Nazi propaganda its destructive evil

http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/ Nazi and East German Propaganda Guide Page -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Propaganda was central to Nazi Germany and the German Democratic Republic. The German Propaganda Archive includes both propaganda itself and material produced for the guidance of propagandists. The goal is to help people understand the two great totalitarian systems of the twentieth century by giving them access to the primary material. For further information on the site, see the FAQ. New items are described in the GPA Blog. My book titled Bending Spines: The Propagandas of Nazi Germany and the German Democratic Republic (Michigan State University Press, 2004) provides an analysis of much of the material on the German Propaganda Archive. It can be ordered in the United States through amazon.com in either the hardcover or paperback edition. It is also available through amazon sites in other countries. Nazi Propaganda Examples of the theory and practice of propaganda Pre-1933 Material Essays by Goebbels, posters and other material 1933-1945 Material Propaganda of the Third Reich Propaganda by Nazi Leaders Speeches by Hitler, Goebbels, Ley, Göring, and Streicher. Anti-Semitism Attacks on the Jews from various sources. Visual Material Posters, cartoons, and photographs World War II Propaganda The war from the Nazi perspective Miscellaneous Propaganda A variety of Nazi propaganda Material for Propagandists What Nazi propagandists were reading Links Links to other sites relevant to Nazi propaganda East German Propaganda Marxist propaganda: 1949-1989 Speeches by GDR Leaders Speeches on the Berlin Wall and more Miscellaneous Propaganda A variety of GDR propaganda Visual Material Wall propaganda material and posters Material for Propagandists What GDR propagandists were reading Links Links to other East German propaganda sites This site is maintained by: Randall Bytwerk [My e-mail address is available on the FAQ page.] CAS Department — Calvin College 1810 East Beltline Ave. SE Grand Rapids, MI 49546/USA V. Links German Newsreel Archive: In German, but a great source of GDR newsreel footage. The German Historical Museum (Berlin): collection of GDR posters. Eastern German Studies Association: A defunct scholarly organization interested in the GDR. The Marx Archive: The source documents. For more information on the German Propaganda Archive, see the FAQ ___________________________________________ Frequently Asked Questions -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- What is your e-mail address? What is the German Propaganda Archive? What do you mean by propaganda? Who are you? Why are you doing this? Where does the material come from? Could you include the original German texts? Don’t Neo-Nazis use your material? Are you looking for more material? How may I use the material? Where can I learn more? Do you speak on the subject? Can you provide reproductions of images? Why are there ads on some pages? What’s new on the site? -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- What is your e-mail address? I used to have my e-mail address on every page. The growth of spam led to me getting hundreds of spam messages, both because of software that “harvests” e-mail from web pages as well as viruses that look for e-mail addresses in the web cache of the infected computer. Thus, my e-mail address is available only here. bytw2calvin.edu [Replace the “2” with a “@”] What is the German Propaganda Archive? It is a growing collection of English translations of propaganda material from Nazi Germany and the German Democratic Republic. The GPA got started on a whim. I had some translations of material I had done for my students, and thought it might be worth the trouble to put them on the web. Calvin College then decided to encourage faculty to use the Web by providing student assistance. Robert Veenstra, a Calvin College student, joined me in February 1998 in working on the project. He did a general site redesign, and put many images on the site. Calvin student Julie Vugteveen also worked with me to build the GPA during 1999. During summer of 2000, Katie Lynch, a Calvin student, worked with me preparing translations and pages, supported by a grant to Calvin College from the McGregor Foundation. There are two primary kinds of material. First, I include a variety of propaganda material designed to influence the citizenry. Second, I have included “behind the scenes” material designed for propagandists themselves. It was rarely all that secret, but gives an idea of the strategies being followed. I am avoiding material otherwise available. For example, I do not plan to put many of Hitler’s speeches on the GPA, since English translations of most of them are available in a four-volume edition by Max Domarus. Remember that this is propaganda! Its makers did not hesitate to stretch the truth or lie outright in pursuit of their persuasive goals. Even today, there are people who are so impressed by Leni Riefenstahl’s film Triumph of the Will that they imagine that that is really the way Nazi Germany looked. I usually provide some background information for each item, but if you still have questions don’t hesitate to e-mail me. What do you mean by propaganda? Propaganda is a tricky matter to define. My favorite, but not very useful, definition is F. M. Cornford’s: “Propaganda is the art of very nearly deceiving one’s friends without quite deceiving one’s enemies.” My own approach to propaganda follows the work of Jacques Ellul, whose book Propaganda: The Formation of Men’s Attitudes remains to my mind the best book on the subject. Ellul views propaganda as part of a larger system. His definition is: Propaganda is a set of methods employed by an organized group that wants to bring about the active or passive participation in its actions of a mass of individuals, psychologically unified through psychological manipulation and incorporated in an organization. (p. 61) However, he insists that propaganda is not something done by evil propagandists to ignorant citizens: But in order for propaganda to be so far-ranging, it must correspond to a need. The State has that need: Propaganda is obviously a necessary instrument for the State and the authorities. But while this fact may dispel the concept of the propagandist simply as an evil-doer, it still leaves the idea of propaganda as an active power vs. passive masses. And we insist that this idea, too, must be dispelled: For propaganda to succeed, it must correspond to a need for propaganda on the individual’s part. One can lead a horse to water but cannot make him drink; one cannot reach through propaganda those who do not need what it offers. The propagandee is by no means just an innocent victim. He provides the psychological action of propaganda, and not merely leads himself to it, but even derives satisfaction from it. Without this previous, implicit consent, without this need for propaganda experienced by practically every citizen of the technological age, propaganda could not spread. There is not just a wicked propagandist at work who sets up means to ensnare the innocent citizen. Rather, there is a citizen who craves propaganda from the bottom of his being and a propagandist who responds to this craving. Propagandists would not exist without potential propagandees to begin with. To understand that propaganda is not just a deliberate and more or less arbitrary creation by some people in power is therefore essential. It is a strictly sociological phenomenon, in the sense that it has its roots and reasons in the need of the group that will sustain it. (p. 121) That is a rather tangled statement, and perhaps a bit overdone, as is Ellul’s tendency, but his point is that modern society is such as to render propaganda almost necessary, a fact he does not like at all. If you find the argument interesting or annoying, I urge you to read his book. For the purposes of the German Propaganda Archive, I define propaganda as the systematic attempt to persuade a public to accept the views of its leaders. Sometimes this is easy, sometimes difficult. In practice, that means I am choosing material that clearly encouraged people to follow the party line. That does not mean other material was not propaganda. However, I am looking for material that meets the everyday definition of propaganda: moving the masses. As Supreme Court Justice Potter Stewart once said about pornography: “I shall not today attempt further to define the kinds of material I understand to be embraced within that shorthand description; and perhaps I could never succeed in intelligibly doing so. But I know it when I see it....” Who are you? My name is Randall Bytwerk. I am a Professor of Communication Arts and Sciences at Calvin College in Grand Rapids, Michigan (USA). I’ve been interested in Nazi propaganda since 1970, and developed an interest in East German propaganda around 1980. I have published a variety of books and articles on the subject, and recently published a book comparing Nazi and East German propaganda, published by Michigan State University Press in August 2004. Its title is Bending Spines: The Propagandas of Nazi Germany and the German Democratic Republic. Amazon.com sells the paperback and hardcover editions. A new edition of my book Julius Streicher was published in September 2001. My book Paper War, a study of Nazi propaganda leaflets dropped on Allied troops during the Battle of Monte Cassino, was published in 2005. My most recent book, titled Landmark Speeches of National Socialism,was published by Texas A&M University Press in June 2008. It contains material not available on the German Propaganda Archive, and is available in hardcover and paperback editions. Why are you doing this? My goal is to make available the actual material that persuaded Germans to accept two quite different dictatorships. Nearly all the material in the GPA was previously available only in German, and even then was difficult to see. My hope is that people interested in the subject will benefit from being able to read and see the primary sources. My own students at Calvin College use it in courses I teach. Where does the material come from? All over the place. Most is from materials I own. Since the Berlin Wall came down in 1989, for example, I have bought a variety of East German propaganda materials. Interesting Nazi items show up from used book dealers. Interlibrary loan is also a wonderful thing. Some is translated from archival material, most often from the German Federal Archives (Bundesarchiv) in Berlin, which holds many records of the Nazi and East German periods.. Sometimes I sell items when I’ve finished with them. If you are interested, visit my page of Nazi-era books for sale. Could you include the original German texts? Sorry, no. I am providing the material primarily for those who do not read German. It would take a lot more effort to include the German texts. However, I do provide the source data for each item. If you read German and want the original, a good library should be able to secure many items via interlibrary loan. I have originals of most, but not all, material on the site. Although I’m not in the business of being a library, I may respond to reasonable requests for copies from scholars. Don’t Neo-Nazis use your material? Yes. I’ve been plagiarized by a number of them, in fact. Every now and then I get an unhappy surfer who believes that putting this material on the web must mean I am sympathetic to it. I encourage such people to read my published works on the topic. Are you looking for more material? Not really. I have a big collection of material waiting to get translated. How may I use the material? It is there to be used. However, it is copyrighted material. Rather than downloading it for your own site, please use a link unless you have my express permission. Since your site might interest me as well, please drop me an e-mail note (my address is at the top of the page) if you link to anything on the German Propaganda Archive. I have no claim to the images on the site. Teachers and university faculty members may reproduce the material for use in their classes. Students may use it for their work as well. You do not need to ask permission for classroom use. It may not be reprinted for a larger audience without my permission. Where can I learn more? I maintain a list of good English-language books on Nazi propaganda. Major libraries will have a good selection of these, and even smaller libraries can secure them via interlibrary loan. Some are currently in print. There is not a great deal in English on GDR propaganda. For general information on the GDR, see the home page of the Eastern German Studies Association, another site I maintain. The EGSA is now defunct, but the web site will remain useful for a while. Do you speak on this subject? Yes. I speak on many aspects of propaganda, including anti-Semitism, Nazi film, and East German propaganda. Contact me if you are interested. Can you provide reproductions of images? Often. I have originals of much, but not all, of the material on the GPA. If I have an original, I can usually provide higher resolution scans for a price that depends on the purpose and the number of images needed. I also have a large collection of material that is not on the site. If you need a particular image, let me know what you are looking for. I may be able to find it. Why are there ads on some pages? I teach courses in which I want to discuss how Internet advertising works. This gives me the data to use in class. Also, it produce some revenue, which goes into buying more material. Pages with ads (about 5%) are on a separate server, although that will not be evident unless one looks carefully. Pages with ads lack the Calvin College logo on the upper right. What’s new on the GPA? I add things regularly. New additions are noted on the GPA Blog. I began that in Frequently Asked Questions -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- What is your e-mail address? What is the German Propaganda Archive? What do you mean by propaganda? Who are you? Why are you doing this? Where does the material come from? Could you include the original German texts? Don’t Neo-Nazis use your material? Are you looking for more material? How may I use the material? Where can I learn more? Do you speak on the subject? Can you provide reproductions of images? Why are there ads on some pages? What’s new on the site? -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- What is your e-mail address? I used to have my e-mail address on every page. The growth of spam led to me getting hundreds of spam messages, both because of software that “harvests” e-mail from web pages as well as viruses that look for e-mail addresses in the web cache of the infected computer. Thus, my e-mail address is available only here. bytw2calvin.edu [Replace the “2” with a “@”] What is the German Propaganda Archive? It is a growing collection of English translations of propaganda material from Nazi Germany and the German Democratic Republic. The GPA got started on a whim. I had some translations of material I had done for my students, and thought it might be worth the trouble to put them on the web. Calvin College then decided to encourage faculty to use the Web by providing student assistance. Robert Veenstra, a Calvin College student, joined me in February 1998 in working on the project. He did a general site redesign, and put many images on the site. Calvin student Julie Vugteveen also worked with me to build the GPA during 1999. During summer of 2000, Katie Lynch, a Calvin student, worked with me preparing translations and pages, supported by a grant to Calvin College from the McGregor Foundation. There are two primary kinds of material. First, I include a variety of propaganda material designed to influence the citizenry. Second, I have included “behind the scenes” material designed for propagandists themselves. It was rarely all that secret, but gives an idea of the strategies being followed. I am avoiding material otherwise available. For example, I do not plan to put many of Hitler’s speeches on the GPA, since English translations of most of them are available in a four-volume edition by Max Domarus. Remember that this is propaganda! Its makers did not hesitate to stretch the truth or lie outright in pursuit of their persuasive goals. Even today, there are people who are so impressed by Leni Riefenstahl’s film Triumph of the Will that they imagine that that is really the way Nazi Germany looked. I usually provide some background information for each item, but if you still have questions don’t hesitate to e-mail me. What do you mean by propaganda? Propaganda is a tricky matter to define. My favorite, but not very useful, definition is F. M. Cornford’s: “Propaganda is the art of very nearly deceiving one’s friends without quite deceiving one’s enemies.” My own approach to propaganda follows the work of Jacques Ellul, whose book Propaganda: The Formation of Men’s Attitudes remains to my mind the best book on the subject. Ellul views propaganda as part of a larger system. His definition is: Propaganda is a set of methods employed by an organized group that wants to bring about the active or passive participation in its actions of a mass of individuals, psychologically unified through psychological manipulation and incorporated in an organization. (p. 61) However, he insists that propaganda is not something done by evil propagandists to ignorant citizens: But in order for propaganda to be so far-ranging, it must correspond to a need. The State has that need: Propaganda is obviously a necessary instrument for the State and the authorities. But while this fact may dispel the concept of the propagandist simply as an evil-doer, it still leaves the idea of propaganda as an active power vs. passive masses. And we insist that this idea, too, must be dispelled: For propaganda to succeed, it must correspond to a need for propaganda on the individual’s part. One can lead a horse to water but cannot make him drink; one cannot reach through propaganda those who do not need what it offers. The propagandee is by no means just an innocent victim. He provides the psychological action of propaganda, and not merely leads himself to it, but even derives satisfaction from it. Without this previous, implicit consent, without this need for propaganda experienced by practically every citizen of the technological age, propaganda could not spread. There is not just a wicked propagandist at work who sets up means to ensnare the innocent citizen. Rather, there is a citizen who craves propaganda from the bottom of his being and a propagandist who responds to this craving. Propagandists would not exist without potential propagandees to begin with. To understand that propaganda is not just a deliberate and more or less arbitrary creation by some people in power is therefore essential. It is a strictly sociological phenomenon, in the sense that it has its roots and reasons in the need of the group that will sustain it. (p. 121) That is a rather tangled statement, and perhaps a bit overdone, as is Ellul’s tendency, but his point is that modern society is such as to render propaganda almost necessary, a fact he does not like at all. If you find the argument interesting or annoying, I urge you to read his book. For the purposes of the German Propaganda Archive, I define propaganda as the systematic attempt to persuade a public to accept the views of its leaders. Sometimes this is easy, sometimes difficult. In practice, that means I am choosing material that clearly encouraged people to follow the party line. That does not mean other material was not propaganda. However, I am looking for material that meets the everyday definition of propaganda: moving the masses. As Supreme Court Justice Potter Stewart once said about pornography: “I shall not today attempt further to define the kinds of material I understand to be embraced within that shorthand description; and perhaps I could never succeed in intelligibly doing so. But I know it when I see it....” Who are you? My name is Randall Bytwerk. I am a Professor of Communication Arts and Sciences at Calvin College in Grand Rapids, Michigan (USA). I’ve been interested in Nazi propaganda since 1970, and developed an interest in East German propaganda around 1980. I have published a variety of books and articles on the subject, and recently published a book comparing Nazi and East German propaganda, published by Michigan State University Press in August 2004. Its title is Bending Spines: The Propagandas of Nazi Germany and the German Democratic Republic. Amazon.com sells the paperback and hardcover editions. A new edition of my book Julius Streicher was published in September 2001. My book Paper War, a study of Nazi propaganda leaflets dropped on Allied troops during the Battle of Monte Cassino, was published in 2005. My most recent book, titled Landmark Speeches of National Socialism,was published by Texas A&M University Press in June 2008. It contains material not available on the German Propaganda Archive, and is available in hardcover and paperback editions. Why are you doing this? My goal is to make available the actual material that persuaded Germans to accept two quite different dictatorships. Nearly all the material in the GPA was previously available only in German, and even then was difficult to see. My hope is that people interested in the subject will benefit from being able to read and see the primary sources. My own students at Calvin College use it in courses I teach. Where does the material come from? All over the place. Most is from materials I own. Since the Berlin Wall came down in 1989, for example, I have bought a variety of East German propaganda materials. Interesting Nazi items show up from used book dealers. Interlibrary loan is also a wonderful thing. Some is translated from archival material, most often from the German Federal Archives (Bundesarchiv) in Berlin, which holds many records of the Nazi and East German periods.. Sometimes I sell items when I’ve finished with them. If you are interested, visit my page of Nazi-era books for sale. Could you include the original German texts? Sorry, no. I am providing the material primarily for those who do not read German. It would take a lot more effort to include the German texts. However, I do provide the source data for each item. If you read German and want the original, a good library should be able to secure many items via interlibrary loan. I have originals of most, but not all, material on the site. Although I’m not in the business of being a library, I may respond to reasonable requests for copies from scholars. Don’t Neo-Nazis use your material? Yes. I’ve been plagiarized by a number of them, in fact. Every now and then I get an unhappy surfer who believes that putting this material on the web must mean I am sympathetic to it. I encourage such people to read my published works on the topic. Are you looking for more material? Not really. I have a big collection of material waiting to get translated. How may I use the material? It is there to be used. However, it is copyrighted material. Rather than downloading it for your own site, please use a link unless you have my express permission. Since your site might interest me as well, please drop me an e-mail note (my address is at the top of the page) if you link to anything on the German Propaganda Archive. I have no claim to the images on the site. Teachers and university faculty members may reproduce the material for use in their classes. Students may use it for their work as well. You do not need to ask permission for classroom use. It may not be reprinted for a larger audience without my permission. Where can I learn more? I maintain a list of good English-language books on Nazi propaganda. Major libraries will have a good selection of these, and even smaller libraries can secure them via interlibrary loan. Some are currently in print. There is not a great deal in English on GDR propaganda. For general information on the GDR, see the home page of the Eastern German Studies Association, another site I maintain. The EGSA is now defunct, but the web site will remain useful for a while. Do you speak on this subject? Yes. I speak on many aspects of propaganda, including anti-Semitism, Nazi film, and East German propaganda. Contact me if you are interested. Can you provide reproductions of images? Often. I have originals of much, but not all, of the material on the GPA. If I have an original, I can usually provide higher resolution scans for a price that depends on the purpose and the number of images needed. I also have a large collection of material that is not on the site. If you need a particular image, let me know what you are looking for. I may be able to find it. Why are there ads on some pages? I teach courses in which I want to discuss how Internet advertising works. This gives me the data to use in class. Also, it produce some revenue, which goes into buying more material. Pages with ads (about 5%) are on a separate server, although that will not be evident unless one looks carefully. Pages with ads lack the Calvin College logo on the upper right. What’s new on the GPA? I add things regularly. New additions are noted on the GPA Blog. I began that in March 2008.