more than 300,000 people were deported from the Warsaw ghetto alone. Though the Nazis tried to keep operation of camps secret, the scale of the killing made this virtually impossible. Eyewitnesses brought reports of Nazi atrocities in Poland to the Allied governments, who were harshly criticized after the war for their failure to respond, or to publicize news of the mass slaughter. This lack of action was likely mostly due to the Allied focus on winning the war at hand, but was also a result of the general incomprehension with which news of the Holocaust was met and the denial and disbelief that such atrocities could be occurring on such a scale. At Auschwitz alone, more than 2 million people were murdered in a process resembling a large-scale industrial operation. A large population of Jewish and non-Jewish inmates worked in the labor camp there; though only Jews were gassed, thousands of others died of starvation or disease. During the summer of 1944, even as the events of D-Day (June 6, 1944) and a Soviet offensive the same month spelled the beginning of the end for Germany in the war, a large proportion of Hungary's Jewish population was deported to Auschwitz, and as many as 12,000 Jews were killed every day. Holocaust Death Camps, 1941-1945 Beginning in late 1941, the Germans began mass transports from the ghettoes in Poland to the concentration camps, starting with those people viewed as the least useful: the sick, old and weak and the very young. The first mass gassings began at the camp of Belzec, near Lublin, on March 17, 1942. Five more mass killing centers were built at camps in occupied Poland, including Chelmno, Sobibor, Treblinka, Majdanek and the largest of all, Auschwitz-Birkenau. From 1942 to 1945, Jews were deported to the camps from all over Europe, including German-controlled territory as well as those countries allied with Germany. The heaviest deportations took place during the summer and fall of 1942, when more than 300,000 people were deported from the Warsaw ghetto alone. Though the Nazis tried to keep operation of camps secret, the scale of the killing made this virtually impossible. Eyewitnesses brought reports of Nazi atrocities in Poland to the Allied governments, who were harshly criticized after the war for their failure to respond, or to publicize news of the mass slaughter. This lack of action was likely mostly due to the Allied focus on winning the war at hand, but was also a result of the general incomprehension with which news of the Holocaust was met and the denial and disbelief that such atrocities could be occurring on such a scale. At Auschwitz alone, more than 2 million people were murdered in a process resembling a large-scale industrial operation. A large population of Jewish and non-Jewish inmates worked in the labor camp there; though only Jews were gassed, thousands of others died of starvation or disease. During the summer of 1944, even as the events of D-Day (June 6, 1944) and a Soviet offensive the same month spelled the beginning of the end for Germany in the war, a large proportion of Hungary's Jewish population was deported to Auschwitz, and as many as 12,000 Jews were killed every day. Holocaust Death Camps, 1941-1945 Beginning in late 1941, the Germans began mass transports from the ghettoes in Poland to the concentration camps, starting with those people viewed as the least useful: the sick, old and weak and the very young. The first mass gassings began at the camp of Belzec, near Lublin, on March 17, 1942. Five more mass killing centers were built at camps in occupied Poland, including Chelmno, Sobibor, Treblinka, Majdanek and the largest of all, Auschwitz-Birkenau. From 1942 to 1945, Jews were deported to the camps from all over Europe, including German-controlled territory as well as those countries allied with Germany. The heaviest deportations took place during the summer and fall of 1942, when more than 300,000 people were deported from the Warsaw ghetto alone. Though the Nazis tried to keep operation of camps secret, the scale of the killing made this virtually impossible. Eyewitnesses brought reports of Nazi atrocities in Poland to the Allied governments, who were harshly criticized after the war for their failure to respond, or to publicize news of the mass slaughter. This lack of action was likely mostly due to the Allied focus on winning the war at hand, but was also a result of the general incomprehension with which news of the Holocaust was met and the denial and disbelief that such atrocities could be occurring on such a scale. At Auschwitz alone, more than 2 million people were murdered in a process resembling a large-scale industrial operation. A large population of Jewish and non-Jewish inmates worked in the labor camp there; though only Jews were gassed, thousands of others died of starvation or disease. During the summer of 1944, even as the events of D-Day (June 6, 1944) and a Soviet offensive the same month spelled the beginning of the end for Germany in the war, a large proportion of Hungary's Jewish population was deported to Auschwitz, and as many as 12,000 Jews were killed every day. Holocaust Death Camps, 1941-1945 Beginning in late 1941, the Germans began mass transports from the ghettoes in Poland to the concentration camps, starting with those people viewed as the least useful: the sick, old and weak and the very young. The first mass gassings began at the camp of Belzec, near Lublin, on March 17, 1942. Five more mass killing centers were built at camps in occupied Poland, including Chelmno, Sobibor, Treblinka, Majdanek and the largest of all, Auschwitz-Birkenau. From 1942 to 1945, Jews were deported to the camps from all over Europe, including German-controlled territory as well as those countries allied with Germany. The heaviest deportations took place during the summer and fall of 1942, when more than 300,000 people were deported from the Warsaw ghetto alone. Though the Nazis tried to keep operation of camps secret, the scale of the killing made this virtually impossible. Eyewitnesses brought reports of Nazi atrocities in Poland to the Allied governments, who were harshly criticized after the war for their failure to respond, or to publicize news of the mass slaughter. This lack of action was likely mostly due to the Allied focus on winning the war at hand, but was also a result of the general incomprehension with which news of the Holocaust was met and the denial and disbelief that such atrocities could be occurring on such a scale. At Auschwitz alone, more than 2 million people were murdered in a process resembling a large-scale industrial operation. A large population of Jewish and non-Jewish inmates worked in the labor camp there; though only Jews were gassed, thousands of others died of starvation or disease. During the summer of 1944, even as the events of D-Day (June 6, 1944) and a Soviet offensive the same month spelled the beginning of the end for Germany in the war, a large proportion of Hungary's Jewish population was deported to Auschwitz, and as many as 12,000 Jews were killed every day.

Korczak again

http://movies.netflix.com/WiMovie/Korczak/70242096?trkid=13641790 A nice biography of Janusz Korczak, who managed to keep his humanity living in WW II Poland. B&W, with subtitles might bother some, but its a well done film about an important player in the Warsaw Ghetto. It's not sugar-coated like "Swindler's List," and although an American audience might see the...read more ending as ambiguous, Polish film goers knew what smoke implied The...read more archival film clips were very apparent but added to the movies credibility as the life in Korczak's orphanage was clean and superior to the rest of the ghetto. I will return to this movie again, it was that remarkable.. This film does a good job of showing some aspects of life in the Warsaw Ghetto that are often overlooked in other historical accounts. The impossible situation within the Jewish Council is given fair treatment, and there is some mention of the smuggling activity that became such an important means ...read moreof keeping people alive. Even the cemetery provides the setting for one scene, and it was indeed a place where smugglers and others often managed to meet and conduct business. The material, overall, lines up well with Emmanuel Ringelblum's historical record, and that is one of the most important strengths that a film on this subject can have. There has been some criticism of the film, especially from the French, because the Poles were not often seen in the story, and there were many cases of both heroic altruism and base treachery among the Poles. Some have accused the director of trying to absolve the Poles of their own faults in the historical record. I don't think that the film was trying to do that. I focused on the main character, and spent nearly two hours on developing his story. It can't be expected to cover everything. It doesn't really add much to what historians already knew of Korczak, but it is an easily accessible introduction to his enduring sacrifice, and it should add to the number of people who know of his life. The ending is a bit too easy, though. If the film is to be a realistic portrayal, it should have maintained that approach all the way. This DVD was released in the US by Kino Lorber on 14 August 2012. Hailed by the likes of Steven Spielberg as one of the most important European films about the Holocaust it should have been available by this company on Day One. Unfortunately for us, this company is no longer interested in cinema. ...read more They care about streaming TV shows (they're easy and cheap) and no longer are the company they once were.

The-7-Noachide-Laws

http://www.aish.com/jl/jnj/nj/The-7-Noachide-Laws.html The Jewish idea is that the Torah of Moses is a truth for all humanity, whether Jewish or not. The Torah (as explained in the Talmud - Sanhedrin 58b) presents seven mitzvot for non-Jews to observe. These seven laws are the pillars of human civilization, and are named the "Seven Laws of Noah," since all humans are descended from Noah. They are: 1.Do not murder. 2.Do not steal. 3.Do not worship false gods. 4.Do not be sexually immoral. 5.Do not eat a limb removed from a live animal. 6.Do not curse God. 7.Set up courts and bring offenders to justice. Maimonides explains that any human being who faithfully observes these laws earns a proper place in heaven. So you see, the Torah is for all humanity, no conversion necessary. As well, when King Solomon built the Holy Temple in Jerusalem, he specifically asked God to heed the prayer of non-Jews who come to the Temple (1-Kings 8:41-43). The Temple was the universal center of spirituality, which the prophet Isaiah referred to as a "house for all nations." The service in the Holy Temple during the week of Sukkot featured a total of 70 bull offerings, corresponding to each of the 70 nations of the world. In fact, the Talmud says if the Romans would have realized how much they were benefiting from the Temple, they never would have destroyed it! Today, there are many active groups of non-Jews called "B'nai Noach" who faithfully observe the Seven Laws of Noah. There is an excellent book on the topic: >"The Path of the Righteous Gentile" by Chaim Clorfene and Yakov Rogalsky http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1879016117/friendsofaishat/ "The Real Messiah: A Jewish Response to Missionaries" by Aryeh Kaplan

The U.S. Home and Foreign Front During World War II

http://www.history.com/topics/ http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii http://www.history.com/topics/the-holocaust The U.S. Home Front During World War II After the December 7, 1941, Japanese attack on the American naval fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, the U.S. was thrust into World War II (1939-45), and everyday life across the country was dramatically altered. Food, gas and clothing were rationed. Communities conducted scrap metal drives. To help build the armaments necessary to win the war, women found employment as electricians, welders and riveters in defense plants. Japanese Americans had their rights as citizens stripped from them. People in the U.S. grew increasingly dependent on radio reports for news of the fighting overseas. And, while popular entertainment served to demonize the nation's enemies, it also was viewed as an escapist outlet that allowed Americans brief respites from war worries. http://www.history.com/photos/world-war-ii-damage-and-destruction/photo5 WII Damage and destruction yhtoighout Europe Blitz Bombing Damage Near St. Paul's Cathedral in London: The period from fall of 1940 through spring of 1941, when the German forces concetrated their bombing efforts on the city of London, is commonly known as The Blitz. From September 7, 1940 London was bombed for 57 consecutive nights. This image shows the destruction of many of the buildings surrounding St. Paul's Cathedral, which was largely undamaged. (Photo Credit: Corbis) After the April 9, 1942, U.S. surrender of the Bataan Peninsula on the main Philippine island of Luzon to the Japanese during World War II (1939-45), the approximately 75,000 Filipino and American troops on Bataan were forced to make an arduous 65-mile march to prison camps. The marchers made the trek in intense heat and were subjected to harsh treatment by Japanese guards. Thousands perished in what became known as the Bataan Death March. . Bataan Death March: Background The day after Japan bombed the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor, on December 7, 1941, the Japanese invasion of the Philippines began. Within a month, the Japanese had captured Manila, the capital of the Philippines, and the American and Filipino defenders of Luzon (the island on which Manila is located) were forced to retreat to the Bataan Peninsula. For the next three months, the combined U.S.-Filipino army held out despite a lack of naval and air support. Finally, on April 9, with his forces crippled by starvation and disease, U.S. General Edward King Jr. (1884-1958), surrendered his approximately 75,000 troops at Bataan. Bataan Death March: April 1942 The surrendered Filipinos and Americans soon were rounded up by the Japanese and forced to march some 65 miles from Mariveles, on the southern end of the Bataan Peninsula, to San Fernando. The men were divided into groups of approximately 100, and what became known as the Bataan Death March typically took each group around five days to complete. The exact figures are unknown, but it is believed that thousands of troops died because of the brutality of their captors, who starved and beat the marchers, and bayoneted those too weak to walk. Survivors were taken by rail from San Fernando to prisoner-of-war camps, where thousands more died from disease, mistreatment and starvation. Bataan Death March: Aftermath America avenged its defeat in the Philippines with the invasion of the island of Leyte in October 1944. General Douglas MacArthur (1880-1964), who in 1942 had famously promised to return to the Philippines, made good on his word. In February 1945, U.S.-Filipino forces recaptured the Bataan Peninsula, and Manila was liberated in early March. After the war, an American military tribunal tried Lieutenant General Homma Masaharu, commander of the Japanese invasion forces in the Philippines. He was held responsible for the death march, a war crime, and was executed by firing squad on April 3, 1946. The instability created in Europe by the First World War (1914-18) set the stage for another international conflict–World War II–which broke out two decades later and would prove even more devastating. Rising to power in an economically and politically unstable Germany, Adolf Hitler and his National Socialist (Nazi Party) rearmed the nation and signed strategic treaties with Italy and Japan to further his ambitions of world domination. Hitler's invasion of Poland in September 1939 drove Great Britain and France to declare war on Germany, and World War II had begun. Over the next six years, the conflict would take more lives and destroy more land and property around the globe than any previous war. Among the estimated 45-60 million people killed were 6 million Jews murdered in Nazi concentration camps as part of Hitler's diabolical "Final Solution," now known as the Holocaust. Japanese General and Prime Minister Wartime leader of Japan's government, General Tôjô Hideki, with his close-cropped hair, mustache, and round spectacles, became for Allied propagandists one of the most commonly caricatured members of Japan's military dictatorship throughout the Pacific war. Shrewd at bureaucratic infighting and fiercely partisan in presenting the army's perspective while army minister, he was surprisingly indecisive as national leader. Known within the army as "Razor Tôjô" both for his bureaucratic efficiency and for his strict, uncompromising attention to detail, he climbed the command ladders, in close association with the army faction seeking to upgrade and improve Japan's fighting capabilities despite tight budgets and "civilian interference." Tôjô built up a personal power base and used his position as head of the military police of Japan's garrison force in Manchuria to rein in their influence before he became the Kwantung Army's chief of staff in 1937. He played a key role in opening hostilities against China in July. Tôjô had his only combat experience later that year, leading two brigades on operations in Inner Mongolia. Seeing the military occupation of Chinese territory as necessary to force the Nationalist Chinese government to collaborate with Japan, he continued to advocate expansion of the conflict in China when he returned to Tokyo in 1938 as army vice minister, rising to army minister in July 1940. He pushed for alliance with Germany (where he had served in 1920-1922) and Italy, and he supported the formation of a broad political front of national unity. In October 1941 he became prime minister. Although Tôjô supported last-minute diplomatic efforts, he gave final approval to the attacks on the United States, Great Britain, and the Dutch East Indies in December 1941. Japan's early victories greatly strengthened his personal prestige and his assertion that there were times when statesmen had to "have faith in Victory." When the war intensified, Japan's losses mounted, and its fragile industrial foundations threatened to collapse. Tôjô characteristically sought to gather administrative levers into his own hands. Serving as both prime minister and army minister, at various times he also held the portfolios of home affairs (giving him control of the dreaded "thought police"), education, munitions, commerce and industry, and foreign affairs. In February 1944, he even assumed direct command of army operations as chief of the Army General Staff. Yet despite all his posts, Tôjô was never able to establish a dictatorship on a par with those wielded by Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin. He served constitutionally at the behest of the emperor, without support of a mass party, while crucial power centers, such as the industrial combines (known as zaibatsu), the navy, and the court, remained beyond his control. After the island of Saipan fell to American forces in July 1944, he was forced from power, despite arguments raised by some officials close to the throne that Tôjô should be left in office to the end to accept responsibility for the loss of the war so that a court official could "step in" to deliver peace. 1891-1944 : German World War II Field Marshal. Erwin Johannes Eugen Rommel gained immortality in the North African campaign of 1941-1943. Sent with a small German force to help the Axis against the British after the Italians had suffered severe defeat, Rommel--reaching Tripoli in February 1941--was soon master of Cyrenaica and imposing his will on the enemy. For two years the opposing forces alternately advanced or withdrew over the desert, and Rommel's name became legendary--a master of mobile operations who was rapid, courageous, and audacious. Rommel's supreme achievement was his defeat of the British at Gazala in May 1942, followed by the taking of Tobruk and a field marshal's baton. Nemesis came five months later at El Alamein, when the British imperial army under Bernard Montgomery won a convincing victory. Rommel withdrew the survivors of his Panzerarmee to Tunisia. By then the British and Americans had landed in North Africa, the British Eighth Army had reconquered Tripolitania and was on the Tunisian border, and the Germans were hemmed in, isolated and facing overwhelming odds. Rommel left for Europe in March 1943. The African adventure was over. Rommel has been criticized for lacking strategic sense, for excessive absorption in the tactical battle, for neglect of logistics, for periodic imprudence. These criticisms are shallow. Rommel's especial flair was undoubtedly for the battle itself, for the cut and thrust of maneuver, for personal leadership at the point of decision, above all for the speed and energy with which he decided and acted; but in his extensive writings and recorded conversations he showed a military perceptiveness and strategic insight that would have probably enabled him to shine with the brilliance of Erich von Manstein had he held high command on the larger scale of the Eastern Front. As to logistics, Rommel was acutely aware of them at all times--they dominated the African theater where all commodities had to be imported and transported over huge distances. He refused, however, to make excessively pessimistic assumptions or to overensure--or, as he put it, to allow the scope and pace of battle to be dictated by quartermasters. A more cautious approach would have often denied him victory. And although Rommel sometimes underestimated the timing and difficulties of an operation, he was one who believed war seldom forgives hesitation or delay. From his earliest days as a brilliant young leader in World War I, or as a panzer divisional commander crossing the Meuse against fierce opposition and racing across France in 1940, he had proved to himself the virtues of initiative and boldness. On the whole his decisions were justified by victory: and in Africa victory often against odds. Rommel's last military appointment was in command of Army Group B, responsible in 1944 for much of northwest Europe. His energetic preparations reflected his conviction that the expected invasion had to be defeated near the coast, because Allied air power would nullify large-scale armored counteroperations after the landing. He believed, too, that the coming campaign should aim to defeat the invasion for one purpose: so that in the aftermath, peace might be negotiated in the west and a stalemate achieved in the east. Politically this was fantasy and militarily it failed; but for Rommel it was the only rational hope. By then Rommel had lost all faith in Adolf Hitler. Hitler had showed him favor, and Rommel was long grateful for what he saw as Hitler's restoration of German self-respect in the 1930s, but by 1944 he was disenchanted by Hitler's refusal to face strategic facts. After the Allied invasion had succeeded in establishing a front (see D-Day), Rommel--who believed that Germany must now inevitably lose a war on two fronts--tried again personally to confront Hitler with reality. He failed. Rommel, therefore, was now determined to surrender the German forces in the west unilaterally. Before that could happen he was wounded in an air attack on July 17. At home on sick leave, he was visited by emissaries of Hitler on October 14 and offered the choice of trial for high treason or suicide--to be publicized as a heart attack--with guarantees for his family's immunity. He had never participated in the plot to assassinate Hitler, but his "defeatism" was known and his involvement presumed. He chose suicide and was given a state funeral. Rommel has been variously described as a Nazi (because of long personal devotion to Hitler) or as a martyr of the German Resistance (because of the manner of his death). He was neither. He was a straightforward, gifted, patriotic German officer, a charismatic commander and master of maneuver, caught up in the disaster of the Third Reich. GENERAL SIR DAVID FRASER The Reader's Companion to Military History. Edited by Robert Cowley and Geoffrey Parker. Copyright © 1996 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved. In the summer and fall of 1940, German and British air forces clashed in the skies over the United Kingdom, locked in the largest sustained bombing campaign to that date. A significant turning point of World War II, the Battle of Britain ended when Germany’s Luftwaffe failed to gain air superiority over the Royal Air Force despite months of targeting Britain’s air bases, military posts and, ultimately, its civilian population. Britain’s decisive victory saved the country from a ground invasion and possible occupation by German forces while proving that air power alone could be used to win a major battle. On June 17, 1940, the defeated French signed an armistice and quit World War II. Britain now stood alone against the power of Germany's military forces, which had conquered most of Western Europe in less than two months. But Prime Minister Winston Churchill rallied his stubborn people and outmaneuvered those politicians who wanted to negotiate with Adolf Hitler. But Britain's success in continuing the war would very much depend on the RAF Fighter Command's ability to thwart the Luftwaffe's efforts to gain air superiority. This then would be the first all-air battle in history. In fact, Britain's situation was more favorable than most of the world recognized at the time. Britain possessed an effective air defense system, first-rate fighter pilots, and a great military leader in Air Marshal Hugh Dowding. On the other hand, the Germans had major problems: they had no navy left after the costly conquest of Norway, their army was unprepared for any form of amphibious operations, and the Luftwaffe had suffered heavy losses in the west (the first two factors made a seaborne attack on the British Isles impossible from the first). Even more serious, the Germans had poor intelligence and little idea of British vulnerabilities. They wasted most of July in waiting for a British surrender and attacked only in August. Although air strikes did substantial damage to radar sites, on August 13–15 the Luftwaffe soon abandoned that avenue and turned to attacks on RAF air bases. A battle of attrition ensued in which both sides suffered heavy losses (an average loss of 21 percent of the RAF's fighter pilots and 16 percent of the Luftwaffe's fighter pilots each month during July, August, and September). For a time the advantage seemed to swing slightly in favor of the Germans, but a combination of bad intelligence and British attacks on Berlin led the Luftwaffe to change its operational approach to massive attacks on London. The first attack on London on September 7 was quite successful; the second, on September 15, failed not only with heavy losses, but also with a collapse of morale among German bomber crews when British fighters appeared in large numbers and shot down many of the Germans. As a result, Hitler permanently postponed a landing on the British Isles and suspended the Battle of Britain. Williamson Murray .