Lewis and Clark Expedition

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Lewis and Clark Expedition From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search This article is about the early 19th century expedition. For Lewis and Clark, see Lewis and Clark (disambiguation).
"Lewis and Clark" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Lois and Clark.
The Lewis and Clark Expedition, or "Corps of Discovery Expedition" (1804–1806) was the first transcontinental expedition to the Pacific Coast by the United States. Commissioned by President Thomas Jefferson and led by two Virginia-born veterans of Indian wars in the Ohio Valley, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, the expedition had several goals. Their objects were both scientific and commercial – to study the area's plants, animal life, and geography, and to discover how the region could be exploited economically.[1] Elin Woodger, Brandon Toropov (2004). "Encyclopedia of the Lewis and Clark Expedition". Infobase Publishing. p.150. ISBN 0816047812
Overview
According to Jefferson himself, one goal was to find a "direct & practicable water communication across this continent, for the purposes of commerce with Asia" (the Northwest Passage).[1] Jefferson also placed special importance on declaring U.S. sovereignty over the Native Americans along the Missouri River, and getting an accurate sense of the resources in the recently completed Louisiana Purchase.[2]^ Voyage of Domination, "Purchase" as Conquest, Sakakawea for Savagery: Distorted Icons from Misrepresentations of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, James Fenelon, Mary Defender-Wilson. Wicazo Sa Review, Vol. 19, No. 1, American Indian Encounters with Lewis and Clark (Spring, 2004), pp. 90–1[3]Native America, Discovered and Conquered: Thomas Jefferson, Lewis and Clark, and Manifest Destiny Robert Miller, Bison Books, 2008 pg 108[4]The Way to the Western Sea, David Lavender, University of Nebraska Press, 2001, pg 32, 90.[5]Lewis and Clark among the Indians, James Ronda, University of Nebraska Press, 2002, pg 82, 192.
Reports about geography, plant and animal life, and Indian cultures filled their daily journals. Although Lewis and Clark failed to find a commercial route to Asia, they demonstrated the possibility of overland travel to the Pacific coast. They found Native Americans in the trans-Mississippi West accustomed to dealing with European traders and already connected to global markets. The success of their journey helped to strengthen the idea that United States territory was destined to reach all the way to the Pacific. Although the expedition did make notable achievements in science,[7] scientific research itself was not the main goal behind the mission.[8]
They were accompanied by a fifteen-year-old Shoshone Indian woman, Sacagawea, the wife of a French-Canadian fur trader. After crossing the Rocky Mountains, the expedition reached the Pacific Ocean in the area of present-day Oregon (which lay beyond the nation's new boundaries) in November 1805. They returned in 1806, bringing with them an immense amount of information about the region as well as numerous plant and animal specimens.[6]b The Lewis and Clark Expedition, Harry Fritz, Greenwood Press, 2004, pg 60
References to Lewis and Clark "scarcely appeared" in history books even during the United States Centennial in 1876 and the expedition was largely forgotten.[9] Ronda, James P. (1998). Voyages of Discovery: Essays on the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Montana Historical Society. pp. 327–328. ISBN 9780917298455. http://books.google.com/books?id=coXJG35lr58C&pg=PA327. Retrieved December 14, 2010.[10] Fresonke, Kris; Spencer, John (2004). Lewis & Clark: Legacies, Memories, and New Perspectives. University of California Press. pp. 159–162. ISBN 9780520228399. http://books.google.com/books?id=_8s7GQG8jiUC&pg=PA159. Retrieved December 14, 2010. Lewis and Clark began to gain new attention at the turn of the century. Both the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition, in St. Louis, and the 1905 Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition, in Portland, Oregon, showcased Lewis and Clark as American pioneers. However, the story remained a relatively shallow tale—a celebration of US conquest and personal adventures—until the mid-century, since which time the history has been more thoroughly researched and retold in many forms to a growing and appreciative audience.[9] Ronda, James P. (1998). Voyages of Discovery: Essays on the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Montana Historical Society. pp. 327–328. ISBN 9780917298455. http://books.google.com/books?id=coXJG35lr58C&pg=PA327. Retrieved December 14, 2010.

In addition, a complete and reliable set of the expedition's journals was finally compiled by Gary E. Moulton.[11] In the 2000s the bicentennial of the expedition further elevated popular interest in Lewis and Clark.[10] Today, no US exploration party is more famous, and no American expedition leaders are more instantly recognizable by name.[9]
Before Lewis and Clark
Jonathan Carver's map, 1778See also: Timeline of European exploration
Before 1537 Cabeza de Vaca crossed central Texas or northern Mexico from the Gulf to northwest Mexico. In 1539–42 Hernando de Soto crossed much of the South from Georgia to Arkansas. In 1540–42 Francisco Vásquez de Coronado traveled from Arizona to eastern Kansas. Since these expeditions found nothing of value the Spaniards largely abandoned northward expansion.

In 1608 the French founded Quebec and quickly spread through the Saint Lawrence basin. In 1682 René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle went down the Mississippi from the Great Lakes to the Gulf. The French then established a chain of posts along the Mississippi from New Orleans to the Great Lakes. In 1714 Etiene Veniard, Sieur de Bourgmont ascended the Missouri as far as the mouth of the Cheyenne River in central South Dakota.

In 1720 the Villasur expedition from Santa Fe was defeated by the Pawnee in eastern Nebraska. Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye opened the area west of lake Superior and in 1738 reached the Mandan villages on the upper Missouri in North Dakota. In 1743 two of his sons reached, probably, the Big Horn Mountains of Wyoming.

From Hudson Bay, in 1690 Henry Kelsey reached Saskatchewan River, in 1754 Anthony Henday followed the Saskatchewan almost to the Rocky Mountains and in 1771 Samuel Hearne reached the Arctic coast at the Coppermine River. In 1789 Sir Alexander Mackenzie (explorer) followed the river named after him to the Arctic Ocean. In 1793 he ascended the Peace River, crossed the Rocky Mountains and reached the Pacific twelve years before Lewis and Clark.

Provoked by Russian expansion down the Alaska coast Juan José Pérez Hernández explored the Pacific coast in 1774, followed by James Cook in 1778. This led to a British Sea Otter trade with China, the Nootka Crisis and Anglo-American claims on the Oregon country. In 1792 Robert Gray (sea captain) found the mouth of the Columbia River.

Later in 1792 the Vancouver Expedition explored over 100 miles (160 km) up the Columbia, into the Columbia River Gorge. Lewis and Clark carried a copy of Vancouver's map of the lower Columbia.[12] By 1800 the coast of the Pacific Northwest had been thoroughly explored by maritime fur traders. By the time Lewis and Clark arrived at the mouth of the Columbia, at least 14 maritime fur traders had already visited the river's mouth and estuary.[13]

Thus Lewis and Clark had first to connect to lower Missouri to the Mandan country in North Dakota. Everything west from North Dakota to the Pacific was unknown, except that the Rocky Mountains existed, that the upper Missouri seemed to flow from that direction and that on the other side of the Rockies the large Columbia River entered the Pacific. We might also mention methods of travel. Coronado and De Soto travelled with large gangs of armed men. Hearne and the younger Vérendrye joined bands of roving Indians. La Salle and Mackenzie used professional voyageurs and Indian guides. Lewis and Clark reached the Pacific mostly under their own power.
PreparationsJefferson had a long interest in western expansion, and in 1780s met John Ledyard who discussed a proposed trip to the Pacific Northwest.[14][15] When he became President, he asked Congress to fund an expedition through the Louisiana Purchase, and to head to the Pacific Ocean. He used a secret message to Congress to ask them to fund the trip.[16][17][18] Jefferson read Mackenzie's book about the trip in 1802, and this influenced his decision to send an expedition.[19][20][21]

In 1803, President Thomas Jefferson commissioned the Corps of Discovery, and named U.S. Army Captain Meriwether Lewis its leader, who selected William Clark as his partner.[22] Their goals were to explore the Louisiana Purchase, establish trade and U.S. sovereignty over the native peoples along the River Missouri. Jefferson also wanted to establish a U.S. claim of "Discovery" to the Pacific Northwest and Oregon territory by documenting an American presence there before Europeans could claim the land.[4][23][24][25] According to some historians, Jefferson understood he would have a better claim of ownership to the Pacific Northwest if the team gathered scientific data on animals and plants.[26][27]

The U.S. mint prepared special silver medals with a portrait of Jefferson and had a message of friendship and peace, called Indian Peace Medals or peace medals. The soldiers were to distribute them to the nations they met. These symbolized U.S. sovereignty over the indigenous inhabitants. The expedition also prepared advanced weapons to display their military firepower. Among these was an air rifle of about .44 caliber, powerful enough to kill a deer.[28][29][30][31]

Air rifles of the time were made in Europe by different guilds than firearms makers. They carried sufficient black powder and lead for their flintlock firearms, knives, blacksmithing supplies, and cartography equipment. They also carried flags, gift bundles, medicine and other items they would need for their journey. Much time went into ensuring a sufficient supply of these items.[28][29][30][31]

JourneySee also: Timeline of the Lewis and Clark Expedition
There were 33 people, including 29 participants in training at the 1803–1804 Camp Dubois winter staging area in Illinois Territory, near present day Hartford, Illinois. They left on May 14, 1804, and met up with Lewis in Saint Charles, Missouri, a short time later; the corps followed the Missouri River westward. Soon they passed La Charrette, the last Euro-American settlement on the Missouri River.

The expedition followed the Missouri through what is now Kansas City, Missouri, and Omaha, Nebraska. On August 20, 1804, Sergeant Charles Floyd died, apparently from acute appendicitis. He was buried at Floyd's Bluff, in what is now Sioux City, Iowa. During the final week of August, Lewis and Clark reached the edge of the Great Plains, a place abounding with elk, deer, bison, and beavers.

The Lewis and Clark Expedition established relations with two dozen indigenous nations.[32] Without their help, the expedition would have starved to death or become hopelessly lost in the Rocky Mountains.[33] The Americans and the Lakota nation (whom the Americans called Sioux or "Teton-wan Sioux") had problems when they met, and there was a concern the two sides might fight. According to Harry W. Fritz, "All earlier Missouri River travelers had warned of this powerful and aggressive tribe, determined to block free trade on the river. ... The Sioux were also expecting a retaliatory raid from the Omaha Indians, to the south. A recent Sioux raid had killed 75 Omaha men, burned 40 lodges, and taken four dozen prisoners."[34]

One of their horses disappeared, and they believed the Sioux were responsible. Afterward, the two sides met and there was a disagreement, and the Sioux asked the men to stay or to give more gifts instead before being allowed to pass through their territory. They came close to fighting several times, and both sides finally backed down and the expedition continued on to Arikara territory. Clark wrote they were "warlike" and were the "vilest miscreants of the savage race."[35][36][37][38][39]


Reconstruction of Fort Mandan, Lewis & Clark Memorial Park, North Dakota.In the winter of 1804–05, the party built Fort Mandan, near present-day Washburn, North Dakota. One chief asked Lewis and Clark to provide a boat for passage through their national territory. As tensions increased, Lewis and Clark prepared to fight, but the two sides fell back in the end. The Americans quickly continued westward (upriver), and camped for the winter in the Mandan nation's territory. Here they met a French-Canadian fur trapper named Toussaint Charbonneau, and his young Shoshone wife Sacagawea, who helped translate.

They followed the Missouri to its headwaters, and over the Continental Divide at Lemhi Pass. In canoes, they descended the mountains by the Clearwater River, the Snake River, and the Columbia River, past Celilo Falls and past what is now Portland, Oregon at the meeting of the Willamette and Columbia Rivers. Lewis used William Robert Broughton's 1792 notes and maps to find the stratovolcano mountain for navigation.

The expedition faced its second bitter winter, and voted on whether to camp on the south side of the Columbia river (modern Astoria, Oregon), building Fort Clatsop. Because Sacagawea and Clark's slave York were both allowed to participate in the vote, it may have been the first time in American history where a woman and a slave were allowed to vote. The Corps turned home on March 23, 1806, using canoes, and later by land.[40]

On July 3, before crossing the Continental Divide, the Corps split into two teams so Lewis could explore the Marias River. Lewis' group of four met some men from the Blackfeet nation. During the night, the Blackfeet tried to steal their weapons. In the struggle, the soldiers killed two Blackfeet men. Lewis, Drouillard, and the Field brothers, fled over 100 miles (160 km) in a day before they camped again.

Meanwhile, Clark had entered the Crow tribe's territory. In the night, half of Clark's horses disappeared, but not a single Crow had been seen. Lewis and Clark stayed separated until they reached the Yellowstone and Missouri Rivers on August 11, along with Clark's. While reuniting, one of Clark's hunters, Pierre Cruzatte, mistook Lewis for an elk and fired, injuring Lewis in the thigh. Once reunited, the Corps was able to return home quickly via the Missouri River. They reached St. Louis on September 23, 1806.

The Corps met their objective of reaching the Pacific, mapping and establishing their presence for a legal claim to the land. They established diplomatic relations and trade with at least two dozen indigenous nations. They did not find the Northwest Passage.[33]
Geography, science
Famous map of Lewis and Clark's expedition. It changed mapping of northwest America by providing the first accurate depiction of the relationship of the sources of the Columbia and Missouri Rivers, and the Rocky Mountains.Further information: List of species described by the Lewis and Clark Expedition
The Lewis and Clark Expedition gained an understanding of the geography of the Northwest and produced the first accurate maps of the area. During the journey, Lewis and Clark drew about 140 maps. Stephen Ambrose says the expedition "filled in the main outlines" of the area.[41]

The expedition documented natural resources and plants that had been previously unknown to Euro-Americans, though not to the indigenous peoples.[6] Lewis and Clark "were the first" Americans to describe "the place officially".[42] Their visit to the Pacific Northwest, maps, and proclamations of sovereignty with medals and flags were legal steps needed to claim title to each indigenous nations' lands under the Doctrine of Discovery.[43]

Lewis and Clark's expedition had no greater advocate and no greater beneficiary, than the American Philosophical Society (APS).[44] Their duties, as assigned by Jefferson, were preeminently scientific. Specifically, they were instructed in geography, astronomy, ethnology, climatology, mineralogy, meteorology, botany, ornithology, and zoology.[45] The expedition recorded more than 200 plants and animals that were new to science and noted at least 72 native tribes.[46]

Jefferson had the expedition declare "sovereignty" and demonstrate their military strength to ensure native tribes would be subordinate to the US, as European colonizers did elsewhere. Upon the completion of the expedition the maps that were produced allowed the further discovery and settlement of this vast territory in the years that soon followed.[47][48][not in citation given]

In 1807 Patrick Gass published an account of the journey.[49] Paul Allen edited a two-volume history of the Lewis and Clark expedition that was published in 1814, in Philadelphia, but without mention of the actual author, banker Nicholas Biddle.[50][51] Even then, all of the report was not completely made public until more recently[when?].[52] The earliest authorized edition of the Lewis and Clark journals reside in the Maureen and Mike Mansfield Library at the University of Montana.
Sacagawea
Lewis and Clark Expedition
150th anniversary issue, 1954Main article: Sacagawea
Sacagawea, sometimes called Sakajawea or Sakagawea (c. 1788 – December 20, 1812), was an indigenous woman who accompanied her husband Toussaint Charbonneau on the expedition to the Pacific Ocean. Her son Jean Baptiste Charbonneau was born in 1805 with the help of the expedition.

Though she has been discussed in literature frequently, much of the information is exaggerated or fiction. Scholars say she did notice some geographical features, but "Sacagawea...was not the guide for the Expedition, she was important to them as an interpreter and in other ways."[53] The sight of a woman and her infant son would have been a reassuring sight to some indigenous nations, and she played an important role in diplomatic relations by talking to chiefs, easing tensions, and giving the impression of a peaceful mission.[33][54]

In his writings, Meriwether Lewis presented a somewhat negative view of her, though Clark had a higher regard for her, and later on provided some support for her children in subsequent years. In the journals, they used the terms "squar" and "savages" to refer to Sacagawea and other indigenous peoples.[55]

See also North America portal
Timeline of the Lewis and Clark Expedition
The Red River Expedition (1806) and the Pike Expedition were also commissioned by Jefferson.
USS Lewis and Clark and USNS Lewis and Clark
Jefferson National Expansion Memorial
The Far Horizons, a movie of the expedition
York (explorer) – the slave on the expedition
Lewis and Clark Pass (Montana) - the only non motorized pass on the expeditions route

References1.^
1. Elin Woodger, Brandon Toropov (2004). "Encyclopedia of the Lewis and Clark Expedition". Infobase Publishing. p.150. ISBN 0816047812
2.^ Voyage of Domination, "Purchase" as Conquest, Sakakawea for Savagery: Distorted Icons from Misrepresentations of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, James Fenelon, Mary Defender-Wilson. Wicazo Sa Review, Vol. 19, No. 1, American Indian Encounters with Lewis and Clark (Spring, 2004), pp. 90–1
3.^ Native America, Discovered and Conquered: Thomas Jefferson, Lewis and Clark, and Manifest Destiny Robert Miller, Bison Books, 2008 pg 108
4.^ a b The Way to the Western Sea, David Lavender, University of Nebraska Press, 2001, pg 32, 90.
5.^ Lewis and Clark among the Indians, James Ronda, University of Nebraska Press, 2002, pg 82, 192.
6.^ a b The Lewis and Clark Expedition, Harry Fritz, Greenwood Press, 2004, pg 60
7.^ Fritz, Harry W. (2004). The Lewis and Clark Expedition. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 113. ISBN 0313316619.
8.^ Lewis and Clark among the Indians, James Ronda. pg 9. Books.google.com. 2002-01-01. ISBN 9780803289901. http://books.google.com/?id=cz4ts0fCDssC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Lewis+and+Clark+among+the+Indians++By+James+P.+Ronda#v=onepage&q=sovereignty&f=false. Retrieved 2011-01-20.
9.^ a b c Ronda, James P. (1998). Voyages of Discovery: Essays on the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Montana Historical Society. pp. 327–328. ISBN 9780917298455. http://books.google.com/books?id=coXJG35lr58C&pg=PA327. Retrieved December 14, 2010.
10.^ a b Fresonke, Kris; Spencer, John (2004). Lewis & Clark: Legacies, Memories, and New Perspectives. University of California Press. pp. 159–162. ISBN 9780520228399. http://books.google.com/books?id=_8s7GQG8jiUC&pg=PA159. Retrieved December 14, 2010.
11.^ "Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition". University of Nebraska–Lincoln. http://lewisandclarkjournals.unl.edu. Retrieved September 25, 2011.
12.^ "George Vancouver's Map of the Lower Columbia". Discovering Lewis & Clark. http://lewis-clark.org/content/content-article.asp?ArticleID=1150. Retrieved August 10, 2011.
13.^ "Fur trade". Northwest Power and Conservation Council. http://www.nwcouncil.org/history/FurTrade.asp. Retrieved August 10, 2011.
14.^ Ambrose, Stephen. Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the opening of the American west. (Simon & Schuster, New York, 1996). p. 69.
15.^ Visions of Another Empire: John Ledyard, an American Traveler across the Russian Empire, 1787–1788, Edward Gray, Journal of the Early Republic, Vol. 24, No. 3 Autumn, 2004, pp. 358.
16.^ ''The Louisiana Purchase: a historical and geographical encyclopedia'', Junius Rodriguez, 2002, pg xxiv. Books.google.com. 2002. ISBN 9781576071885. http://books.google.com/?id=Qs7GAwwdzyQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Louisiana+Purchase:+a+historical+and+geographical+encyclopedia++By+Junius+P.+Rodriguez#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2011-01-20.
17.^ ''Acts of discovery: visions of America in the Lewis and Clark journals'', Albert Furtwangler, 1993, pg 19. Books.google.com. 1993. ISBN 9780252063060. http://books.google.com/?id=51uTHI10Im4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Acts+of+discovery:+visions+of+America+in+the+Lewis+and+Clark+journals++By+Albert+Furtwangler. Retrieved 2011-01-20.
18.^ "Jefferson's Secret Message to Congress". http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/lewisandclark/lewis-landc.html#56. Retrieved 2006-06-30.
19.^ DeVoto, Bernard (1953). The Journals of Lewis and Clark. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. xxix. ISBN 0-395-08380-X.
20.^ ''Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia'', Volume 1, William J. Mills, 2003, pg 390. Books.google.com. 2003. ISBN 9781576074220. http://books.google.com/?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PR5&dq=Exploring+polar+frontiers:+a+historical+encyclopedia,+Volume+1++By+William+J.+Mills#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2011-01-20.
21.^ ''The Pacific Northwest: an interpretive history'', Carlos Schwantes, University of Nebraska Press, 1996, pg 54-5. Books.google.com. 1996-01-01. ISBN 9780803292284. http://books.google.com/?id=JImlIbueaXcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Pacific+Northwest:+an+interpretive+history++By+Carlos+A.+Schwantes#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2011-01-20.
22.^ ''The Pacific Northwest: an interpretive history'', Carlos Schwantes, University of Nebraska Press, 1996, pg 55. Books.google.com. 1996-01-01. ISBN 9780803292284. http://books.google.com/?id=JImlIbueaXcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Pacific+Northwest:+an+interpretive+history++By+Carlos+A.+Schwantes#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2011-01-20.
23.^ ''The encyclopedia of Louisville'' John Kleber, University Press of Kentucky, 2000, pg 509, 510. Books.google.com. 2001. ISBN 9780813121000. http://books.google.com/books?id=pXbYITw4ZesC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2011-01-20.
24.^ ''The Lewis and Clark Expedition'' Harry Fritz, pg 1, 5. Books.google.com. 2004. ISBN 9780313316616. http://books.google.com/?id=GFFHn18Z7ywC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Lewis+and+Clark+Expedition++By+Harry+W.+Fritz#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2011-01-20.
25.^ Lewis & Clark among the Indians. University of Nebraska Press, 1984, pg 32.
26.^ Native America, Discovered and Conquered: Thomas Jefferson, Lewis and Clark, and Manifest Destiny Robert Miller, Bison Books, 2008 pg 99, 100, 111
27.^ ''The United States Army: issues, background and bibliography'', George Bennett, Nova Science Publishers, 2002, pg 4. Books.google.com. 2002-05. ISBN 9781590333006. http://books.google.com/?id=SNFnyDbT1fkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+United+States+Army:+issues,+background+and+bibliography++By+George+D.+Bennett#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2011-01-20.
28.^ a b Voyage of Domination, "Purchase" as Conquest, Sakakawea for Savagery: Distorted Icons from Misrepresentations of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, James Fenelon, Mary Defender-Wilson. Wicazo Sa Review, Vol. 19, No. 1, American Indian Encounters with Lewis and Clark (Spring, 2004), pp. 88, 90
29.^ a b Explorations into the world of Lewis and Clark, Robert Saindon, 2003, pg 551-2.
30.^ a b Native America, discovered and conquered: Thomas Jefferson, Lewis & Clark, Praeger, 2008, pg 106.
31.^ a b Encyclopedia of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, Elin Woodger, Brandon Toropov. pg 265, 271, 104.
32.^ Harry W. Fritz (2004). "The Lewis and Clark Expedition". Greenwood Publishing Group. p.13. ISBN 0313316619
33.^ a b c Fritz, Harry W. (2004). The Lewis and Clark Expedition. Greenwood Press.
34.^ Harry W. Fritz (2004). "The Lewis and Clark Expedition". Greenwood Publishing Group. p.14. ISBN 0313316619
35.^ Lewis and Clark among the Tetons: Smoking out What Really Happened, Craig Howe, Wicazo Sa Review, Vol. 19, No. 1, American Indian Encounters with Lewis and Clark (Spring, 2004), pp. 69.
36.^ The Lewis and Clark Expedition, Harry Fritz, Greenwood Press, 2004, pg 14-5.
37.^ Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the Opening of the American West, Simon and Schuster, 1996, pg 170.
38.^ ''Lewis & Clark among the Indians''. University of Nebraska Press, 1984, pg 27, 40. Books.google.com. 2002-01-01. ISBN 9780803289901. http://books.google.com/?id=cz4ts0fCDssC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Lewis+and+Clark+among+the+Indians++By+James+P.+Ronda#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2011-01-20.
39.^ The Way to the Western Sea, David Lavender, University of Nebraska Press, 2001, pg 181.
40.^ Dugout Canoe description Retrieved on March 24, 2007
41.^ Ambrose, Stephen E. (1996). Undaunted Courage. Simon & Schuster.
42.^ Archibald, Robert R. (2003). "The Significance of the National Lewis and Clark Commemoration". Indiana Magazine of History 99: 254–262.
43.^ Bernard deVoto (1962), The Course of Empire (Boston:Houghton Mifflin); p. 552
44.^ Elin Woodger, Brandon Toropov (2004). "Encyclopedia of the Lewis and Clark Expedition". Infobase Publishing. p.29. ISBN 0816047812
45.^ Harry W. Fritz (2004). "The Lewis and Clark Expedition". Greenwood Publishing Group. p.59. ISBN 0313316619
46.^ Jack Uldrich, Meriwether Lewis, William Clark (2004). "Into the unknown: leadership lessons from Lewis & Clark's daring westward adventure". AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. p.37. ISBN 0814408168
47.^ Lewis & Clark: legacies, memories, and new perspectives Kris Fresonke, Mark Spence pg 70
48.^ ''The Lewis and Clark Expedition'', Harry Fritz, Greenwood Press, 2004, pg 88. Books.google.com. 2004. ISBN 9780313316616. http://books.google.com/?id=GFFHn18Z7ywC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Fritz,+%22The+Lewis+and+Clark+Expedition,#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2011-01-20.
49.^ MacGregor, Carol Lynn (1997). The Journals of Patrick Gass. Mountain Press Publishing Co.. ISBN 0-87842-350-8. , originally published in 1807
50.^
History of the Expedition under the Command of Captains Lewis and Clark at Project Gutenberg
51.^ Cutright, Paul Russell (July 1982). Contributions of Philadelphia to Lewis and Clark History. Portland, Oregon: Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, Inc.. pp. 33–35. ISBN 0967888700. "An anomaly of some proportion is the fact that the 1814 account, now commonly referred to as the Biddle edition, carried no mention of Biddle anywhere. ... The only logical explanation of this incredible omission is that Biddle wanted it that way, insisted on complete anonymity."
52.^ Lewis and Clark Journals
53.^ Clark, Ella Elizabeth. Sacagawea of the Lewis and Clark expedition. Berkeley, Calif: University of California P, 1979.
54.^ Ronda, James P. (2003). "Why Lewis and Clark Matter". Smithsonian 34: 98–101.
55.^ ''Lewis and Clark among the Indians'', James Ronda, University of Nebraska Press, 2002, pg 258-9. Books.google.com. 2002-01-01. ISBN 9780803289901. http://books.google.com/?id=cz4ts0fCDssC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Lewis+%26+Clark+among+the+Indians+james+ronda#v=snippet&q=hired%20by%20lewis&f=false. Retrieved 2011-01-20.

Further readingMain article: Bibliography of the Lewis and Clark Expedition
Lewis and Clark Among the Indians, James P. Ronda, 1984 – ISBN 0-8032-3870-3
Undaunted Courage, Stephen Ambrose, 1997 – ISBN 0-684-82697-6
National Geographic Guide to the Lewis & Clark Trail, Thomas Schmidt, 2002 – ISBN 0-7922-6471-1
The Lewis and Clark Journals: An American Epic of Discovery (abridged), edited by Gary E. Moulton, 2003 – ISBN 0-8032-2950-X
The Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, 13-Volume Set, edited by Gary E. Moulton, 2002 – ISBN 0-8032-2948-8
The complete text of the Lewis and Clark Journals online, University of Nebraska–Lincoln
In Search of York: The Slave Who Went to the Pacific With Lewis and Clark, Robert B. Betts, 2002 – ISBN 0-87081-714-0
Online text of The Journals of Lewis and Clark, 1804–1806 by William Clark and Meriwether Lewis at Project Gutenberg
Lewis & Clark: The Journey of the Corps of Discovery, Ken Burns, 1997 – ISBN 0-679-45450-0
Lewis and Clark: across the divide, Carolyn Gilman, 2003. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Books. ISBN 1588340996
Contributions of Philadelphia to Lewis and Clark History, Paul Russell Cutright, (July 1982), Portland, Oregon: Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, Inc., ISBN 0967888700.
The Way to the Western Sea: Lewis and Clark Across the Continent, David Lavender, 1988. Harpercollins. ISBN 0060159820
"Why Sacagawea Deserves the Day Off and Other Lessons from the Lewis and Clark Trail" by Stephenie Ambrose Tubbs (University of Nebraska Press, 2008)
Pittsburgh's Heinz History Center on the city's contributions to the Voyage.

External links
Full text of the Lewis and Clark journals online – edited by Gary E. Moulton, University of Nebraska–Lincoln
"National Archives photos dating from the 1860s–1890s of the Native cultures the expedition encountered". Archived from the original on 2008-02-12. http://web.archive.org/web/20080212142331/http://lewisandclarkjournals.unl.edu/images2.html.
Lewis and Clark: The National Bicentennial Exhibition
National Council for the Lewis and Clark Bicentennial
Lewis & Clark Bicentennial in Oregon
Lewis and Clark, Mapping the West – Smithsonian Institution
Lewis and Clark – National Geographic – a variety of resources, including an Interactive Journey Log
Lewis and Clark – PBS
Trip's Journal Entry – Search Engine
Discovering Lewis and Clark
Lewis and Clark by Air – A book with a perspective of L&C from the air
Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail – United States National Park Service
Lewis and Clark Expedition, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail Interpretive Center in Great Falls, Montana
C-SPAN American Writers, Lewis & Clark in three parts, RealVideo, 2001
The Lewis & Clark Expedition: Documenting the Uncharted Northwest Name, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan
Lewis and Clark in Kentucky
Lewis and Clark Expedition
Journal kept by the Corps of Discovery
Lewis & Clark – All-Star River Explorers (University of Illinois Extension)
Interactive Google Map of Lewis and Clark's Expedition Zoom in on the actual locations Lewis and Clark explored as you digitally walk up the Missouri River. Each location is linked to a Lewis and Clark journal entry and can be viewed in terrain mode in order to envision it as Lewis and Clark saw it, or in satellite mode to see how much has changed or not changed.


http://www.nationalgeographic.com/lewisandclark/
January 18, 1803
U.S. President Thomas Jefferson sends a secret message to Congress asking for approval and funding of an expedition to explore the Western part of the continent.

Spring 1803
Meriwether Lewis begins his training as the expedition's leader in Philadelphia.

July 4, 1803
News of the Louisiana Purchase is announced; Lewis will now be exploring land largely owned by the United States.

Summer 1803
In Pittsburgh, Lewis oversees construction of a keelboat, then picks up William Clark and other recruits as he travels down the Ohio River.

Fall/Winter 1803
Lewis and Clark establish Camp Wood, the winter camp for their Corps of Discovery, on the Wood River in Illinois.


March 10, 1804
Lewis and Clark travel to St. Louis to attend ceremonies formally transferring the Louisiana Territory to the United States.

May 14, 1804
The Corps of Discovery leaves Camp Wood and begins its journey up the Missouri River "under a gentle breeze."

July 4, 1804
The Corps holds the first Independence Day celebration west of the Mississippi River.

August 3, 1804
North of present-day Omaha, Nebraska, the Corps holds a council with the Oto and Missouri Indians.

August 20, 1804
Sergeant Charles Floyd dies of natural causes near present-day Sioux City, Iowa; he will be the only fatality among the Corps of Discovery during the expedition.

August 30, 1804
The Corps holds a council with the Yankton Sioux at present-day Yankton, South Dakota.

Early September 1804
The Corps enters the Great Plains and sees animals unknown in the eastern United States.

September 25, 1804
The Corps has a tense encounter with the Teton Sioux near today's Pierre, South Dakota; one of the Sioux chiefs waves his men off and conflict is averted.

October 24, 1804
Near today's Bismarck, North Dakota, the Corps arrives at the villages of the Mandan and Hidatsa, buffalo-hunting tribes that live along the Missouri River.

November 4, 1804
Lewis and Clark hire French-Canadian fur-trader Toussaint Charbonneau and his Shoshone wife, Sacagawea, to act as interpreters on the journey ahead.

December 17, 1804
The men record the temperature at 45 degrees below zero, "colder than [they] ever knew it to be in the States."

December 24, 1804
The men finish building Fort Mandan, their winter quarters in present-day North Dakota.

January 1805
The Corps attends a Mandan buffalo dance, performed to call buffalo to the area.

February 11, 1805
Sacagawea's son, Jean Baptiste Charbonneau—nicknamed Pompy by Clark—is born with assistance from Lewis.

April 7, 1805
Lewis and Clark send a shipment of artifacts and specimens to President Jefferson; the "Permanent Party" heads west.

April 29, 1805
The Corps marvels at the abundance of game; they kill their first grizzly bear near the Yellowstone River in Montana.

May 16, 1805
One of their boats nearly overturns and Lewis credits Sacagawea with saving their most important possessions.

May 31, 1805
The Corps reaches the White Cliffs region of the Missouri River.

June 1, 1805
The Corps reaches an unknown fork in the Missouri and must determine which branch to choose.

June 13, 1805
Lewis reaches the Great Falls of the Missouri—five massive cascades around which the men must carry all of their gear, including the canoes.

Late July 1805
The expedition reaches the Three Forks of the Missouri which they name the Jefferson, Gallatin, and Madison in honor of the President, Secretary of the Treasury, and Secretary of State.

August 8, 1805
Sacagawea recognizes Beaverhead Rock and knows they are close to Shoshone lands.

August 12, 1805
Jefferson receives the shipment from Fort Mandan; Lewis finds the headwaters of the Missouri River, then crosses the Continental Divide and Lemhi Pass to discover that there is no Northwest Passage.

August 17, 1805
The main party arrives at the Shoshone camp, where Sacagawea recognizes the chief as her long-lost brother, Cameahwait.

August 18, 1805
Lewis' celebrates his 31st birthday and vows "in future, to live for mankind as I have heretofore lived only for myself."

August 31, 1805
The expedition sets out for the Bitterroot Mountains with many horses and a mule acquired from the Shoshone.

September 9, 1805
The men camp near today's Missoula, Montana at a spot they name Traveler's Rest while they prepare for the mountain crossing to come.

September 11, 1805
The Corps begins the steep ascent into the Bitterroot Range of the Rocky Mountains; the crossing will cover more than 160 miles (260 kilometers).

September 23, 1805
Starving, the men emerge from the mountains near present-day Weippe, Idaho, at the villages of the Nez Perce Indians.

October 7, 1805
After learning a new method to make dugout canoes from the Nez Perce, the men push off down the Clearwater River near Orofino, Idaho; it is the first time they've traveled with the current at their back in almost two years.

October 16, 1805
The expedition reaches the Columbia River, the last waterway to the Pacific Ocean.

Late October 1805
The Corps must run their canoes through treacherous rapids at The Dalles and Celilo Falls.

November 7, 1805
Believing he sees the Pacific, Clark writes, "Ocian in View! O the joy." In reality, they are seeing only the widening estuary of the Columbia River.

November 24, 1805
Having reached the Pacific, the entire expedition—including Sacagawea and Clark's slave, York—take a vote on where to build their winter quarters. They chose the Clatsop Indian side of the Columbia, and the encampment came to be called Fort Clatsop.

March 23, 1806
After a winter of only 12 days without rain, the men present their fort to the Clatsop Indians and set out for home.

September 23, 1806
Having found an easier route across the country, the men reach St. Louis nearly two and a half years after their journey began and are acclaimed as national heroes.





55-foot (17-meter) Keelboat
2 Pirogues (open boats)
Square sail (also called a broad sail)
35 Oars
2 Horses


150 Yards (140 meters) of cloth to be oiled and sewn into tents and sheets
6 Large needles
Pliers
Chisels
Handsaws
Oilskin bags
25 Hatchets
Whetstones
30 Steels for striking or making fire
Iron corn mill
2 Dozen tablespoons
Mosquito curtains
10.5 Pounds (5 kilograms) of fishing hooks and fishing lines
12 Pounds (5.4 kilograms) of soap
193 Pounds (87.5 kilograms) of "portable soup" (a thick paste concocted by boiling down beef, eggs, and vegetables, to be used if no other food was available on the trail)
3 Bushels (106 liters) of salt
Writing paper, ink and crayons


45 Flannel shirts
20 Coats
15 Frocks
Shoes
Woolen pants
15 Blankets
Knapsacks
30 Stockings
15 Pairs wool overalls


50 Dozen Dr. Rush's patented "Rush's Thunderclapper" pills
Lancets
Forceps
Syringes
Tourniquets
1,300 Doses of physic
1,100 Doses of emetic
3,500 Doses of diaphoretic (sweat inducer)
Additional drugs


15 Prototype Model 1803 muzzle-loading .54-caliber rifles "Kentucky Rifles"
15 Gun slings
24 Large knives
Powder horns
500 Rifle flints
420 Pounds (191 kilograms) of sheet lead for bullets
176 Pounds (80 kilograms) of gunpowder packed in 52 lead canisters
1 Long-barreled rifle that fired its bullet with compressed air, rather than by flint, spark, and powder


Surveyor's compass
Hand compass
1 Hadley's quadrant
1 Telescope
3 Thermometers
2 Sextants
1 Set of plotting instruments
1 Chronometer (needed to calculate longitude; at $250 it was the most expensive item)
1 Portable microscope
1 Tape measure


12 Dozen pocket mirrors
4,600 Sewing needles
144 Small scissors
10 Pounds (4.5 kilograms) of sewing thread
Silk ribbons
Ivory combs
Handkerchiefs
Yards of bright-colored cloth
130 Rolls of tobacco
Tomahawks that doubled as pipes
288 Knives
8 Brass kettles
Vermilion face paint
20 Pounds (9 kilograms) of assorted beads, mostly blue
5 Pounds (2 kilograms) of small, white, glass beads
288 Brass thimbles
Armbands
Ear trinkets


A Practical Introduction to Spherics and Nautical Astronomy
Antoine Simon's Le Page du Pratz's History of Louisiana
Barton's Elements of Botany
Dictionary (4-volume)
Linnaeus (2-volume edition), the Latin classification of plants
Richard Kirwan's Elements of Mineralogy
The Nautical Almanac and Astronomical Ephemeris
Tables for finding longitude and latitude
Map of the Great Bend of the Missouri River

Plants that the expedition first recorded for science:




Alkali Cordgrass Spartina gracilis

American Silverberry Elaeagnus commutata

Antelope Bitterbrush Purshia tridentata

Aromatic Aster Symphyotrichum oblongifolium

Arrowleaf Balsamroot Balsamorhiza sagittata

Bear Grass Xerophyllum tenax

Bessey's Locoweed Oxytropis besseyi

Big Sagebrush Artemisia tridentata

Bigleaf Maple Acer macrophyllum

Bitterroot Lewisia rediviva

Black Cottonwood Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa

Black Hawthorn Crataegus douglasii

Blue Elderberry Sambucus glauca

Blue Flax Linum lewisii

Blue Huckleberry Vaccinium membranaceum

Broom Snakeweed Gutierrezia sarothrae

Buckbrush Ceanothus sanguineus

California False Hellebore Veratrum californicum

California Hazelnut Corylus californica

California Rhododendron Rhododendron macrophyllum

Camas Camassia quamash

Canyon Gooseberry Ribes menziesii

Cascade Oregon-Grape Mahonia nervosa (Berberis nervosa)

Cat's Ears Calochortus elegans

Chocolate Lily Fritillaria affinis

Cluster Rose Rosa pisocarpa

Clustered Elkweed Frasera fastigiata

Common Snowberry Symphoricarpos albus

Cous Lomatium cous

Curlycup Gumweed Grindelia squarrosa

Deerhorn Clarkia Clarkia pulchella

Desertparsley Lomatium triternatum

Disc Mayweed Matricaria matricarioides

Dwarf Mountain Fleabane Erigeron compositus

Eaton's Aster Symphyotrichum eatonii

Edible Thistle Cirsium edule

Engelmann's Spruce Picea engelmannii

Evergreen Huckleberry Vaccinium ovatum

False Buckthorn Frangula purshiana

Fernleaf Desert-Parsley Lomatium dissectum var. multifidum

Fernleaved Lousewort Pedicularis cystopteridifolia

Four-Wing Saltbush Atriplex canescens

Fragile Prickly-Pear Opuntia fragilis

Gardner's Saltbush Atriplex gardneri

Geyer's Onion Allium geyeri

Giant Rye Grass Elymus condensatus

Glacier Lily Erythronium grandiflorum

Golden Currant Ribes aureum

Golden Yarrow Eriophyllum lanatum

Grand Fir Abies grandis

Gray Rabbitbrush Ericameria nauseosa

Greasewood Sarcobatus vermiculatus

Great Blanketflower Gaillardia aristata

Green Rabbitbrush Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus

Hair Grass Aira brevifolia

Hollyleaf Oregon-Grape Mahonia aquifolium (Berberis aquifolium)

Idaho Fescue Festuca idahoensis

Indian Breadroot Pediomelum argophyllum

Indian Tobacco Nicotiana quadrivalvis

Jacob's Ladder Polemonium pulcherrimum

Lacy Tansyaster Machaeranthera pinnatifida

Large Monkey Flower Mimulus guttatus

Large-Flower Tritelia Triteleia grandiflora

Large-Flowered Clammyweed Polanisia trachysperma

Large-Head Clover Trifolium macrocephalum

Leafy or Dwarf Thistle Cirsium drummondii

Lemon Scurfpea Psoralidium lanceolatum

Lewis Monkeyflower Mimulus lewisii

Lewis's Mock Orange Philadelphus lewisii

Lindley's Silverpuffs Uropappus lindleyi

Linear-Leaved Phacelia Phacelia linearis

Lodgepole Pine Pinus contorta

Long-Leaved Mugwort Artemisia longifolia

Long-Tailed Wild Ginger Asarum caudatum

Lyall's Angelica Angelica lyallii

Lyall's Nettle Urtica lyallii

Maiden Blue-Eyed Mary Collinsia parviflora var. grandiflora

Menzies' Larkspur Delphinium menziesii

Missouri Milkvetch Astragalus missouriensis

Mountain Balm Ceanothus velutinus

Mountain Brome Bromus marginatus

Mountain Death Camas Zigadenus elegans

Mountain Hemlock Tsuga mertensiana

Mountain Lady's Slipper Cypripedium montanum

Narrow-Leaved Skullcap Scutellaria angustifolia

Narrow-Petaled Stonecrop Sedum stenopetalum

Narrowleaf Cottonwood Populus angustifolia

Narrowleaf Mountain-Trumpet Collomia linearis

Needle and Thread Grass Stipa comata

Netleaf Hackberry Celtis reticulata

Nootka Rose Rosa nutkana

Nuttall's Toothwort Cardamine nuttallii

Ocean Spray Holodiscus discolor

Orange Honeysuckle Lonicera ciliosa

Oregon Ash Fraxinus latifolia

Oregon Boxleaf Paxistima myrsinites

Oregon Crab Apple Pyrus fusca

Oregon White Oak Quercus garryana

Oregon Wood Sorrel Oxalis oregana

Osage Orange Tree Maclura pomifera

Owl's Clover Orthocarpus tenuifolius

Pacific Blackberry Rubus vitifolius

Pacific Dogwood Cornus nuttallii

Pacific Madrone Arbutus menziesii

Pacific Yew Taxus brevifolia

Peach-Leaved Willow Salix amygdaloides

Pestle Parsnip Lomatium nudicaule

Ponderosa Pine Pinus ponderosa

Prairie Apple Pediomelum esculentum

Prairie Rose Rosa arkansana

Prairie Smoke Geum triflorum

Prickly-Pear Cactus Opuntia polyacantha

Purple Coneflower Echinacea angustifolia

Purple Wake-Robin Trillium petiolatum

Red Alder Alnus rubra

Red Columbine Aquilegia formosa

Red-Flowering Currant Ribes sanguineum

Rocky Mountain Bee Plant Cleome serrulata

Rocky Mountain Maple Acer glabrum

Salal Gaultheria shallon

Salmonberry Rubus spectabilis

Scarlet Globe Mallow Sphaeralcea coccinea

Seashore Lupine Lupinus littoralis

Showy Phlox Phlox speciosa

Shrubby Beardtongue Penstemon fruticosus

Silky Lupine Lupinus sericeus

Silver Sage Artemisia cana

Silvery Buffaloberry Shepherdia argentea

Silvery Lupine Lupinus argenteus

Sitka Alder Alnus sinuata

Sitka Mountain Ash Sorbus scopulina

Sitka Spruce Picea sitchensis

Skyrocket Ipomopsis aggregata

Slender Popcorn Flower Plagiobothrys tenellus

Slender Willow Salix exigua

Slimflower Scurfpea Psoralidium tenuiflora

Small-Head Clover Trifolium microcephalum

Snow-on-the-Mountain Euphorbia marginata

Spring Birch Betula fontinalis

Squaw Bush Rhus trilobata

Stemless Evening-Primrose Camissonia subacaulis

Sticky Currant Ribes viscossissimum

Straggly Gooseberry Ribes divaricatum

Subalpine Fir Abies lasiocarpa

Sugarbowls Clematis hirsutissima

Tansy Tanacetum nuttallii

Tarragon Artemisia dracunculus

Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus

Three-Leaf Bitterroot Lewisia triphylla

Tolmie's Onion Allium tolmiei

Tufted Evening-Primrose Oenothera caespitosa

Twinberry Lonicera involucrata

Umatilla Gooseberry Ribes cognatum

Varileaf Phacelia Phacelia heterophylla

Vine Maple Acer circinatum

Water Birch Betula occidentalis

Western Blue-Flag Iris missouriensis

Western Bracken Pteridium aquilinum pubescens

Western Huckleberry Vaccinium occidentale

Western Larch Larix occidentalis

Western Mountain Kittentails Synthyris missurica

Western Red Baneberry Actaea arguta

Western Red Cedar Thuja plicata

Western Serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia

Western Snakeweed Polygonum bistortoides

Western Springbeauty Claytonia lanceolata

Western Sweetroot Osmorhiza occidentalis

Western Wake-Robin Trillium ovatum

Western Wallflower Erysimum capitatum

Western White Pine Pinus monticola

White Alder Alnus rhombifolia

White Milkwort Polygala alba

White Squaw Currant Ribes cereum

Whitebark Pine Pinus albicaulis

Wilcox's Beardtongue Penstemon wilcoxii

Wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana

Yellow Bell Fritillaria pudica

Yellow-Flowering Pea Lathyrus ochroleucus


Animals that the expedition first recorded for science:






Aleutian Canada Goose Branta canadensis leucopareia

American (Pale) Goldfinch Carduelis tristis pallidus

American Raven Corvus corax sinuatus

Audubon's Mountain Sheep Ovis canadensis auduboni

Black-Billed Magpie Pica pica hudsonia

Black-Tailed Prairie Dog Cynomys ludovicianus ludovicianus

Blue Catfish Ictalurus furcatus

Bonaparte's Gull Larus philadelphia

Brewer's Blackbird Euphagus cyanocephalus

Broad-Tailed Hummingbird Selasphorus platycercus

Bull Snake Pituophis catenifer sayi

Bushy-Tailed Woodrat Neotoma cinerea cinerea

Cabanis's Woodpecker Picoides villosus hyloscopus

California Newt Taricha torosa

Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus

Clark's Nutcracker Nucifraga columbiana

Columbia River Chub Mylocheilus lateralis

Columbian Black-Tailed Deer Odocoileus hemionus columbianus

Columbian Ground Squirrel Spermophilus columbianus columbianus

Columbian Sharp-Tailed Grouse Tympanuchus phasianellus columbianus

Coyote Canis latrans

Cutthroat Trout Oncorhynchus clarki

Desert Cottontail Sylvilagus audubonii baileyi

Double-Crested Cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus auritus

Douglas's Squirrel Tamiasciurus douglasii

Dusky Horned Owl Bubo virginianus saturatus

Eastern Spiny Softshell Turtle Apalone spinifera spinifera

Eastern Woodrat Neotoma floridana

Ermine Mustela erminea invicta

Eulachon Thaleichthys pacificus

Forster's Tern Sterna forsteri

Franklin's Spruce Grouse Falcipennis canadensis franklinii

Glaucous-Winged Gull Larus glaucescens

Goldeye Hiodon alosoides

Gray Jay Perisoreus canadensis obscurus

Greater White-Fronted Goose Anser albifrons frontalis

Grizzly Bear Ursus arctos horribilis

Harbor Seal Phoca vitulina richardii

Harris's Woodpecker Picoides villosus harrisi

Hutchins's Goose Branta canadensis hutchinsii

Least Tern Sterna antillarum athalassos

Lewis's Woodpecker Melanerpes lewis

Loggerhead (White-Rumped) Shrike Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides

Long-Billed Curlew Numenius americanus americanus

Long-Tailed Weasel Mustela frenata longicauda

McCown's Longspur Calcarius mccownii

Missouri Beaver Castor canadensis missouriensis

Montana Great Horned Owl Bubo virginianus occidentalis

Mountain Beaver Aplodontia rufa

Mountain Goat Oreamnos americanus

Mountain Lion Puma concolor missoulensis

Mountain Quail Oreortyx pictus

Mountain Sucker Catostomus platyrhynchus

Mule Deer Odocoileus hemionus

North American Porcupine Erethizon dorsatum epixanthum

Northern Bobcat Lynx rufus pallescens

Northern Flicker Colaptes auratus luteus

Northern Pikeminnow Ptychocheilus oregonensis

Northern Plains Striped Skunk Mephitis mephitis hudsonica

Northern Pocket Gopher Thomomys talpoides rufescens

Northern Raccoon Procyon lotor hirtus

Northern Short-Tailed Shrew Blarina brevicauda

Northwestern Crow Corvus caurinus

Northwestern Garter Snake Thamnophis ordinoides vagrans

Nuttall's (Common) Poorwill Phalaenoptilus nuttallii nuttallii

Oregon Bobcat Lynx rufus fasciatus

Oregon Pronghorn Antilocapra americana oregona

Oregon Ruffed Grouse Bonasa umbellus sabini

Oregon Spotted Frog Rana pretiosa

Pacific (Northern) Fulmar Fulmarus glacialis rodgersii

Pacific Loon Gavia pacifica

Pacific Nighthawk Chordeiles minor hesperis

Pacific Tree Frog Pseudacris regilla

Pigmy Horned Toad Phrynosoma douglassi douglassi

Pinyon Jay Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus

Plains Gray Wolf Canis lupus nubilus

Plains Horned Toad Phrynosoma cornutum

Plains Western Hognose Snake Heterodon nasicus nasicus

Prairie Horned Lark Eremophila alpestris leucolaema

Prairie Rattlesnake Crotalus viridis

Prairie Sharp-Tailed Grouse Tympanuchus phasianellus campestris

Pronghorn Antelope Antilocapra americana

Red Fox Vulpes vulpes

Red-Necked Grebe Podiceps grisegena holbollii

Red-Spotted Garter Snake Thamnophis sirtalis concinnus

Richardson's Blue Grouse Dendragapus obscurus richardsonii

Richardson's Red Squirrel Tamiasciurus hudsonicus richardsoni

Ring-Necked Duck Aythya collaris

Roosevelt Elk Cervus canadensis roosevelti

Sage Grouse Centrocercus urophasianus

Sauger Stizostedion canadense

Sea Otter Enhydra lutris nereis

Shiras's Moose Alces alces shirasi

Starry Flounder Platichthys stellatus

Steelhead Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

Steller's Jay Cyanocitta stelleri annectens

Striped Skunk Mephitis mephitis notata

Swift Fox Vulpes velox

Thirteen-Lined Ground Squirrel Spermophilus tridecemlineatus pallidus

Townsend's Chipmunk Tamias townsendii

Townsend's Mole Scapanus townsendii

Tundra Swan Cygnus columbianus

Water Terrapin Pseudemys troosti elegans

Western Badger Taxidea taxus neglecta

Western Common Crow Corvus brachyrhynchos hesperis

Western Fence Lizard Sceloporus occidentalis

Western Gray Squirrel Sciurus griseus griseus

Western Grebe Aechmophorus occidentalis

Western Gull Larus occidentalis

Western Meadowlark Sturnella neglecta neglecta

Western Mourning Dove Zenaidura macroura marginella

Western Pileated Woodpecker Dryocopus pileatus picinus

Western Rattlesnake Crotalus viridis oreganus

Western Tanager Piranga ludoviciana

Western Toad Bufo boreas

Western Willet Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inornatus

Western Winter Wren Troglodytes troglodytes pacificus

White Sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus

White-Tailed Deer Odocoileus virginianus macroura

White-Tailed Jackrabbit Lepus townsendii campanius

Yellow-Bellied Marmot Marmota flaviventris nosophora

Yellow-Bellied Marmot Marmota flaviventris avara


Indian tribes encountered by the expedition:





Alsea Indians

Amahami Indians (Anahami, Ahaharway, Wattasoon)

Arikara Indians (Sahnish)

Assiniboin Indians

Atsina Indians (Gros Ventre)

Bannock Indians

Blackfeet Indians

Cathlamet Indians (Kathlamet)

Cayuse Indians

Chehalis Indians (Chilwitz, Chiltz)

Cheyenne Indians

Chinook Indians

Clackamas Indians

Clatskanie Indians

Clatsop Indians

Cowlitz Indians

Crow Indians (Absaroka)

Flathead Indians (Salish)

Hidatsa Indians

Kickapoo Indians

Klickitat Indians (Klikitat)

Kootenai Indians (Kootenay, Kutenai)

Mandan Indians

Minitari Indians (Minnetaree)

Missouri Indians

Multnomah Indians

Nez Perce Indians (Sahaptin, Shahaptin)

Omaha Indians

Oto Indians

Palouse Indians (Palus)

Pawnee Indians

Quinault Indians

Shoshone Indians (Snake)

Siletz Indians

Siuslaw Indians

Skilloot Indians

Tenino Indians

Teton Sioux Indians

Tillamook Indians

Umatilla Indians

Umpqua Indians

Wahkiakum Indians (Wahkiaku)

Walla Walla Indians (Walula)

Wanapum Indians (Wanapam, Sokulks)

Wasco Indians (Kiksht)

Wishram Indians (Wishham, Tlakluit)

Yakima Indians

Yankton Sioux Indians (Nakota)

Links and Bibliography




Lewis and Clark Online Base Camp
Encamped in uncharted territory, Lewis and Clark wondered what lay beyond the crackle and hiss of each night's campfire. Gather round the flames of National Geographic tales of this historic high adventure.


Kids: Go West With Lewis & Clark
Wild Rivers. Rugged mountains. An uncharted continent to explore. This legendary American expedition faced them all, and you can be a member of their team.





Discovering Lewis and Clark
Interactive maps and journal entries let you follow the explorers' paths.

Lewis and Clark in North Dakota
Trace the expedition's progress, meet the key players, and learn about places you can visit.

Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail
Get travel basics and information on camping and lodging from the National Park Service.

Museum of Westward Expansion
Take a virtual tour of this museum at the Gateway Arch in St. Louis, Missouri.


Lewis and Clark
This companion site to the Ken Burns documentary offers classroom activities, Indian perspectives, an interactive adventure, and more.

The Rivers of Lewis and Clark
Journey down the Missouri River and explore important spots along Lewis and Clark's route.

The Lewis and Clark Herbarium
The Academy of Natural Sciences provides a view of dried- and pressed-plant specimens collected on the Lewis and Clark expedition.

The Lewis and Clark Herbarium—Plant Index
An index to the scientific and common names of plants encountered during the Lewis and Clark expedition.



NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE

Salter, Cathy R. "Lewis and Clark's Lost Missouri," April 2002.
"Requiem for a Ruined Arch in Montana," March 1998.
Fisher, Ron. "Lewis and Clark: Naturalist-Explorers," October 1998.


ADVENTURE MAGAZINE

"Lewis and Clark Get Lost," April 2002.


TRAVELER MAGAZINE

"Historical Crossroads," March/April 1998.
Noe, Barbara. "Mountains and Plains," March/April 1994.


BOOKS

Ambrose, Stephen E. Lewis & Clark: Voyage of Discovery. 2002.
Schanzer, Rosalyn. How We Crossed the West: The Adventure of Lewis and Clark. 1997.
Schmidt, Thomas. National Geographic's Guide to the Lewis & Clark Trail. 2002.
Snyder, Gerald. In the Footsteps of Lewis and Clark. 1970.


MAPS

"The Pathfinders—Exploring the Far Frontiers." September 2000.





Ambrose, Stephen E. Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the Opening of the American West. Simon & Schuster, 1996.

Botkin, Daniel B. Our Natural History: The Lessons of Lewis and Clark. Putnam, 1995.

Burroughs, Raymond D. The Natural History of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Michigan State University Press, 1995.

Clark, Charles G. The Men of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. University of Nebraska Press, 2002.

Cutright, Paul R. Lewis and Clark: Pioneering Naturalists. University of Nebraska Press, 1989.

Dattilio, Daniel. Fort Clatsop: The Story Behind the Scenery. KC Publications, 1986.

DeVoto, Bernard. The Journals of Lewis and Clark. Mariner Books, 1997.

Duncan, Dayton. Lewis and Clark: An Illustrated History. Knopf, 1997.

Duncan, Dayton. Out West: American Journey Along the Lewis and Clark Trail. Penguin Books, 1988.

Fanselow, Julie. The Traveler's Guide to the Lewis and Clark Trail. Falcon Press, 1994.

Furtwangler, Albert. Act of Discovery: Visions of America in the Lewis and Clark Journals. University of Illinois Press, 1993.

Gass, Patrick. The Journals of Patrick Gass: Member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Mountain Press, 1997.

Hawke, David Freeman. The Tremendous Mountains: The Story of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Norton, 1980.

Holt, Peter. The Big Muddy: Adventures Up the Missouri. Hutchinson, 1991.

Lavender, David Sievert. The Way to the Western Sea: Lewis and Clark Across the Continent. Harper & Row, 1988.

Meriwether, Lewis. The Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. University of Nebraska, 1983.

Olmsted, Gerald. Fielding's Lewis and Clark Trail. Fielding Travel Books, 1986.

Thomasma, Kenneth. The Truth About Sacajawea. Grandview Pub. Co., 1997.


ALSO HAVE PROJECT GUTENBERG E BOOK ON THE LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITION ON KINDLE READER